Objectives ~ Identify the major psycho-social milestones for each age group ~ Learn about things that may thwart development ~ Identify protective factors for healthy development ~ Conceptualize behaviors as goal-driven in order to better understand their purpose and provide appropriate redirection

1. Child and Adolescent
Development
Instructor: Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes PhD, LPC-MHSP, LMHC
Executive Director: AllCEUs Counseling CEUs and Specialty Certificates
Podcast Host: Counselor Toolbox, Happiness Isn’t Brain Surgery
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2. Objectives
 Identify the major psycho-social milestones for
each age group
 Learn about things that may thwart development
 Identify protective factors for healthy
development
 Conceptualize behaviors as goal-driven in order to
better understand their purpose and provide
appropriate redirection
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3. Infancy Milestones
 Age 0-1 years
 Children master the use of their hands (0-6 months)
 Start crawling
 Respond to familiar words
 Discover their voices
 Rely on parents for comfort and to meet basic needs
 Cognitive (Piaget): Object permanence
 Develop Trust (Erickson)
Secure attachment to caregiver
In self to properly interpret signals and get needs met
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4. Infancy and Attachment
 Attachment
 Attachment is the quality of the relationship with the
caregiver characterized by trust, safety and security.
 The quality of the infant-parent attachment is a powerful
predictor of a child’s later social and emotional outcome
 Determined by the caregiver’s response to the infant when
the infant’s attachment system is ‘activated’
 Beginning at six months old, infants come to anticipate
caregivers’ responses to their distress and shape their own
behaviors accordingly (eg, developing strategies for dealing
with distress when in the presence of that caregiver)
 Sensitive, Responsive, Loving = Secure
 Insensitive, Rejecting or Inconsistent = Insecure
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https://www.ncbi.nlm
.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC2724160/

5. Attachment cont…
 Continues through childhood, but formative
attachment relationships developed in infancy
 Effects of Secure Attachment
 Learn basic trust, which serves as a basis for all future
emotional relationships
 Develop fulfilling intimate relationships
 Maintain emotional balance
 Feel confident and good about themselves
 Enjoy being with others
 Rebound from disappointment and loss
 Share their feelings and seek support
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6. Attachment Cont…
 Effects of Secure Attachment cont…
 Explore the environment with feelings of safety and security,
which leads to healthy intellectual and social development
 Develop the ability to control behavior, which results in
effective management of impulses and emotions
 Create a foundation for the development of identity, which
includes a sense of capability, self-worth, and a balance
between dependence and independence
 Establish a moral framework that leads to empathy,
compassion, and conscience
 Generate a core set of beliefs
 Provide a defense against stress and trauma
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http://www.heal
thofchildren.co
m/A/Attachmen
t-Between-
Infant-and-
Caregiver.html#i
xzz4vlhugLIt

7. Infancy Developmental Stuck Points
 Interferences
 Child does not have basic food, shelter, safety, love needs met
 Manifestations
 Inability to trust self or others
 Reliance on others to tell them what they need
 Lack of a sense of worthiness for basics
 Discomfort with and craving of attention
 Irritability/anxiety
 Establishment/Re-Establishment of Trust and Attachment
 Consistency
 Care: Understanding and ensuring basic needs are met
 Compassion: Being calm and accepting of the child’s emotions and
needs
 Providing compassionate redirection: Add. Don’t just subtract
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8. Toddlers 2-3 Years
 Developmental Task:
 Psychosocial: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Erickson)
 Personal control over physical skills and body (potty training
and “no”)
 Cognitive: Preoperational (Through age 7)
 Think about things symbolically (Doll can “be” Mom) / Pretend
play
 Begin to understand the concept of past and future
 Continue to develop secure attachments
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9. Toddlers 2-3 Years Stuck Points
 Interferences
 Overly permissive or overly strict parents
 Lack of praise for exploration and experimentation
 Manifestations
 Low self-esteem/need for external validation
 Lack of motivation
 Establishment/Re-Establishment
 Encourage child to explore and experiment
 Praise child for trying even if he fails
 Reassure child that you love him for who he is
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10. Preschool 4 to 6 years
 Purpose: Initiative vs. Guilt
 Assert control and power over the environment.
