Уулын үйлдвэрлэлийн технологийн үндэс 2

1. Yyn yypxarZH yfrngespnsnnfrri rexxonorrfru yngec
HornyvgHftr r3corrrooH.q xopornox npaKrHK Eafigar. MexreH ycHsr
6onox ryyHr,rfi HorgnyyA xoprofr yqpaac regrespreil xapbL{ax.qaa
rxaapAarAax xypaM 3aaBpbrr xaTyy MspAex acrofr. Menren ycHst
KnapK 8.3'10-6%
MeHrex yc aryynaru 20 op,urr,t opAoc 6Nfr. SArespeec yfrngsepnsnrfiH
a,.t xo-n6orAonrofr Hb Kr4HoBapu HgS 6onxo. Meu xopgeporT, MeraqnHa
6apur, fiilBHHrcroHrlr, MaKqepM[Tr4T 6onou 3gc, cypbMa, Mbt[rbnK,
qafrpurH MeHreH yc aryynaru cyns$m.quu opAcyyA 6ahgar. MexreFt
ycHbr AaH Hafipnararaft epgcmfir ilcefiEyynox irtaraltraHA opyyrlx
MoHreH ycbrr yypuyynaH xeprsx 3aMaap rapraH aBHa. XyApiafrr 500-
6000C xyprsn xanaaHa. Xygpr,1ilx xaflaaJ'rrur Hnyyg3r'i xyqilareperq
1yxnil opt{tiHA rByyflaxaA xufrt-t 6afrgnaap ffnrapcaH xyxop
xyqr.nreper,{reft Hor.qox Al4oKa4A yycroHo. Xaprx xnitn 1afignaap
nnrapcaH MeHreH yc xeprenrnfin eBL{aA LUtaHrgH TeneBT [rlr4nxl4Ho.
Hepenresp rapcaH MeHr€H ycur uyfx qoBoprryynHo. l-yH
qeBopulyynenruitr qaaur4A xyr{rdn, rxyfiT aurrnax, eHgep gynaanrafr
H3p9nT XrfrX Sariraap eByynHa. Xonnuor xafipnai-arafr xygpeec MeHreH
yc rapraxbrH TynA 6asxnransrr reppoMerannypi-rilH apraap xafrnyynx
(6yqanruar ye Oyxmfi 3yyxaHA 6yxry ecaen BaKyyM 3yyxaH.q xni,x)
FnraHa" 3csen rmgpoMeraneyprNilH apraap MeHreH ycbrr raprax aBHa.
Teuepnerufix cynuSmgsrri Sanxmang 6yit MeHrsH ycHbr cynb$Hgctr
yycrax 6a gapaa nu xsHreH LlaraaH, Llafrp, TeMep 3spor reuepnerrsfr
Sapuqangyynax 6a gapaanrfru uJarHbr npoqeccyy.qaap AaMxyynaH
HTTAX ABHA.
MarHH, Mg (o. Maftinfr, a. magnesium). l-Rnanscaa, MeHrsngr
ToMepner. MarHrafir xeHreH qaraaH 6yny ecaen qafrpurH xaftnu:mHg
opyynx xafrnu:Hsr qaHapbrr Hb cafixpyyngar. Sgreep xafrnuyyg Hu
HHc3x oHroq, nyyxuH, qeuufix peaKTop, xeflenryypmilH eg aHril, 6arax,
cyyAnbrH Ma[uHH, focHbr ulaxyypra, $oro 6a rmuo roxeepeMx, AypaH,
qoxrnyypr anx 3oporr xaporlroHe. MarHufrr qoBpoop Hb BaHaAH,
xpoM, Ti4Ta!-{, raflpHl4, ypaH, $p3r xyHA Fnrargax TeMeplrerYygwitr
rsgreepxir'r HorAn3sc cafirax, rapraH aBaxag xoporflsHe. XruNfix
HerI3J: 5ai,:.r,.aap rvrarunftr LleMeHT, rang recaepreil Toocro, pe3rH,
Hgxu3ri uaac yfingBsplrsJltr 6onoH opraHrK xtaMr4E xop3rnoH3.
Marxufr; rxa3i ' .?7"':
Maiur,ri. ! -:;a- 3::cyg: AonoMrr CaMg(CO,)r, rrarHe3xr MgCC.,
6pycrr '.': CH ; .,€!-3.i.:'rr,,:r lvlgCl,'KCl'6H:O. Surc;irra; MgClr'6HrO.
Marani,: .:ix,i---33- i--:=- 'r.'raaHbi api-aap iap:ax a3iia. Tuv'xi,riZ 3I Hb
[i4gCi 6i'r:y 1:3-r-"i*-.",.--- "a3iai,1t.f 5.i{a.
':a

2. Yyn yypxaffn yringaepnenriH rexnonorraftn yHgec
Ko6anur, Co, (o. xo6ansr, a. cobalt) finnrrrryfr FraaBTap 6yroy ecsen,
xexeBTep ryearafr 6Yger caapan uJaprarrEyy eHreTsr TeMepner.
Ko6anurrfiH xepornoo:
. XanyyH Aaax, copoH3oH, xer xaryy, seapsxryil 6onox 6ycag
xafinuJ, 6ypxyyn (rypxeq)-NilH 6yrqeg opHo. Sgreep Hb nyyxr4H
oHroqHH ryp6nx, aroMuH 3agpanHr nByynax rexeeprmfiH
xufiqyygeg qaHapnar raH, xaMraanaflTbrH Typxoq xsn6epeep
aluHrrraEar.
. Ko6ansruu Hergnyygnfrr naaraH, 6ygar, Baap, wnnani,t
nafipnarag opyynAar.
. Ko6ansrbrH'qaqpar uAoBxr4T
60Co rgoronsrr (xarac 3aApaflbrH
xyraqaa ns 5.24 xrn) y- qaqparr yycBop 6onron rexuNx 6a
aHaraax yxaaHE xepsrrreHe.
. Ko6anuraA rynryypfiaH opraHHK cmHreshfiH sopuynanrrafr
Karanu3arop xufigar. Ko6anursrH KJ]apK 0.001 8olo
Ko6ansr aryyncaH 130 opvrarr,r epgoc 6uVt. Tyynnfi gorop 40 opvranlr
xo6ansturH epAoc 6ah1ar. flnnHerr CO3S4, roEansrrafi nrpmr (Fe,
Co)Sr, c$epoxo6anbrrr Co(Co.), cryrrepy4r4r CoAsr, lr.rruanurmx (Co,
Ni)As., KappoJ'rrr Cu CorSo rcper epgcyyp MeH nhppon4H, neHTnaHAHT,
xanbKonfipuT, apceHoflHpr4T sepor xygprfix opgcyygog ro6arsr
aryynargaHa. Ko6ansrnfiH epgcyygrafrr epenxnfrg Hb Mbr.ubcKr,
xyxepnor, ncongcoH rex 6ynernsHe. Ko6ansrrafr nasrurusrr HAyy
xtgpilfir HxoBt{JroH MexaHilK 6anxyynanraxg opyynax 6a 6anH
xvgpufir ulyyg xafrnyyngar. Arralauarr aBToKnaBHH npoL{eccoop
xafrnyynanr xnilrgeue" Cu, Au, Ag, Bi, U seper AaraflAax oneMeHTyyg
ryxafiu 6yner xvAspr opr.rlgor. Ko6anururx xyxspner xygpyyg 6onox
xo6anur aryyncaH 3sc guqninn cyns$n4ufrx xygpufrr MexaHHK
6anxyynanraHg opyynx Ehq, sechfix EaRxrraanur nupoMerannyprrafix
npoqeccr, rihppormHbr 6anxMaJrbtr ru.qpoMerannyprufrn;,
6onoacpyynaflraHg opyynHa. Ko6ansruu ucoagceH xygep ryyxmfi gorop
xo6ansr aryynarq puqnfia xygprafir HxoBqfloH nhpoMeranflypr,
rrgpoMerannyprrfix apraap 6onoacpyynx xo6anur 6a guqnrtr
raprax aBHa.
