A Seminar was held at EGYPTIAN ASSOCIATION OF SHEEP, GOATS & DESERT ANIMALS. By Dr. Talaat Refaat about:
Increasing the Meat efficiency in general and focus on Small Ruminant.
28. مرفقاتAPPENDICS
The following slides were selected from some
Lectures and Seminars held at:
“ EGYPTIAN ASSOCIATION OF SHEEP,
GOATS & DESERT ANIMALS”
Some of the slides were presented by : Judith
Moses, Small Ruminant Specialist, Farmer to
Farmer Egypt.
تم التي المحاضرات بعض من منتقاة التالية المرفقاتإلقاؤها
بمقرالجمعيةوالماعزوالحيوانات لألغنام المصريةالصحراوية.
28
30. Nutrients for sheep and goats
Water
Energy
Protein
Minerals
Vitamins
Roughage
(fiber)
31. Poor access to water
Poor nutrition of lactating dams leading to
low milk yields and poor rates of growth and
high death loss
Poor quality of feeds for kids at weaning
causing a sharp drop in weight and deaths
Common Nutrition Problems
32. It is a waste of resources to improve the genetics
if the environment remains unchanged.
Express Breed Potential
33. Clean water essential for maximum
production
11-12 liters of water per day
Milk is approximately 90% water
Water
34. Water
The most essential nutrient
Intake (need) varies by . . .
Moisture in feed
Lactation (2-3 gal) > Gestation
>
Maintenance (1/2 to 1 gal)
Late Gestation > Mid and early
gestation
Triplets, twins > single
Sheep > goats
Milk type sheep and
goats > meat type
35. The mammary glands will attempt to obtain
nutrients from blood to produce quantity of
milk removed daily from the udder
If feed intake is low the nutrients will be
taken from fat stores
Milk production factors
36. Energy
Needed in the most amount.
Usually the most limiting
nutrient.
Excess is stored as fat.
Expressed as . . .
TDN – total digestible nutrients
(%)
ME – metabolizable
energy (mcal)
NE for maintenance, growth,
lactation, and fiber production
(mcal)
38. Sources of protein
Highest
Protein meals (46-52%)
Plant - soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut
meal
Fish meal (66%)
Urea (NPN) (288%)
Moderate
Alfalfa and other legume hays
(13-21%)
Low
Grass hay (10-12%)
Cereal grains (8-14%)
Lowest
Poor quality hay (<10%)
Straw (3-5%)
39. Minerals
Required in small quantities
(grams)
Macro – salt, Ca, P, Mg, K, and S
Micro (trace) – Se, I, Cu, Fe, Mo,
Cr, F, Zn, and Mn
Balance of minerals is important.
Example: Ca:P
Many interactions.
Example: Cu-Mo-S
Sources:
Hay, pasture, grain
Mineral mixes, blocks, tubs
40. Vitamins
Ruminants have a dietary
requirement for Vitamin A, D, and
E.
Vitamin K and B-vitamins are
manufactured by the rumen.
No dietary requirement for Vitamin
C or D.
Sources of vitamins
Natural sources
Vitamin packs
Mineral mixes, blocks, tubs
41. Manufactured feeds
Blends of ingredients that
are formulated to supply all
(complete) or defined
portions (supplement) of
the requirements of targeted
animal).
Complete feeds
Protein supplements or
balancers
Mineral mixes, blocks, tubs
Use properly!
More expensive, but
convenient and properly
balanced.
43. Meet but don’t exceed animals requirements
Requirements based on weight, age, stage
and level of production
Animals that have to walk further for feed
have higher nutritional needs
Accurate animal weights are important
Feed balanced rations
44. Feed in groups according to nutritional
requirements, or
Feed individually at time of milking
May cost less to underfeed an animal but will
lose more money as a result of poorer
performance and health.
Divide into production groups
45. Nutrient requirements depend on …
Size (weight)
Age
Stage and level of
production
Climate and
environment
Body condition
46. Age
Nutrient requirements for ewe lambs and mature ewes
(132-lb. ewes, late gestation, 150% lambing rate)
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Lbs.perday
Crude protein (CP)
Ewe lamb Mature ewe
Ewe lambs and doelings have difficulty competing for feeder space.
Ewe lambs require a higher
percent of protein in their diets.
NRC, 1985
47. Stage of production
Nutrient requirements of a 154-lb. mature ewe that raises twin lambs,
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Lbs.perday
Crude protein (CP)
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Lactation
NRC, 1985
48. Start with forage
Pasture, weeds, browse, hay, silage
Feed supplements to provide
nutrients that the forage is
lacking.
Feed supplement(s) to
provide a more nutrient-
dense diet.
Feed supplement(s) to
improve health and
performance.
Feed supplements to save
money.
49. Most variable part of feeding program
Quality varies by species, stage of growth
Goats and sheep will self select most
nutritional part of plant
Ruminants digest systems are designed to eat
tough plant material
Forage nutrition value
50. Have the ability to consume and utilize poor
quality roughage
They cannot produce high quality meat if
they are fed poor feed
Adult animals can utilize poor quality better
than young animals
Young animals require a higher quality ration
to grow proper
Sheep and Goats
51. Most text books itemize nutritional requirements
of goats in terms of energy, protein, vitamins,
minerals and water at different stages of life.
Then formulate rations composed of several
different feeds. This implies that farmers are
able to follow “demand-driven” feeding.
Rather “supply-driven” is more likely.
Feeding with what they have available.
Nutritional Requirements
52. Practical feeding recommendations
for pregnant and lactating females
Balance ration (proper way)
By hand (math)
Simultaneous equations (Algebra)
Pearson Square
Use computer program
http://www.sheepandgoat.com/software.html#ration
Use spreadsheet
http://www.sheepandgoat.com/spreadsheets/RationEvaluator2004.xls
Web-based ration balancing
http://www.luresext.edu/goats/research/nutr_calc.htm
53. Body condition scores can indicate if over or
underfeeding
A score of 3 to 3.5 is best for breeding
A score of 2 to 2.5 is normal at end of
lactation
Flushing with concentrates will raise the body
score for breeding season
Goat and hair sheep fatten from the inside
out.
Body condition scoring
54. Body condition scoring (BCS)
A valuable management tool that can be used to evaluate the feeding program and the
need for changes.
Body condition is a better indicator of condition than weight.
The most important times to body condition score are breeding, late gestation, and
weaning.
Body condition scoring estimates fat and muscle on a scale of 1 to 5. Half scores are
commonly used. The cattle system (1-9) can also be used.
1 BCS equals 13% of the live weight of a female in moderate condition (3-3.5).
Exact score is not important as the relative scores and the differences between scores.