Agricultural intensification and Nipah virus emergence
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Presentation by Dr Jonathan Epstein, EcoHealth Alliance, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
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Agricultural intensification and Nipah virus emergence
- 1. Agricultural Intensification and Nipah Virus Emergence Jonathan Epstein DVM, MPH @epsteinjon EcoHealth Alliance @ecohealthnyc #onehealth2016
- 2. Projections of livestock intensification “Meat consumption in developing countries has risen from 10 kg per person per year in 1964-66 to 26 in 1997-99. It is projected to rise still further, to 37 kg per person per year in 2030.” “A continued shift in production methods can be expected…towards more intensive and industrial methods.” -UN Food and Agriculture Organization World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. FAO 2002
- 4. Nipah virus index farm • 30,000+ pigs • Network of other large farms • Adjacent to primary forest / fruit bat habitat
- 6. Nipah virus in Malaysia, 1998-1999 Human encephalitic cases 11Jan97 16Aug97 16May98 3Oct98 2Jan99 Perak 01234 27Mar99 Selangor Numberofcases 01234 26Dec98 Negeri Sembilan Week of onset of illness 010203040 Numberofcases
- 7. 7% (29) Distribution of NiV in Malaysian Pteropus spp. Pulau Tioman Tanjung Agas 47% (34) Lenggong 52% (27) K. Berang 38% (13) 58% (24) 38% (26) Tk. Memali 17% (12) Muar Benut 6% (1164)
- 11. Pig and mango production, Malaysia Pulliam, Epstein et al., J. R. Soc. Interface 2012
- 12. 12
- 13. Intervention: buffer zone • No orchards near livestock enclosures • Removes bat-livestock interface • Still allows for income from cultivation www.freemalaysiatoday.com
- 14. Nipah virus in Bangladesh and India • 20+ outbreaks reported since 2001 •>300 cases (~75% cfr; up to 100%) • Spatial and seasonal patterns • Bat-to-human transmission1,2 • Human-to-human transmission 1. Hsu et al. EID 2005; 2. Gurley et al, 2008
- 15. Spillover via date palm sap 1. Luby et al Emer. Infect. Dis. 2005 2. Khan et al., EcoHealth 2011 Photo (left) J. Epstein EcoHealth Alliance (right) S.U. Khan
- 16. Henipaviruses in domestic animals • Non-neutralizing Abs found in cattle (6.5%), goats(4.3%) and pigs (44.2%)1 • Clinically “normal” animals • Farmers feed bitten fruit 1. Chowdhury S, Khan SU, Crameri G, Epstein JH, Broder CC, et al. (2014), PLoS Negl. Trop Dis. Photo: J. Epstein, EcoHealth Alliance
- 17. Blocking access to date palm sap • Bamboo skirt: simple, inexpensive, easy, but time consuming • Effective at excluding pests • Incentive to adopt? • Financial, not health related1 1. Nahar et al. Global Health Promotion. 2014 Photo J. Epstein EcoHealth Alliance
- 18. Evidence for Henipavirus infection in bats* Confirmed human Henipavirus infection Henipavirus Distribution
- 19. Conclusions • Agricultural intensification drives disease emergence • Simple interventions needed to disrupt wildlife-livestock-human interfaces • Behavior change to adopt interventions