Cypuua, Sb, (o. cypbMa, a. antimony) Xexeerep rynarail MgHrener
qaraaH reruepner.Taflcrnar 6onon 3 eep arvrop$ xen6sprefr opu,qor.
Anaop$ xen6epr opuJr4x cypbMa Hb rocpsMxvil, xap, uap rox HopnoAor.
Tecpeuxnfr cypbMa Hb ryyHg xypGXoE rocopgor. Xap 6a uap cypbMa
ns xyeNpanrxafr 6ereeg qaaufiE rancrnar 1ailtranA' ulr,rflxl,{Hg. Xap,
LiaraaH iyranrarafr xolibcoH xarZnu: Safrnraap aKKyMnffTopbrH
21

3. i'rJ, xa;4# 3i1.1 t4it TeX;".irJnOii4 t4H Yr rj;Se
xaBraHryytr, KaSenHrH oypxyylt xr4,7ix3t1 x3p3ra3g3r. Xonxxa.{,
x3Bn3nhfrH YCerHi4r 6ap, c;r,nt, T3c3pA3r cyM YililgB3pfl3x3l x3p3rrl3r-is.
l-epruiaHu, qaxxyp 6ysag xarac' Aamx{Vyfi#.i,qeil cafrxpyynarq xo.rtbu
6onros xopernorcqsHg. Lleapoepae xHMHfiH yfrngeecneng xsper.risFlc.
l-.[aqpar hAoBXr4T '22Sb ugoron;tr y-qaL{par, Hefrrpou;i ox yycBsp
6onrox auJilrfiaHa. CypurrrarrafrH KfiapK 5'10-s o/a
Cypurr,ta aryyncaH 120 rapyin opgcooc 3oHxunox aq xonbcrAonrofr as 27
opgoc 5aintrar. Cypsnnanaftu, cypbMa-MsHreH ycHbi, cypbMa-xap
ryrafiraHbr, anr-cypbMarnfiH, cypbMa-Bonu$par,,ti,tH spAcYYA 6ni,t.
YfingespnenmilH a.{ xon6orgonrotZ anrnuoHrr SbrS3, KepfiH3xr SbrS2,
BafleHruHr4r SbrO., crr6uxoHrr Sb[Sb2O6(OH)] aeper ap.3cYYA 6aitaa.
Seprsepmr, gxeMcoHr4T, Terpaogpl4T, trBarqhr, t'txtsHHrcroHt4T 33p3r
cynu$Ngyyg, MoFrrHT, cepBaHTur, cru6nxoxnr rex Mor ot(ct4AyyA,
Ha.qopilr sepor oxcfi.qxnopmflyygbrr cypsuarnfrH xygop 6afignaap
auHr'raAar. cypurtrar nHpoMeranfiypr, rrgpoMeTann5,prrfin apraap
raprax aBHa. Tyyxraft reMepnerree 90% Hb cypbMa 6ahAar. XnunfiH
qercp cypbMar HAeexrYfi xuitn opLtt4HA xailnyynax 3arilaap raprax
aBEar.
Bucsmyr, Bi, (o. BHcbMyr, a. bismuth) Hraaerap ryaarail MeHreIter
caapan eHrereil TeMepner. ilaraaH Tyraflra, xapryraJ'tra, xagnarfi
seperrefr Hufinyynx xnn6ap xafinax xafrnu rapraxaA Bi4cbMyrbtr
xoporn3Ho. L{yrryypuu xapxfrH xuit4nfia xeB AapAac, ToMgsrns3,
yrcpalrr, xsHaflTbrH Texeopryyg xuftxeg autaff]aHa. Hiacex cilrol{,
aBToMaurHbr xegeflryyprafrH eE aurmfrx 3opnyr'tanrraft rax, ult4p-aM,
xsHreH LlaraaHH xaftnu:rfrs 3acarAax qaHapbtr cailxpyynax 3opuJ-:lcDp
Hafrpnarag Hb Br4cbMyrbrr opyynHa. Braeuuyrur oM V#.q
xangBapryftxyynax, xaraax 3oprynanraap xopornens. Xttfruen MELifiac
yfrnpeepns5eg ilEoBxxyynorqgap xsp3rnoHa. Arorirstu 3pqHM rey.lr+tx;i
yfrngaspnsn4 BmcbMyrbrr trlhHroH gynaaH reor.{ 6onoH xeprerc syfr;:
Oonron aulfirnaHa. l-{axmnraau rexHIKT Br,lcbMyr opoflt-lcoH xarac
gauxnTy;ranrNfrr rapraH aBq xsporneHo. BrcuuyrutH uergnyygrfir
u:nnuNfr xafrpnarag opyyncHaap repnr,rfiH xyrapnbtH xoe$$uqexrxfrr
HoMor.nrynqe;-. Baapax s.qrsnufiH xnn6ap xafrnax naanaHA Bt'tcbMyr
oponuoHo. Bxcsruyrurx KnapK X.7'104 o/o
Brcsulr- aJl::a- 63 i-apyfr 3pA3c 6rafi. Bracsri,ryr Hb xap ryraflra-qafip,
3oc, t'qc:'iH6:e.---"::5a:isi. uaraaH Tyraflra-BonsQpar.,tutn xQfitztti4ot-
xy.qprafix ;ai.c:,a-=- 5aFx xi roxl4onAoHc. 3:rsspsec B!4cbMyrbtr
raprax 33?X=- :.3:3--33 si4cbMyrbrr eeprfrx>l H5 3p;1cYY433C finrax
aa1ar. 6ai.l'a:,,7- :,r^=r,,,'- 3i=35.9-99 9oril ai,r:sr,.1Tf1i Bi.S.. 6mo;r,,:r

4. BizO3, 6uctrnyrur Bi2CO3(OH),, xo3anur Pb2Bi2S5' afrxaxur CuPbBiS''
iJtp,lgr"rr' BirTerS, rennyijoaracMyrl4r BirTer, 33por-Hb Bt4cbMyrblH
epncwg 6onnol 3iprarr,r optro{ le.pparar
(Cu,Ag). Pb2Bissrl' KpynKaur
CupOAirSu, naBoHl4r (Ag,Cu)(Bi,Pb)rSu rex Mer xapbqaHryfi xoabp
spACYYg TOXilOn,qoHo.