Disapproval can result in guilt
 Preschoolers live in a magical world where inanimate
objects are alive (animism) and dreams are real.
Parenting challenge:
 Truth vs. Fiction
 Creativity vs. Reality
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11. Preschool 4 to 6 years
 They have trouble distinguishing between
appearances and reality.
 Parenting challenge
Safe vs. Danger
Truth vs. Fiction
 They focus on one aspect of a situation
(centration) and struggle to see other vantage
points (egocentrism)
 Parenting challenge
Finding their voice vs. Being a bully
Helping them learn to make good choices
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12. Preschool 4 to 6 years
 Children of this age typically love to play make-believe.
 Parenting challenge
 Finding your make believe
 Understanding what they are communicating through their play
 Preschoolers also love to ask questions both to learn
facts as well as learn how to interact with others
 Parenting challenge:
 Not getting impatient “Mommy, why is the….”
 Helping children learn how to answer their own questions
 Helping children learn to self-regulate in mutual conversations
 Encouraging children to figure out their own answers
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13. Preschool 4 to 6 years
 They use everyday objects in "conventional" and
unconventional purposes.
 Parenting challenge
 Honoring their creativity in the right time/place
 Getting outside of the box
 They are little scientists - trying things out to see
what happens.
What will happen if I drop my ball of playdough into the
aquarium? Hmmmmm. Let's check it out! In this same way,
they test rules and boundaries to make sure they are the
same.
 Parenting challenge:
 Cleaning the aquarium
 Being consistent
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14. Preschool 4 to 6 years
 Children at this age crave structure.
 Parenting challenge:
Consistency
Steadfastness
 Piaget uses the term pre-operational to
describe the reasoning patterns typical of
children in this age group. They are easily
fooled by appearances.
 Parenting challenge
Appearances can be deceiving
Not everything happens the way you expect
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15. Preschool 4 to 6 years
 They often have difficulty putting into words how
they feel or what is going on inside
 Parenting challenge:
 Pay attention to nonverbal (and verbal) cues and help the child
label her feelings
 Teach children to “check-in” with themselves periodically
 Children begin to use strategies for remembering, but
they often use inappropriate and ineffective
strategies.
 Parenting challenge:
 Differentiating truth from fiction
 Identifying intentional lying from ineffective recall
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16. Preschool Stuck Points
 Interferences
 Overly strict/enmeshed parents
 Lack of encouragement to take risks
 Manifestations
 Low self-esteem/need for external validation
 Difficulty making or maintaining friends
 Unclear what he likes, wants, feels
 Establishment/Re-Establishment
 Encourage child to explore and experiment
 Praise child for trying even if he fails
 Reassure child that you love him for who he is
 Encourage children to develop friendships with a variety of
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17. Childhood: 7 to 12 years
 Industry vs. Inferiority
 Coping with new academic and social demands. Success = self
confidence and efficacy.
 Cognitive (Piaget) Concrete Operational
 Thinking is less egocentric
 Begin to realize their thoughts and feelings are unique
 Beginning of logical thought
 Age 8 is a milestone across cultures. Children are
perceived by adults to have attained a new level of
competence at this age, and permitted to be on their
own more often.
 Parenting challenge
 Creating a safe, stable environment for the youth to “fledge”
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18. Childhood: 7 to 12 years
 They acquire the logical reasoning associated with
concrete operations.
 Parenting challenge:
 Not all things are logical.
 Children begin to use advanced strategies when they
learn new material. They gain much from teachers who
help them cultivate useful strategies for learning.
 Parenting challenge
 Identify your child’s temperament:
 Auditory, kinesthetic, visual
 Active or Reflective
 Identify your child’s temperament
 Recommended book: Effective Teaching, Effective Learning by
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19. Childhood: 7 to 12 years
 They are able to be fairly logical and organized
when working on problems with concrete objects.
 They have difficulty dealing with abstractions,
hypothetical situations, multiple variables.
 Parenting challenge:
 Helping children learn to meaningfully conceptualize
hypotheticals
 Teaching children how to organize and solve multivariate
problems
 Perspective taking skills increase.
