Cleaner Cities at #CK2018 | Albana Kona

1. The European Commission’s
science and knowledge service
Joint Research Centre
The Global Covenant of
Mayors approach to
Climate Action planning for
cities

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JRC's Mission
As the science and knowledge service
of the Commission our mission is to support
EU policies with independent evidence
throughout the whole policy cycle
"
"

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7,507 CITIES
120 COUNTRIES
680+ MILLION
PEOPLE
10% OF THE
GLOBAL
POPULATION
CITIES COULD
COLLECTVELY
REDUCE 1.3
BILLION TONS PER
YEAR IN 2030
Global Covenant of Mayors

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By joining the Global Covenant, a city leader commits to
completing four phases
Committing to address climate change mitigation and adaptation, and to
improve energy access
Completing a GHG Inventory and identifying hazards impacting the local
government
Setting a mitigation target and completing a vulnerability assessment
Creating a mitigation and adaptation plan
GLOBAL COVENANT OF MAYORS COMPLIANCE STEPS

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I. type of gasses: CO2, CH4 and N2O
II. boundary: Local Government boundary (direct emissions and indirect emissions)
III. emission sources: activity data (AD) and GHG emissions
 Mandatory in the emission accounting: AD and GHG on three main sectors: stationary energy/buildings;
transportation; waste
 Mandatory, not included in the emission accounting: AD and GHG from energy generation (accounted as indirect
emissions);
 Optional in the emission accounting: AD and GHG from Industrial Process and Product Use (IPPU) and Agriculture,
Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)
IV. Notation keys: NO (Not Occurring); IE (Included elsewhere); NE (Not estimated); (C) Confidential
PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS

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KEY CONCEPTS AND CALCULATION RULES
Activity data (AD) quantifies the
human activity occurring in the
territory of the local authority
[MWh]
Examples of AD are :
- NG consumed in buildings;
- Electricity consumed;
- Diesel used in transportation;
It is strongly recommended to used
data relevant to the local territory
Emission factors (EF) quantifies the
emissions of CO2 emitted per unit of
activity [tCO2/MWh]
Examples of EF are :
- CO2 emitted per unit of NGconsumed;
- CO2 emitted per unit of electricity;
- CO2 emitted per unit of diesel;
The amount of CH4 or N2O are converted
into CO2 equivalents by multiplying GWP
total amount of GHG emitted
[tCO2]
Total amount of GHG emissions:
- GHG emissions due to NG consumed;
- GHG emissions due to electricity
consumption;
- GHG emissions due to diesel
consumption
Activity Data Emission factors Emissions* =

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I. In order to calculate the CO2 emissions to be attributed to electricity
consumption it is recommended to use the national emission factor or the
European one (NEEFE) [tCO2/MWh].
II. The municipality can correct the national emission factor with the local
production of electricity by calculating the local emission factor for electricity
(EFE)
III. if there is some heat sold / distributed as a commodity to end users (e.g.
district heating), the municipality have to assess the local emission factor for
heat (EFH)
IV. In case of CHPs the efficiency method is used to allocate emissions between
heat and electricity
EMISSION FACTORS FOR ELECTRICITY AND HEAT

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Energy consumption data in Private/Commercial buildings and transport are usually challenging, while electricity consumption
and institutional AD are generally well reported:
I. Centralized data collection at national level are facilitating data collection at local level (e.g. Netherlands, Cyprus and
Denmark)
II. Covenant supporters play a key role in helping small and medium size local authorities to collect the data – multilevel
governance (the province of Limburg BE, Barcelona ES, Foggia , Aquila IT)
III. Getting data from the market operators ( Italy, Slovenia) and from the consumer survey
IV. Making and reporting estimates : (e.g. GCoM data portal project)
CHALLENGES FOR DATA COLLECTION AND SUGGESTIONS