Bncsrrayrstn xYgpraftx Aaranflax efieMeHTYYA Hs Pb, Cu,Ag' Au' Co' Ni'
BucuuyruH xygpr,rfrr $noraquap 6anxyynaxag gecrfru 3cB3'I xap
w*rin"' OasxMan Aorop Bt4cbMyr xypt4MrnarAaHa. YvNp Hb
"ii"i*yt"'*
gnoraqnargax qaHap Asopx spgcYYEreft ofipo:tl4oo
6ahnar. XYgepr sec 6a xap ryranraHut cynsSNgyryfl 6ara xyaurain 6on
Bt4CbMyTbtH eepraftu Hb 6acxlvlan rapHa. BNCUnnyr aryy.r'larq
6yrsergexlryH Hb (ercuuryrutn 6a,xap TyraflraHbl 6anxr'nan) HxsBqfieH
xip ryiin#uu yilngaepr reBnopAer yqpaac xap ryraflrHr LleBsprrrYYnsH
snrax fiBqaA ByrcbMyrbtr raprax aBHa. Xap ryranraHaac BrcbMyrHr
,nruirt* ryn.q xaftnyyncaH xap ryranraHg xanuqrfi (Ca) rvrarHrafi (MgL
rfir xonnHo. t<anu[ili,t uaraufi seperrsfi Bt4cbMyr Hb xonbLl rrayyraft
*J.arn yycreH3. Scsen srleKrponl43
-
xopornox 6ereeg xap ryraflra Hb
KaroA Aoep BilcbMyr Hb uaapraHa 6Wa**
1.2.3 YHST TeMePflernt4H SPgCI4HH EAf,IIAT,
Yfn.qBePnsrl[4[4H CATIEAP T//
YHgr reuepnerHfix ep4crafirr 6agnarr a,IT, L{araaH aflT, MeHreHilfi
*Vg"p opro. Sgreep Hb xoBop o-ngoqrofi' 3aprau oHqrofr uvlry-x
*"Iib""bua 6ycgaZcaa flnrapHa. Sgreop 1annruiau yfrngaepnennfiH
""nil|
;" on6'opnonr flByynax *I, Aafig yypxail, 6onoecpyynax aHxaH
,rt*"' (6anxyyiranr) 5on6n ryfir{en 6onoacpyyfiaflrblH yilngaepeec
6ypgene.
.
Anr, Au (o. sonoro, a. gold) 3eeneH ToE uap,.xYHA TeMepner' Hnrr us
rcgYo Kr/M3, xafrnax reMneparyp 1046'50C' Anruu yqH. 6onox
AaBrarAax qaHap Hu 6ycag 6yx ierr,'epnereac ranyy 6ailgar. 1rp arlrblr
?*, riliOuilraft 6onrofl Hb Hranrien oonrox AaBrax 6cnHo. Anr uaul
cafiH eHrenergeHe. Anr xvntinitrt xyBbg rageexryfr cyn 6a laTyy
*Vrrng yycaxryil, epgililH Heir{eng xYqufirspe*:-IY.?'fiH Heneefieng
;b*W, ',aiarinnfis yc araapbtH HefleeHA esepexryfr. Anr .AaBcHbt
6bnoH a3orbtH xyqHnE yycaxry|4 xhpH33 (regreepnfrH 3:1 xonbq
HCI+HNOg) xaaH AapcaHA aMapxaH yycHa. MeH 3apilM sneMeHr
nergnyygreit anr ypBqlA opHo. Anr uu Ba'lloTblH YHACsH TeMepnerr
TooqorAAoryL{paac,gAufiHgacarrrX3SxSHL{}D(afiyypsrrefr'TexHmrr
anrbrr 6ycag r",*"pn"iyygrefr xonbx xafinu 6onrox auilrnaHa' HNcax
Z3

5. oHroq, caHcpblH TexHhKr 3apilM ofiflrorq, qaxHnraaHbl KoHTaKT'
AaMxyynarq 3A aHrr xrfrxog xepornox 6a pag[o rexeepeMxYYge'tq
xepern-ene. l-laxrart,t rexHhKT repMaHu, tt+Al , ra$Hu, qaxnyp, qaraaH
ryranra, seprrftr oponqyyncaH anr 6yxnft KoHTaKryyEHr xop3r'IeHo'
aAnrHur Hhnes.q xyBb Hb YHST eAnen xnitxsl 3op[ynarAaxa. Anrutr
aHaraax yxaaHg iepernex 6a rVYr-lrail
le8Au qaqpar ilAeBxT l43oTonblr
xaBgpblH txt4Hxilnr39HA aujHrnaHa.
Anrnur KnapK 4.3'10'7 o/o
Safiranug ul4xr4p anr xen6epssp 6onon riaenrerefi xonHMOr SneKrpyM,
secrefi xorlt4Mor KynpoaypHA, qaraaH annain xonHMor xaryy yycManHH
ien6epeep op,rriHo. kanaaeprar AuTer, uroxr6pefrr AuTe, rcpor
;;;6rA xen'6epeap oprxgor. Xoaop 6onosq anr MeHrexraft cynu$ug
Oono"*'yHreH66rapgri Ag.AuSr,roxnonAono.Yfingrcpnenufrx aq
xon6orgnoop r.uraxrap anr vyxan 6aftp cyyphfir s33flAsr. K|ocrenur
1Au=f O-ZOyo), xanaaepNr AuTer, (Au=10-43o/o), KpeHHepHr (AuAg)Tet
iRu=40%), irn"earrr AgrAuTer(Au=25% seper spAcYYI xo6pgorl
bafp cyy;pnirir o3ofiger. Kynpoayprag AuCur, pogmr-Au, Rh, nponeqrr
An, irO, jypocru6ar Au Sbr,- rrlar uionrr Au2B i, eoreu6orapAerr Ag.Au 52
r3x MoT Mau xoBop roxnonAox anr aryynarq gpacvYgraftr on6opnogor.
r Anrqur xgpvriir.r on6opnonr 6onoecpyynanrbtH AaranAax 6YresrAexYYtt
MeHre, 3ec, xap ryraflra, qaftp, BHcbMyT, xYHtl3fl, CypbMa, Teflflyp,
MeHrsH yc, aons$parvr, qaraaH Tyrarlra, Ko6anuT, fll4l-I, 33p3r
eneMeHryyg Eaftgar. AnrHut opgHr Eorop Hb ulopooH (tuNxupuer) opg
6a yHgceH opA rox xyBaaHa. lllopoou opg Hb ryHaMarl xypgac,
YHACoH OpA Hb AaBxpara, MouIUn, YYp, cyEarl, cyEnaHqap, [IJToKBepK,
xsn6eprfrH 6rer yycregsr. AnrHst tuopooH opgog rn apraap, xygprafiH
opAog nn 6a AanA apraap aurrnaltr nByytlx on6opnonr xufrHe.
[lJuxNp anrHr 3oHxr4flx rpaararaqmfiH apraap ffflrax aBgar. Hynrar
xxxnr u:npxerrefi HuMreH xyygacnar anrbtr rpaerrqrilH apraap gnraxap
xanrgafl wx rapAar. Anrutr yycrax, aHrrxpyynax aprblr eprsH
xesierneHe. YycranranA LlhaHHAyyA, Teocyllb$ar, aeprrfir aurruIaHa.
Anrur auanurarraaqufiu apraap MgHreH ycaH.q ultaHrcox Aapaa Hb
Rnrax 6afrgnaap raprax aBax npaKrnx 6ufi.
[araax a4q, Pt (o. nnarmHa, a. platinium). MeHrener LlaraaH reMepr]er.
panraapaa 6on uaur cafiH .qaerarAax, cyHax xoBnerAox vanaprafi. Hnrr
Hb 21460r4iu3, xafrnax reMneparyp 1772oC xuvinila xyBbg 6ara
HA3B)oro4Jrrrafr. EpAutftn reMneparypr xaaH Aapc, 6poHaooc 6ycaA
6ogrgr aaraxryfr, rorraoprofr opul/Ho.