 Parenting challenge
 Helping them to take another’s perspective instead of just
telling them how the other person felt/thought
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20. Childhood: 7 to 12 years
 School age children acquire a relatively stable and
comprehensive understanding of the self.
 Parenting challenge:
 Help children appreciate their physical characteristics
 Support children in exploring their values and reactions to
things
 Children acquire a set of standards and expectations
with respect to dealing with others. The formation of
friendships and close affiliations with peers is a
hallmark of this period.
 Parenting challenge
 Help children define a realistic and healthy set of standards and
expectations
 Identify in yourself what standards and expectations you model for
your child
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21. Childhood: 7 to 12 years
 There is a new appreciation of authority and an
interest in understanding and abiding by the
rules.
 Parenting challenge:
Having an explanation for every rule
Picking your battles
 There is a reciprocal relationship between
cognitive development and social
interaction/interpersonal effectiveness.
 Parenting challenge
Helping children who are lagging in one of these areas
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22. Childhood Stuck Points
 Interferences
 Lack of consistent support and encouragement even with
failure
 Lack of successes
 Manifestations
 Low self-esteem/need for external validation
 Lack of motivation
 Establishment/Re-Establishment
 Encourage child to develop skills in areas in which he can
excel
 Praise child for trying even if he fails
 Reassure child that you love him for who he is
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23. Adolescence 13-18 years
 Psychosocial (Erickson): Identity vs. Role
Confusion
 Successes lead to the development of a sense of self
and personal identity
 Failures provide an opportunity for learning coping
skills and compassion
 Cognitive (Piaget): 11 years old- Adulthood
 Develop the ability to think about abstract concepts,
and logically test hypotheses.
https://www.simplyp
sychology.org/Erik-
Erikson.html
https://www.simplyp
sychology.org/piaget.
html
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24. Adolescence: Stuck Points
 Interferences
 Lack of support for individual wants, needs or goals
 Lack of stable, consistent, positive relationships
 Lack of successes
 Lack of education about or opportunity to develop coping,
life and interpersonal effectiveness skills
 Manifestations
 Low self-esteem/need for external validation
 Lack of motivation
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25. Adolescence: Stuck Points
 Establishment/Re-Establishment
 Encourage child to develop skills in areas in which he can
excel
 Provide support when the child’s world seems chaotic
 Help child learn to identify and set SMART goals
 Reassure child that you love him for who he is (unconditional
positive regard)
 Model and reinforce positive coping skills
 Encourage opportunities for the development of
interpersonal skills
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26. Summary
 Preventative/protective factors include
 Parental involvement
 Parental consistency
 Connection to positive adults and peers
 Connection and involvement in an organized community
 Development of a positive view of self and future
 Exposure to and development of:
 Coping skills
 Interpersonal effectiveness skills
 Life skills including goal setting and time management
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27. Summary
 Behaviors represent the person’s best attempt to
meet a need
 Love (Prevent isolation, rejection)
 Security or control of self/environment/situation
(Prevent rejection, failure, loss of control)
 Identifying the need and alternatives often
eliminates inappropriate behaviors.
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28. 28AllCEUs.com Unlimited Online CEUs $59 | Interactive Webinars $5

29. Additional Reading
 Challenging Behavior and Positive Behavior Support
 Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports
Established by the U.S. Department of Education, this center
offers information for schools, families, and communities on
positive behavioral interventions and support.
 SPAN: Statewide Parent Advocacy Network - Positive Behavior
Supports Fact Sheet
Assists in identifying the underlying causes of challenging
behavior in a child and provides recommendations for
responding.
 Learning Disabilities
 LD In Depth: Technology Information
On the official Web site of The National Joint Committee on
Learning Disabilities, Offers practical insights into the promise
and realities of making technology work for people with
learning disabilities.
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30. More Resources
 Autism
 Families for Early Autism Treatment
This non-profit organization provides education,
advocacy, and support for the autism community.
The site includes research updates, handbooks, and
links to regional chapters.
 Autism Society of America
This national organization is dedicated to increasing
public awareness about autism and the day-to-day
issues faced by individuals with autism, their
families and the professionals with whom they
interact.
 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
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