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The method to be used in the frame of the Covenant is the territorial method, based on the mileage driven within the local
territory and it can be relatively simple to apply.
I. the Vehicle-Kilometres Travelled (VKT) as a measure of traffic flow, determined by multiplying the number of vehicles on a
given road or traffic network by the average length of their trips measured in kilometres
II. The modal share and distribution of trips to different types of vehicles (fleet distribution)
III. The fuel consumption of each vehicle type [l fuel/km]
IV. The Net Calorific Value (NCV) of the fuel [e.g. in kWh/l] (conversion factor)
TERRITORIAL APPROACH - TRANSPORT
Activity Data =
Vehicle-kilometres travelled [km] x Average fuel consumption [l/km] x Fuel Net
calorific value [kWh/l]

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I. boundary: consistent between inventories and target settings;
II. target types: base year, base year intensity target, baseline scenario target, fixed level target ;
III. Target ; base years and ambition : same as NDCs i.e: India’s (NDC) sets targets for 2030 to lower the emissions
intensity of GDP by between 33%–35% below 2005 levels.
IV. Units: reported as a percentage (%) reduction from the base year or scenario year.
SETTING MITIGATION TARGET

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I. Prioritization of actions and the policy instrument(s) to implement the actions
II. Financial strategy for implementing the action
III. Implementation status and timeframe ; Stakeholders involved in planning and implementation of the action
IV. Assessment of energy saving, renewable energy production, and GHG emissions reduction (by action or sector; only
applicable to mitigation action plans)
CREATING A MITIGATION PLAN – KEY ACTIONS
Estimated impact on activity in terms
of energy savings or renewable energy
production
[MWh]
Emission factors (EF) of the related
activity [tCO2/MWh]
total amount of GHG emissions
reductions
[tCO2]
Estimated impact on activity Emission factors Estimated impact on emissions* =

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I.Local Government’s policies Municipal self-governing
• Energy management of local authority estate
• Demonstration projects in public facilities
• Green public procurement
II.Governing through regulation and planning
• Mandatory standards and building codes
• Regulation, controls and sanctions/ Ordinances on the mandatory use of renewable energy
• Zoning, urban regeneration and mixed used developments
• Regulation and pricing in the transport sector
III.Governing through provision: Providing services and financial resources
• Public sector financial management and procurement policies
• Direct infrastructure investments for transport
• Financial incentives in transport
• Direct energy infrastructure investments
• Incentives and grants to local energy generation
IV.Governing through enabling: Facilitating co-operation among stakeholders and awareness building
• Labels and certificates in the building sector
• Transport /Public-private partnerships
• Awareness raising/training
• Community cooperatives for local energy projects
CREATING A MITIGATION PLAN – KEY POLICIES

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I. RVA: summary of the risk and vulnerability assessment developed and submitted by the signatory: Main sections:
 Climate hazard;
 Vulnerabilities;
 Impacts
II. Adaptation plan:
summary of the adaptation actions proposed in the plan
same scheme as for mitigation
synergies with mitigation
III. Scoreboard:
Overview of the capacity, status and principals of the
Risk and vulnerability study developed
RISK AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ADAPTATION PLAN
From SECAP of GHENT (Belgium)

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UNLOCKING URBAN ACTION – EUROPEAN COVENANT
OF MAYORS

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UNLOCKING URBAN ACTION – EUROPEAN COVENANT
OF MAYORS

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UNLOCKING URBAN ACTION – EUROPEAN COVENANT
OF MAYORS

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50 % of the city’s
municipal buildings
stock examined to
identify potential for
energy savings
ENERGY SAVING CONCEPT – MUNICH DE (1,4 MILLION INH)
Highest priority given to the renovation of properties in quadrant 1: high relative saving potential, but also a high
absolute saving potential.

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PROJECT ZERO - SONDERBORG (75000 INH.)
Shift in focus in the elaboration and implementation of their plan
From: the municipality initiating and proposing actions consulting the stakeholders
To: the municipality takes the role of a partner together with all interested parties in
developing a vision for the local community
Public-private partnership called ProjectZERO:
ZEROcarbon community by 2029:
CO2-neutral growth and sustainable urban development

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