Xnnarfrx yingaepnena ngemxnil 6ogracrofi xapbqax, 6a eHAep
TeMneparyp yfrn rnsx Sarax xeparcnnfrH oA anrwitr qaraaH anr 6a
24

6. ryyHu, xafifluJyyAaap xnilHe. OHgep renrneparypraft opLlaHA Sroparyyflarq Hergnyygufru yilnrneng qaraaH anr oHqrofi rscaeprefi
6,ailAar. IJaraax anrHbr ynoMx xyBb Hb Karanhsaropr cnaHryga ra3pbrH
roc 6onoecpyynax yftngaepr xepornoHe. [axnria rexHilKT qaraaH arirHbr
xahnwnfir KoHTaKT xmilxeA xopernoHe. L{araax anraap 6ypcen
sjreKrpoAyyEbrr fix xgp3rureHe. Ko6ansr, caMapn seprrfrr opoflqyyncaH
qaraaH alrrHbt xafrnul Hs copoHgoH sauaprafr yl{paac rorrMon
copoH3oH rapraxaA auJnrIraHa. l-o6n qmrrasrnsnilfiH yHsT 3An3n xnfixs.q
qaraaH aflrbrr vpaqn 5-10%, pyreH 5% oponqyyncaH xaftnu Eafranaap
xspsrnoHe. 10000c-aac Aeelu reMneparypbrr xoMxr4x repMoMerp,
TepMonap seprnilr xrftxefl qeBep qaraaH afiTbrr_ xep3rr.r3Ho. LlaraaH
arrf HeH xoBop reMepfler. Tyyxrft Knapx xs S.10-7 %
Yngcsn 6a u.ropoon opgog qaraaH a'rrHbr xyAep opul4x 6onno. opRyyg
Hb AaH qaraaH aflrHbr xyfiprfrH 6a 6ycag reMepflernrzH spgscibfi
xoj]mMor 6yreqrsfr 6ailgar. 3ec, gec-xurcenrfin cyns$ragrafiH"xyA3p,
aflTHbt [lopooH opEoA qaraaH aflTHbt aryynaMx 6aiapar. ljaraaH anr
aryyncaH 100 rapy! 3pA3c 6uh. Terraepr qaraaH anr pt, Fe,
nso$epponflarilH
ltr.F", ur4xr4p LlaraaH alrr, Terpa$epponnarrax (pi
Fe), ocruNpNE (Jr, Os), rapragocnnuH (Os, Jr), Spy4rar pi Air, reaepcNr pt
i?q,. _cnepilflnilr PtAs2, naypur RuS2, xonnunryoprur
-(Rh,
irt, Rd,
J0(Assr) rox Mer spflcyvA ranyy roxraongono.t-laraan arrrHbi xygprafir
vn 6a gang apraap on60pnono. L[esep qaraaH afiTHr rapraxHH TynA
rxr4xr4p qaraaH aflT, 6agxMa.n gncmfir 60noH qaraaH aflTFrbt xyapraxH
6aqx'ranarr rhApoMera nnyprnfrn apraap yycranraHA opyynx eHAop
reMneparypr ycrsperqeep aHrfixpyynHa. n[apaa Hb ulaxafiraHA
opyyrlx HnrrpyyfiaaA xyL{r4rrreperv-ycreperurfix Aeneep 6yroy eceen
eHAep gaerannxnfr H Llaxilfl ra aa nniriwn4q xafi nyynHa.
Meure,rAg (o. cepe6po, a. silver) SeBneu, qaraaH rsMepner. Hcrr
10500xrirvr3 xafrnax reMneparyp 961.goc. 6ycag reruepnerreft
xapbL{yynaxaA xarrnrrrzx cailu qaxufiraaH EaMxyyflax uauaprafr, cafiH
AaBTarAax 6a eHrenree cafrx aBHa. Xyvranreperqr.q r3cB3prefi, gapanr,
reMneparypbrr HeMorgyynoxoA AgO, oKct4g yycroHo. , Hyypcreperv,
asorro_fr sHAep reMneparypr q ypBanA opoxryr. fla'scHsi 6bnox
xyxputZH cyn xY.{hnA- aeraxryrZ, xyvrefi xyxpraftH xyr{hn 6a asorsrFl
xyuxnrefr ypBang opHo. [Jynr 6a opraHilK. xyqnyyA MeHroHA
Heflee'lexryrz. MenreHrfr hxSHx EaBC r3p3n rtregpervrxrafr. MeHre HU
YHSI reMepneryygssc xanarnfiH nx ryr33M3n rapxanrrafr. MeureHnrT
KnapK 7-10-6 %
Mexre xafrnu lailgnaap 3ooc, roeflsrn syfrn, naSoparopra iln 6a axyrzx
caB cyyflra, ToMepner raAapryyr MeHrenexeA, xyHCnNil yrTngsepvfrn
25

7. Yyn yyoxaftu yfrngaepnsnrfrn rexHonqgrH YII499-
TOHOrnofi, TOnb, Llaxl4nraaH BaKyyM 6arax, LlaxrnraaHbl KOHTaKTyyE,
"n"*rpoa'
xmfrxeg x3p3rfi3H3. Srr{raftn oogncstn Haftpnaraxg opHo.
MeHreHlailHsrAnYYAH[rsorosyprrailHMaTepraflblryfingaepnsxeg
xepsrneHs.
MeHre aryyncaH 50 rapyfi epgac 6raft' Tegr33p33c 15-20 optlnM Hb
VfngeepninNf H aL{ xon6orAonroft. :tr,ailrannha MsHre' 3'leffipyM'
KlocreMhr, apreHTI4T AgrS, npycrl4T Ag.AsS., .nrp.apJrpar
A9' Sb 53'
"i-"+"*rt'
Ag, Sb S-* nonraOa3nr (Ag,Cu)''.Sbr!,,' $pefi6eprur'
"piJ*io"po.uii
Rg reuibon)r(oH)u, .gracrpasrar
Ag.Sb' reecrr AgTe'
,I"r""pri Agosel *eppatmiitat nlct rex Mor sp.qcYYA L{yxan 6afrp
;yy;"i; ,.sn"ris. N4eFrrb;{ily1
'ep.qcyigeec
ragHa eHrer 6onou 6ycag yger
i6iri"pn.rrfix xonrauor xygpyyAooc r,teHrmfrr raprax aBHa' MeHreHfifr
*yaprr, vn 6a traflA apraap
-on6opnono'
3pAcesc quaHxyynanr'
xeecpyyn3H ffnrarr, Snorarlraf n apraap ffnrax 6aaxyynax
axHnllaraar'lByynAar.EanxuanyyEblrL{ilaHxyynxyycraHuJmHrsox
,"**onorr, 6onoi'nrappoMerannyp*ailn apraap 6onoacpyynx ueHrufrr
;;td* aena.Teprsop op.qrcoc rapq 6yfr 33c, xap ryranra' qafrpstx
SlcxMang Oaitraa'Nl'sHrrfir reMeprter xafinyynax, 6onoacpyynax
"rtlaA
HnraHa. Secvittr. 6anxrvran4 6y[ MeHre xafinyynax rBqag
aHoAblH luaapHaac 3fie]$poi1t4333p finrapHa'
1.2.4 qALlPAr nESBX[4T TeMgPnorHmH SPgCH[4H EAffflAr,
YHfiEBoPfiSTIHHH CA^nEAP
Aiorr,tutu epqilM xyvHraft 3x YYcBop, aroMblH xegenrYYpr ganafrH xener
oHroLl, ycaH AOOryyp r.r.ryrvroagar oHroLlHbl TYIlLu, L{axnflraaH BaKyyM,
LlaxhnraaH roponrYYrlsr, trynaaH raprafiT, pagronnerpmfiH xailryyn'
paAnorpasilK tllHHxt4flr33, paElJotuerprfiH UJ14Hxl4flro3 33p3rT qaqpar
r4E3Bxr reuepnerufrn ep4oafiH" 1aanrnfrr aurrnaHa. Spgcyygeec
qaL{par fiA3BXr 6o}uc, regrseprfiH Hergnyygnftr raprax aBaxarq
irtnro* yfrngaepnanNfiH rexnororr 6onoacpyynar,caH 5afraa'
Ypaxf {o. ypaH, a. uranium). tlenxepayy rynaraft MeHrefler qaral:
TeMepnsr. YpaH Hu qaqpar^ hAaBXrT 3fleMeHT, Hgrr rru 18700xrlrvr3,
xailnax r"*n"prryp--iissoc.' Safrranug 238U(99'3%), 235U(0'7olo)'
;tUtO.OOOyai xsc;ciyya 6afrgqr. Tyyneec raAHa 11 yya,ren rsoron 6Nfr'
zaag' zasg nu'sa;ap:*ir aYng
206Pb,207Pb 33por rori'soprofr h3oTonyyAblr
yycrsHo. Arouu; uaxriiaaH craHq, aroMblH xeAenryYp' xorblH EynaaH
xaHrauxufrx So.rcrr 5y-ca; 3opr4yflanTaap aToMblH spqrM Xyuumfr 3x
vt;r;t oonron *spslia'+e. Ypansr KaapK 2'5'10'o
26

8. Ypax aryynarq 100 rapyfi opfloc 6rafi. Tegreopoec yrzngaspnennrzu aq
xon6orgonrofr Hu 12 sp4ec orrn. Hacrypax kuo2.luo3.lpbo, ypaHuHr4r
kUO2'UO3.mPbO, ypaHbl xap Kx(U, Th)O2.lUO3.mpbO, Xyxpraftx xyqrr.r,
3apilM ToxrongonA a3orbtH xYqHrl, scBon co,qHH yycManaap xygprarZr
uynrryrzxyynex, l40Hbr corrmnqoor EaBxapraap uJ[Hr33x, OpraHhK
yycrarqaap qoBopnox 3aMaap xygpaec ypaHHr Rnrax aBHa. [yn
qsBep[rJyyncsH ypaH rapraxbtH TynA HOMsnr qsBopllyynsrrT
ruaapEarAAar,
l-aspurx ryHA ypaHu xygprafir llynrryfixyyneH ypaH raprax
rexnonorN 6ufi.
