The document discusses experimental research design. Experimental research is conducted to study cause-and-effect relationships between variables. The experimental research design process involves selecting sample subjects, grouping subjects, identifying and controlling non-experimental factors, developing a measurement instrument, and determining the time, place and duration of the experiment. Extraneous variables must also be controlled as they can alter results. There are three ways to control extraneous variables: randomization, matching, and statistical control. R.A. Fisher suggested three principles of experimental design: the principle of replication, the principle of randomization, and the principle of local control.
2. Experimental Research is conducted to study the
cause and effect relationship between the
variables under study.
Experimental Research studies are also called
Hypothesis testing studies where the researcher
studies the causal relationships between the
variables(Kothari and Garg,2019)
Causal researches require procedures that
reduces biasness, increases reliability and
provide inferences about casual relationships.
Usually experiments meet these requirements
therefore in such studies experimental research
designs are adopted(Kothari and Garg,2019)
3. 1. Identification and Definition of Problem.
2. Formulation of Hypothesis.
3. Developing an Experimental Design. The Design
should discuss the following:
Select the sample subject.
Group or pair subjects.
Identify and control non experimental factors.
Construct and validate an instrument to measure.
Determine Place, Time and Duration of Experiment
4. Conduct the Experiment
5. Analyse the Data and Test the Hypothesis
6.Report the Findings.
4. Select the Sample Subject.
Group or Pair Subjects.
Identify and Control Non Experimental factors.
Construct and Validate an instrument to
Measure.
Determine Place, Time and Duration of
Experiment.
5. The extraneous variables also called
confounding variables needs to be controlled
in the experimental designs because if left
unchecked they have the power of altering
the results.
There are three ways to control the Extraneous
Variables:
1. Randomization
2. Matching
3. Statistical Control
6. This means random assignment of test units to
experiment and control group along with random
allocation of treatment to the two groups.
Randomization ensures that every member has
equal chance of being assigned to the group.
If the researcher wants to test the effectiveness
of ICT integration in classroom teaching, then the
students to be allotted for experimental group
and control group should be selected randomly.
By doing this Extraneous Variables like IQ,
gender, age etc will be randomly distributed.
7. In this method the prior identification of the
Extraneous Variables which could alter the
results is done.
The researcher distributes the test units to
control group and experimental group equally
taking care of these prior identified variables like
age, gender, IQ level etc.
Since the effect of Extraneous variable is equally
distributed the researcher can confidently claim
that the Independent Variable is alone
responsible for the changes in the Dependent
Variable.
8. This is a very specific method of controlling
the effect of Extraneous Variable.
It involves measuring the effect of Extraneous
Variable and making adjustment for their
effect by using statistical techniques
For example ANOVA(Analysis of Variance) and
ANCOVA (Analysis of Co- Variance) can be
used.
9. Prof. R.A. Fisher have given three Principles of
Experimental Design, which control the effect
of Extraneous Variables. These are:
1. Principle of Replication
2. Principle of Randomization
3. Principle of Local Control
10. This principle suggests that the experiment
should be conducted more than once which
means that it should be repeated again and
again.
There are two ways for Replication. The first
one is to repeat the experiment more than
once. The second way is to have more than
one treatment groups and control groups and
significant differences in the effectiveness of
the experiment can be compared.
11. The units and treatments are randomly
assigned so that the variations caused by
Extraneous Variable can be controlled and
can be clubbed under a general factor
‘Chance’
12. Through this Principle the Researcher can
measure and eliminate the effect of Extraneous
Variable.
The known source of Variability i.e. the
extraneous factor is made to vary deliberately
over a wide range in a manner that its effect can
be measured.
For Example to measure the effectiveness of
Teaching Method The IQ level of the students is
the Extraneous Variable. The students having
similar level of IQ level can be clubbed in one
group. The difference in the performance of
groups due to IQ variation can be extracted and
then eliminated from the results of the study.
13. Experimental Research is conducted to study the cause and
effect relationship between the variables under study. The
Experimental Research Design involves explanation about
the sample subjects, Group or Pair subjects, identification
and controlling of non experimental factors, construction
and validation of measurement instrument, and
determination of place time and duration of experiment.
The extraneous variables also called confounding variables
needs to be controlled in the experimental designs
because if left unchecked they have the power of altering
the results. There are three ways to control the Extraneous
Variables, which are Randomization, Matching and
Statistical Control. R A Fisher suggested three principles
for experimental research which are Principle of
Replication, Principal of Randomization and Principal of
Local Control.
14. Bajpai N. (2015). Research design formulations.
In Business research methods (pp. 49). Nodia:
Pearson Education.
Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S., & Sharma, J. K. (2012).
Measurement scales. In Business Research
Methods (8th ed., pp. 341). New Delhi: Mc. Graw
Hill Education (India).
Gupta S.K. & Rangi P.(2017). Research Designs In
Research Methodology (4th ed., pp3.5).Punjab:
Kalyani Publishers(India).
Kothari C. R. & Garg G.(2019). Research Designs. In
Research Methodology Methods and Techniques( 4th
ed., pp.29-38) New Delhi: New Age International
Publishers(India).
15. This Power Point Presentation has been made while
referring to the research books written by
eminent, renowned and expert authors as
mentioned in the references section. The purpose
of this Presentation is to help the research
students in developing an insight about the
Experimental Research Design(Part –I). I hope the
students will find this presentation useful for
them.
All the Best
Dr. Shaloo Saini