Topra ThJo, ropraft, a. thorium). 3eeneH MeHrensr qaraaH reMepner.
llagRar n+esxvlT eJreMeHT. EafrransA 232Th
receH roprailx Her u3oron
6afigar. MeH 6orrno xyrallaaHA 3aApax 4 reoron 6irfi. vycrenasn 1g
r3oTonur rapracaH. ToprafiH Hqrr 1 1300xr/u3, xafinax reMneparyp
17500C.
laxNnraan BaKyyM, L{axnfl!-aaH repeflTyyngrq rexH}rx, qaxrurraai.l
AaMxyynarL{ Marepmaa 60nroH a[JilrflaHa. Snerrpox 6a eons$par,r
yrac xmfrxs.q 6onon roprfix pg?rqopr x3p3rn3H3. Toprafix AaBxap Hc3rl
Mau eF{Asp reMneparypr (30500c) xafingar yqpaac ryyr3ep rarrA
rocaeprsr ocMt4, poAr4, qaraaH ajtr r9x Mer reMepj]er raprax aBax
xaftnyyp xrafix 6a qaxranraax nnfturrnrnfia xanaax ofleMeHT 6onrox
auilrnaAar. MarHr,r, MaHraaHTail XOnnuor xaftnuyygur rrfrpenrer
oHroq, nyyxwar niaH TexH IKT xopernsHg. T opwila xnapx' 1 .3. 1 O-3 %'
TopmfrH yHFqeH opgoc- Hb MoHaqrr (ClTh)t (p, Si)O4], ropr4r ThSiO4,
r:pnatilr Jho, 3sper 6on Ho. Moxaqraru n 6asixrvrantrr"cynsgunxyyn;
6yoy 200C
-reMneparypr . xyvrefi xyxprafiH xyqneop' yrznvnyynex,
wynrufir 140oc reMneparypr yycrax 6a'papaa Hb aHn4xpyyflax',iyroy
3CB3fl efielCporil43T opyyrDK ropnilr raprax aeHa. l-yu qercpujyvncaH
topui,tr rapraxAaa AynaaHaap flfirapyyna,lt xwhx aprbtr x3p3rn3H3.
Pagn, Rtlo pagnfr, a. radium). Menrener LlaraaH reMepnsr. Hsrr nu
5300xr/u3, xairinax reMneparyp g690C. z23Ra,- z24Ra, ,ruRa, ,rBRa seper
6afiranufiu qaL{par ,,AeBxr r43oronyyAaac raAHa yycroMon qaqpar
tA4oBxttr l43oronyyA F,ailgar.
PaAnfi 220Ra
nb 223U-nsr^
Oyng 6arrgar yvpq?c yp,aHu 6yx xy4opr
6afrHa. Ypauur xyAopr rr.Ra, roprafrx xygipr224Ra,'l2BRa 6ahna. vpaHsr
xyEpnrzr yraacaH ycaHA pagvtfi yycca* 1afrganrail oprrjr4Ho. papuilr
2V

9. ypaHH xygpoec xrMrfiH apraap Rrlrax aBHa. RaCl, yycManHr
eflel$polu3T opyyrlx MeHreH ycHbl KaroA geep pagrftr cyyflrax
3aMaap raprax aBHa. Pa1nfru il3oronyygbtr AanafrH ryaufr ryHaMan
xypgac, synypnafrH HacxnflrHr rorrooxoE a[JnrnaHa. HefrrpoHu ex
yycBop Ra-Be 6enrrsxeg q-6eericufiH 3x YYcBop 6onrox 6a ZnS-refr
xoflbx rspnnftH 6yreq Eenrrexeg xeporfl3H3. Auaraax lD(aaHA
paguiar pa,qoHbt ox YYcBop 6onroH aul[rrlaHa.Paauinr qyrraMaJ]btH
6onoH rarHaacblH cororHr rorroox, L{axrflraaH craruK qenerNfir
apHnraxaA xspsrnoHe.
Pa1nfra KnapK 1'10'10 o/o
1.2.5.XOBOP TeMePnernnHSPECHHH EAffflAr,,,
Yt4IItrBgPrIsIIl4l4H CAIEAP tl/'
TaHtan, HNo6H, 6epmnnN, IIHTI4, Llt4pKoxm, ra$Hr, Lle3vl, Py5nau 33por
xoBop reMepnor uu oxqrofi uafipnararait xaitnw raprax, arou qennrfin
fbxunr, xuunh:H 6a reMspfler xafinyynax yftngeep, Hucox oHrol-I,
caHcpbrH TexHuK, qaxnM 6a qaxnnraaH, Soro, peHTreH TexH[K, aHaraax
yxaaH sepgr Malu opreH xYpeeH.q xepornorAeHe. Eafiranb A33p xoBop
oprrll4x ryn yHo lloHo eHgepreil. On6opnocoH xyapyfii 6onoacpyynax
yfin axrnnaraa uapuiax reaerreft, 3apAafl exgeprsfr 6ailAar.
Tauran, Tp,(o. TaHraI'I, a. tantale). caapafl eHrereil TeMepner. TyyHrfi
eHreHE *Kp ,yrrnr""r, eHrnilH ryea atlonrnargaHa. Hnn 16600xrftv13,
xailnax reMneparyp 2014oC epgrailn Hexqeng raHrall l4goBx 6ararafr,
2800C -nac Eooul AyllaaHA l4corlAox TarOu 6ypxyyn YYcreHs. [saep
TaHTan [tlhHreH, ulynrnilx reMeprer, taxoHx opraHHK, opraHilK 6yc xyvrn
6onox 6yca,q u,qerr,txrft opq[HA recaepreft. TaHranutr LlaxrnraaH
TexHuK, LlaxHM TexHnKt xeporngHe. CaHcputu xefigr, xnftuen Aaryyn
$psrr sopNynarflcaH xer sHgep gynaaHbtr recBopnox xafrnulnut
xafrpnaraHg opHo. Xyvrang rscaspreil rexeepeMx xrfiue. XannrrtZH
oHAep reMneparypr (49000C) xailnax raHrafi Eeep rynryypnacaH xafinu
rapracaH 6afrna. TaHran 6yxuh xailnu.ryygaap xrnlrnfiH yilngaepr
3opHyncaH seapexryfr TexeepeMx, caB cyynra, qyrryypblH caB, qen,tutiH
spr{r,rM xn-rxrafr crcreurfrH AynaaH- connflqooHbl rexeeper xnfrxeA
x-pernere. Msc sacnutH 3opmyflanraap nae4penuilu cy,qan, 1ueniln eE
ssprufrr xon6ox 6ex-nex xyygac, yrac xrfrxeg 6onou o6.qon raBl4x,
Fc opnox xufiusn opxroH xuilxeg auurnaHa. TaHranutH xap6rg
xaryy xafinurHu xafrpnarag opHo. TaHtanutu xap6mg xaryyllraapaa
aflMaacHaac xar11f 6afigar. TauranulH KnapK 2.5'10'4 o/o
28

10. Yvn vypxafr H vfi n,&esDnsn r fr s rexHonorN i s vH.aoc
Hmo6n, TaHTafiHH epAcyyg Hu 6afiranufrH xonxruor HorAnyyA 6,afrAar.
Taxran &ryyncaH 60 rapyfi epgec 6rafr. Konyrr,r6rar-raHraflNr (Fe,
Mn)(Nb,Ta)rO5, nonapur (Na, Ca, Ce)(Ni, Nb, Ta)O., nrpoxnop-
Mr4Kpolll4rbrH 6yner (Ca, Na)z(Nb, Ta), O6(OH, F) seper yHEcsH opAcyVA
6afiAar.TaHTaJ'uir, nonaprrbrH 6anxuan Hb raHran 6a ryyHrafi
xailnu:yygaac raprax aEax yHgceu ryyxrafr eE 6onno. Sgreep ns TarO5-
8%, Nb2Os-60% 5a tyyHsec goorx xoMxseroep aryynHa. EaRxuanur
xyr{iln, octsolr uJynroop yycrax 6a nonapmTbrr xnopxyynHa. TaHran 6a
avo5nilr xaHAnax apraap canraHa. Taxranurr laxoBqnoH TarOu-uilr
Hyypcreperqegp eHruxpyynax saMaap raprax aBHa. ecaen L{axmnraaH
xnrrar*H apraap xailflujHaac rapraHa.
Hno6n; Nb (o. nmo6ril, a. niobium). raH lrJrr caapari eurnfiH TeMepfler.
n3Nb
receH Hor HSoTonrofr qaqpar ilAoBxr oneMeHr. Hcrr Hu 8570xr/u3,
xafinax reMnep€Typ 25000C._ XyfrreHg recaeprsfrreoc ragHa nx 6nut
reMneparypr byfi n$suxtrtil opt{r4H ryyirurfr Aorop xyvnyygrfir
rocBopnoHe. Hr,loGyrfir seBxeH xafinyyp xyqilr], ryyHrafi asorbrH xyuunrefr
xom4Mor 6a ruy;ttyyg yycraxa.Hro6raftr raHranrafi xaMr aryynarq 50
rapyil epgsc 6ptfi, Konyu6ur, flonapur, Seprocourar 3oper qyxafi
opgcyyg 6at},qur, Xyvnng receaprefr 6onou AyflaaHA recaeprefr
raurufrH Hafipnarag nuo5nfrr opyynHa. Tegraep Hb Hucox oHrot4,
peaKropyyn, XrtfiMon AaryylrbrH Texeeper, aroMbrH pealcopr
xopsrnsrgsHo. Mar+ qaxuM 6arax, UaxhflraaH KoHgeHcarop, x3T
AaMxyynarq T6Xg6peMx 3ep3rT x3p3rnarE3He.
Hmo6rryy4urr oBrHeroolrerrpnr(engep gmeneKrpr4K xeevunreff),
nbe3oerreKrprar(rancrsru r4pMercop L{oHor yycex) na3epbtH Marepman
6onrox arJrlrieHA. l-yyp, xener oHroLl 6afrryynarux, roMep 3aM, yyrl
yypxafir roHor toxoepeMxmA xepernorgox xafrnu: xufixeg xopornoHo.
Auaraax yxaaH,q Mgc sacnaap uepMec odx, Hae.qpsnufrx cyAnyyAHr
odx yrac xwfixeg xopornorgeHo.
Hrao6NfrH Knapx 2'10'3 %
Hno6nilr raprar( aBaxbrH ryng 6anxManHr n1evxuit natpureh 6yroy
ocBon cogroft kafinyynx, xafrnunfir ruynrryftxyynAor. Yycaaryfi
yn[sr^qoflA opu]r4x auo5wilr, Tan?aflbtH oKcr4pooc rycr Hb
aHrrxpyyflanTaHg opyynHa. Hynrrrafiri reMepnerilfrn apra, LlaxilflraaH
Hyrvr, BaKyyrvrr 6a qaxhnraaH ryHaHbt xafinyynanTbrH apryyAbrr x3pern3x
auo1urtr rapraHa.
SepnnnurBe(o. 6epmnnn, a. beryllium). qarZaap caapan xeHreH
reMepfior. Hsrr 1844xr/rrlt3, xarlnax reMneparyp 1287aC. ,QynaaH
2g

11. 6arraauxaapaa 6ycaA rsMepnersec mflyy, ax yfrngaspr x3p3rn3rAA3r
qyxan ,"*tpntrfrg*7, *.t 6onno' Eara HRrr' yFH xapmMxaiiH en4ep
y3yYn3flT, TeMopnerYYgs3c ilnYY 6ar 6ex )^1paac ryyHiailr aroMblH
peaKrop goropx HefrrpoHyygur ofinrorq' ygaaupyynarl{ 6onroH
xspornoHs. AtoM, Ht4c3x oHroll, nyyxt4H' caHcpblH TexH[K' 6araxHut
yfrngaepnen, MnKpocKon xrilxeA 6onox qaxl4M' L{axrflraafi
^1".}:IS
irp]t",ir" 6sc, uarrr, xeHreH qaraaH 6onon 6yca'q reMepneryYArol4
xonbx rapracaH
'xaftnu:yygur oHroq' goroorq ularafiTblH
xegenryyprafrn eA aHrN, nYpul- xraftxsg xsporneHs' Pesrren
i"I'""pbi,i*rfr x qoxx xuft xe,q raHrr,rfr n ra,apraA HoBrpYYnx
1"!-"_'l-"1",
nyyxranrrafH TYnuuHa xonil{ 6onroH xopornoHs' Xanyyng TocBoprol4
6a ilx3Hx XOflUMOT TeMepnerTsu HarAsxryfi qaHapblr auuffIaH
qyrryypbtH caB, Tycrafr. .sopraynanrblH
Baap xhftxsA xopsrnoH3'
slpraihrar,tr KnaPK 3.8'10-4 %
Eafiranu A33p 6epiannm aryyncaH 55 spgoc 6uit' TeArespeec
yilngeepnenrafrrr ,* xonoor.qonrofr 6raHgeplca Be,Al,(Si.o.'),
ipr!"OEpr"" Al, (BeOo), 6eprpangrar Beo(Si'OJ'(OH)'' renbBrH
'rtinrielsioolusr,
6erarrri'Bersioo' Xygp'rfir ycaH Ncen 6yoy scBon
cynu$ar oonroH xyBilpraaA Aapaa nu ir.rvnrrvfrxYYrlsx, rafiGTxyynax 6a
MarHmraap aHrilxpyynx sfleKtponr3oop flnrax aBHa' Baxyyru opqt4Hg
;;p;; ,pr"rp 6on6H 3c83fl eneKrpon,r qoBopl'xYYnenrssp L{.Bop
"6epmnnmilr
rapra,aar'
IlvtrrytLi(o.nvrvi't,a.lithium)'MexrenerqaraaHxarurrfiHXeHreH
terr,relner. flr,rrra 6eusrHg xeBHO. Hgrr 539xr/M3, xafiflax TeMneparyp
igg.drc. finrnfrr xsporflox qyxafi can6ap Hu qerurltu opLll'1M xyu 6afrAar'
Pearropyygurn xaMraanax cucreM Eox 3oxtlqyynaru ron xrailxe4
*rprinJtii. litmureH 'Li-nfrr qerumfin pealcrop Eorop AYn??l l?:l:.:31
aulmrnaHa. Ilutnhr peaKrop rsop ypaH, roprilr yycrarqaap' qoprhrH
TexHhK, qax!!nraaH rexHrxnfrn yfrngaepnen' urynrufrH aKKyMnHTop'
MhKporanb"r*r* 3neMeHT, $OrO Syprn*n 6onoH peHrreHorpasniln
Marepnan xrafrxeg xopornoHe' Oprauux. Hergnyygufin cilHTe3'
nl4porexHHK, Baap onrurufrH wunaui't yilngsepnen' L{axmnraaH
rycraapnarq, ,oJi-rootit o'ng"'-l raprax' araapblH cenreeuufr 6onox
xeprex rexespeMx xt4lzxoA nirnhr
-'*-Lti-?:a'
Teruepnernftx
, canbapr MarHu xeHreH LlaraaHbl xafinuryygal nnrnilr oponqyynx ytlH'
6ar6exqaHapHrA33UnYYI]3X,33Bp3flTl4frrnu6aracraxaAx3p3rn3H3'
Ilurn aryyncaH ZA
'epasi'6afrgar'
Tegreepeec cnoAyMeH
^LIA[SI'OJ'
neran!fi Li[AlSi.o'3]' I'lenH'qonilr K(Li'AI)2 s3 o[Al1 o-03Si3 o-3 601o](F'oH)2'
a u6nrarosrr r-inlipcjrt tr, o H ). fi nrm fr n rn a px 3'2' 1 0-3 "/o
30

12. [1vrt4, xanmfru xnopr4AyyAuH xafrnnnar xorndMornfir 4ao-4600c xanyyn
opqrH,q eflexTponu3oA opyyn€x 6a xonuqyygaac Hb BaKyyM HoporlT,
qflranr xrfrx sauaap 6yoy ocBon xafinyynanraap raprax aBHa.
{mpxonm Zr (o. r4upxoHuil, a. zirconium). Ear 6ex ynH vanaprafr
rErran3caH MeHreller qaraal TsMepner. Hsrr us 6500xrirra3 (o-r.lnpxouH),
xafinax reMneparyp 18550c. lrapxoHrarix rycrafi xaianwufir nynaan
nfirapyynax oneMeHTyyg, aroMbtH peaKropbtH 6ypxyyn xufixsg
xapgrnoHo. [uproxrfrx nyntrwilr nfiporexHrm (goxroxbt ran, ny)DKr4H,
luarEar xoflbr-l xnfix), geacrilfiFr yilngaepnen, qaxHrrraaH BaKyyM TexHrK,
sororepenryynor s3porr xopornoHo. l-lrpxoxr, nuo6niln xaEnuufir xor
AaMxyynaru copoHsoHA xopornoHa. {upxoxrfir 6ycag reuepnerrilH
xafinurxur nafipnarax4 opyyflAar. Llrapronrafix KnapK 1.7.10'2 %
t-frapxonra aryyncaH 27 epgec 6nfi. Yiln+eepnenufix aq xon6orAonrofi
14f
pIgH. _Zr[SiQcll 6a.qgenrar (210r=96. 5-99%), eBghanur (NaCa)u(Zr, Fe,
Mn)[O, OH, Cl][Si6O,r]. EanxMarrbrr Hb Hyypc oponqyyflaH xnopxyynx,
ugen,txNfi narprrafi xafinyynax, uroxoftn vynyyrafi uraraax, xorrbrlyyAbrr
Hb trlynrryilxyynox 3aMaap caflrax, Tarlcrxyyflax HoH conHflqoru
AaBxapraap xaHgnax, BaKyyMT nnfiwung xaftnyynax goBefl oneKTpoH
ryffaraap xailnyynax 3opor Mau Hapuftx reeerrefi apraap qupxoxufir
raprax aBHa.
l-a$xn Hf, (o. ra$xrft, a. hafnium) MeHrefier qaraaH xnn6ap AaBrargax
reMepfier. Hnrr Hb 1309.0rrftu3, xafinax reMneparyp 2ZZz*.3OoC.
Xnuwitn uJfiHx L{aHapaapaa qhpxoHrrofi recrefi. t-aSHrafir qeuNiH
spqmM xyvHNfi can6apr peaKropyygbtH 3oxr4qyynax rofl, xefirpouur
i{aqparaac xaMraaflax uryyflryyp (expan), erreKrpog, nyypc 6a 6an
i{ynyyH aHo,qHH rop $pgrr xgporneHo. Hnaax oHroq, nyyxuarnila
IexHhKr 3opmyncaH xanyyHA recaepreil xafinuJ rapraxaA x3porfleH3.
Fa$uuilx KnapK 1.1A'4 Yo
HfClo -uftr MarHr, Kanbqm, Harprraap aHrrxpyynax 3aMaap ra$nrafir
raprax aBHa.
HesrarCs (o. qesrafr, a. caesium) Py6ngn, Rb(o. py6raguil, a. rubidium).
Her repnrfrn sp.qcyygoA ToxronAogo. l-.[eeu MeHrefler LlaraaH r.uynrrafix
reMepner. Hcn 1904xr/u3, xafinax reMneparyp 28.50C- ypeax qaHap
eHpep, araapr aBanLlax oKct4A yycrcHe. Yc, ranoreuyyg xyxeprsfi
TSOpS,IT yycrsH ypBarrE opx ycaH t4c3n, oKcr,q, ranoreHyyA,
cynu$ragyyg yycreHo. Xanaaxag Hvypcrsperl{, $oc$op, qaxrayfiaf
H3rE9H3. HapHSr 60nou caHcpbtH TyHaHbt Heneereep 60non xanaaxaA
3t

13. qe3n Hb sneKTpoHbr ypcranHH 3X YYcBOp 6onAor. (Doro3nemeHt,
SoroenextpoH YpxYYflsrq, eneKTpoH onrilK YpxYYnorL{, HapHbl sah
xrfrxeA qesmfir xepernoHe.
Cancpun xenrNfiH HoHT nyyxraHrNfiH xegenryYpr rYnu 6onrox
x3p3rn3x rapeegyfi 6uft. l-lnaeMHx reHepaTopblH axnblH Yp EYHr
AsstxflYYnexeg6yroyAy'IaaHHepqHMxyuraftru:YygqaxnfiraaHspt{l4M
iV.l 66nroH
'
xyerapraxag xoporrlox 6onoux 6nia. CopousoHr
rrApo.quHaMl4K reHeparop, AyIIaaH qaxilflraaH xyBupraqAaA x3p3rfl3H3'
{esrafix KnapK 3.7'104 o/o
Lfeera Hb nvrn, 6epunnu, TaHTan, xnoEmrofi qyr nerMarilryy'qag
u'rWn"tg"*a. t{esrafiH 3apuM 6ne. traacaH ep,qoc 1aryzay' Tsgreepeec
ilJy,{il ci, -r1A siroul' Na*1nro;" (1wxa arvvlarqal .c.1zo-22'8-32'4%}
"roi"iprt
'--tXC-sltiFo, "' ioqo6uegrr BerC-sAlz(Si6O18) 33por
Vmng;ipn"nrafin aq xonoorgon oyxraft opAcYY'A 1afiAar. Easxuanaac
MarHn, Kaflbqm, xeHreH qaraaHaap "'aaryynar AynaaHbl- . opqnHg
aHrHxpyynaH raprax aBHa. He$enmneec rfluHo3eM (Alr9J raprax
aBaxag yngex coA, 6ailranrafiH epgecr yc 33per ns qeauilr raprax
aBax ox yycBop 6ongor'
Py6ragra, ,Rb (o. py6r,tpuir, rubidium) MeHrener LlaraaH' 3seneH
,"r"pn}( HRrr nu 1525rr/ru3, xafinax reMnepary-p 39.47oC. Araapr uau.t
aMapxaHaBqaflAaxxYqrflTeperqrefiepurureftHsrAsxAaBxaphcea
Rb26z, HagHepoKoag RbOz YYcroHs. Ycrafr HsrAoxgm rocpenr YYcr9x
6ereeg ycreper,lr,rfrr nnripyynx ycaH racen (RbOH) yycrsne. Py6n1nrt
opranNx'6yc ner,qanrefi ypean.q op_Ho. Py6vrpwiln hxgHx HerAsrl yCaHfl
yycHa. CapHrauran 6afrgnaap py5nanin 6afrransg HHIo3A epreH
iip*"a* bono".{ ryyxraf ebprailHx Hu 6re Eaaca' sp,oc 5aiaxryfi.
Py6ragraftn KfiapK 1.5'10'2'/o
llJynnafin reMepnerYygrafiH epgecr pylowgn aryynarAaHa' Kanuil
aryynarL{ epAcYYAoA Hrn33A
-. .ToxronAoHo'
Py6wan aryynarLl
nonnHLlHT, nennAorIl4T K(Li,Al)2 s3 o[A11.0-o.4si3.o-3.oO1o(F'OH)r]
qranaanugrr
iire,*ut-io*,u1Al,Fe;l'[si3s-2s,Alos-1soi0(oH,Fe)r] - -
ouorrr KFe,
tOff ,Fffnf S[' O,o] aMo3oHr4r op,cyyA' JosxNn6i 6ailp cyyprafi r eseriFre.
py6ragHiir- Soroeneuenr, rporo qaxnM YpxYYnerq MeHrert ycHbl
naMnaHU rctToA xrfrxeA x3p3rn3H3. Py6ngnltr MarHeTouerp xrafrxeg
aujurnaHa. ?y6nani,tn AaBCyyAblr gpraHrK cfiHre3T Karanm3arop
$onrOx xgporn3Hs. Spgacr 6yil t'Rb,u7Sr
- rafrH XoMxSsr_ TorTOOcHOop
rsgreepnfrH ,a"*rnr"i. roaopxo.frnox apra 6uir. ?y6nArfrH Aaecgrr Li,
Mg, K 33p3r srelaeHrrfin-iAagc rapiax aBaxa4 AaranAax
6yreergexyyn xen6epesp rairrax aBHa' Teuepner py6r'tgvfrr ryyHnfr
32

14. AaBcyy,qbtr (xraluee nu Rbcl) aHrHxpyynax apraap raprax 6a gapaa uu
BaKyyM H3p3I1T33p Xonbllooc Hb canrax LlsBspLxYYnEOr.
1 .2.6. CAP H 14 MAJI TeM ePn e rnhH. SPAC 14 H H 5Aff -nAr,
YI4flgBSPII en m 14 H CAII EAP
capxNruan TsMepner-(ener,aeHr) -T KaAMM cd(O. Ka.qMfi, a.Kadmium),
nnAn,!d (o.uugttfi, a. indium), rannr,Tl(o. tafinn[1, a.thallium),
repruaxu,Ge ( o. l-epuaHnil, a.germanium), rannH Ga (o' fannufi,
a.gallium), cerleH, Se (o. ceneH, a. selenium), rennyp,Te (o' rennyp, a'
tellurium), peHy, Pe ( o. peHmfi, a. rhenium)xarraaapna. SgreeprftH KnapK
1' 10-7 (Tl,Re)-ooc 2.5.1A'5% (td) 6ailgar' Sgreepraftx 6ne AaacaH opg
6afrgarryfi.
KaAM}{
Kagrurailr ranbBaHoTexHilKT 6onOH XeH[eH xaftnui xrfrxeg xopsrneHs'
Men qervrNfiH peaxrOpblH Texeepe1,rxyygraftr xrfrxeg au.lhrrlaHa, Kagum
6a secrftH xailnu-laap LlaxnflraaH reeeprfrH KoHTaKTbIH uyraMblH yTac,
aBTOMatxrHbl 3A AHrU, paAro TexoeporT xsperngHe. KaEuu-grq,
Ka.qMfi-MeHreHilfi xaftnu.lyygurr aKKyMnsTOpT xopgnlsggr. ArOnnutx
peaKTopbtH ron xrafixeg ragrvrrfir L{3Bp3Sp Hb XOPqrnsHs. Ka.qMUfiH
bpgcW,: I-pauormr CdS, K.aHroxpot4r CdS (HrO), Ka.qMoceMrr
Cdse,iiiogreoHrr Cd O, oraBrr CdCou. Kaflnrm MeH xapryraflra qafipblH
xoflHMor xYEspT ilxeBq'leH TOXI4OJIAOHO-
Vagyt
?
Xer -unuron, yAaaH eAsnreerefr xyqaac xmfixeg xoporneHo. Meure,
qaraaH Tyranra cypbMa 6onon 6ycag TeMepfler 6yxrafr xafinlurHA
opHo. t_{araaH ryranra 6a ungufia rcfl3ec 6ypgex xyynra u.!14r1
'1b*ryyni*ry[
xepercen 6yroy wvnnfit L{axilnraaHaap xanaaxag cafiH
gaNrxyynar.{ 6ongor. eHaxyy xoflbqbtr Hilc3x oHroqHbl -
l-loHxoHa
rypxg'oi. L{ar araapurH xvHA Hexqeng qaHapaa angaxryfi. Llanapnar
rJbrniWnir.{HfiH MeHreH ronninr xrfrxeg nn1n[t agrrnaHa. L(aAnila 4
,pae"
"6nin. F,aiarannfia nHAn, poKe3rr CuldSr, ]yt{Ayr| FeldrSo,
gxanNngur ld(oH)3 KaccmreprT cKapH' cyns$rger KaccrHreprrblH
op.qbrH xyApyyEsg Vuryaias aryynaMx eHflep 6ahgar Hb TorToorAcoH.
JJ