For MBBS students, from based on PARK 25th edition, on topics Demography, population explosion n demographic trends

1. Delay the first Postpone the second Prevent the third1

2. Demography and
Population Trends
Dr Mamta Gehlawat
MBBS MD PGDHHM PGDG
Asst Prof Comm Med
GMC SDPT 2

3. Demography
the scientific study of human population.
It focuses its attention on three readily observable human phenomena :
(a) changes in population size (growth or decline);
(b) the composition of the population; and
(c) the distribution of population in space.
3

4. It deals with five "demographic processes", namely
fertility,
mortality,
marriage,
migration and
social mobility.
These five processes are continuously at work within a population
determining size, composition and distribution
4

5. The main sources of demographic statistics in India are
Population censuses,
National Sample Surveys,
Registration of vital events, and
Adhoc demographic studies
5

6. 6

7. NSSO
7

8. 8

9. 9

10. Stage Births Deaths Result
High stationary
Early expanding
Late expanding
Low stationary
Decline
10

11. 11

12. World Population Trends
Population milestone Year reached Years taken to reach
1 Billion 1800 1800
2 Billion 1930 130
3 Billion 1960 30
4 Billion 1974 15
5 Billion 1987 12
6 Billion 1999 12
7 Billion 2014 15
8 Billion ?2025 ?12
12

13. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
13

14. Population Explosion explained (6min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QsBT5EQt348&ab_channel=Kurzg
esagt%E2%80%93InaNutshell
14

15. 15

16. World population Facts
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
• About three fourths of the world's population lives in the developing
countries
• in terms of population USA ranks third in the world after India, there is a
yawning gap of 1032 million between the population of these two
countries
• The United Nations has estimated that world's population grew at an
annual rate of 1.23 per cent during 2000-2010.
• China registered a much lower annual growth rate of population (0.6 per
cent) during 2002-2012, as compared to India (1.4 per cent).
• In fact, the growth rate of China is now very much comparable to that of
USA (0.9 per cent).
꙰Fun n Edu together: Watch One child nation on prime video. 16

17. • Three countries of SEAR, i.e. India (1359 million), Indonesia (267
million) and Bangladesh (167 million) are among the most populous
ten countries of the world.
• At present India's population is second to that of China.
• According to UN projections India's population will reach 1.53 billion
by the year 2050, and will be the highest population country in the
world
17

18. Birth Rate
• Number of children born per thousand persons in a year is called
birth rate.
• According to SRS 2020 report = 20 (2018 data)
• https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CBRT.IN?view=map
• Factors affecting Birth Rate??
18

19. 19
•Existing age-
sex structure
family
planning
services
Social and
religious
beliefs
Female
employment
Economic
prosperity
Poverty levels
Infant Mortality
Rate
Typical age of
marriage

20. Death Rate
• Number of persons dying per thousand persons in a year is called
death rate.
• According to SRS 2020 report = 6.2 (2018 data)
• https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CDRT.IN?end=2018&sta
rt=1960&type=shaded&view=map
• Factors affecting Death Rate??
20

21. 21
•Medical facilities
and health care
•Nutrition levels •Living standard
•clean drinking
water
•Hygiene levels
•infectious
diseases
•conflicts and
crime

22. Growth rate= Birth Rate – Death Rate
22

23. 23

24. • Approximately 95 per cent of population growth is occurring in the developing
countries.
• Currently, one-third of the world's population is under the age of 15, and will
soon enter the reproductive bracket
• The UNFPA estimates that world population is most likely to reach 10 billion
people by 2050, and 20 billion a century later.
• The expected number of births per women, at current fertility rates (2016) is :
for industrialized countries 1.6
developing countries 2.8
least developed countries 4.2
The global total fertility rate is 2.4
24

25. The rampant population growth =
the greatest obstacle to the economic
and social advancement of the world.
25

26. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN INDIA
26

27. Demographic Indicators
• Population statistics =population size, sex ratio, density and
dependency ratio.
• Vital statistics =birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, life
expectancy at birth, mortality and fertility rates.
• Use of Demographic indicators-
identifying areas that need interventions
setting near and far-term goals and deciding priorities
understanding in an integrated structure
27

28. 28
With only 2.4 per cent
of the world's land
area, India is
supporting about 17.5
per cent of the world's
population.

29. 29

30. States based on TFR (Total Fertility Rate)
Very high focus
(TFR >3.0)
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Meghalaya
High-focus
(TFR = 2.2 to 2.9)
Assam, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Mizoram,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Manipur, Rajasthan,
Nagaland, Madhya Pradesh
Non-high focus
(TFR <2.1)
All others
30

31. Population Pyramids/Age-Sex Pyramids
• https://www.thoughtco.com/age-sex-pyramids-and-population-pyramids-1435272
31

32. India’s Population
Pyramid
• https://population-
pyramid.net/en/pp/india
• https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=BRUlHf5VC8
Q
32

33. Sex ratio
• Sex ratio is defined as "the number of females per 1000 males".
• The sex ratio in India has been generally adverse to women.
• The sex ratio has also declined over the decades.
• A low sex ratio indicates
strong male-child preference
consequent gender inequities,
neglect of the girl child resulting in higher mortality,
female infanticide,
female foeticide.
33

34. 34

35. • Sex ratio
• At birth
• Child sex ratio
35

36. • https://niti.gov.in/content/sex-ratio-females-1000-males
36
Sex Ratio at Birth - India & Larger States
(Females per 1000 Males)

37. Dependency ratio= need for a society to provide for their younger and older
population groups
• economically productive age group = 15-64 years
• dependant age groups= >65 years of age and children <15 years
• total dependency ratio/societal dependency ratio= young age dependency ratio
(0-14 years) plus old age dependency ratio (>65 years)
• For India, Total dependency= approx. 50 % (young age 41 %, and old age 9 %)
37

38. • "demographic bonus" connotes
the period when the dependency
ratio in a population declines
because of decline in fertility, until
it starts to rise again because of
increasing longevity
• "demographic burden" is used to
connote the increase in the total
dependency ratio during any
period of time, mostly caused by
increased old age dependency
ratio
38

39. Density of population
=ratio between (total)
population and surface
(land) area.
• In the Indian census,
density is defined as the
number of persons,
living per square
kilometre.
• 382 persons per sq km
in 2011
39

40. Urbanization
Urban areas in India
• Towns (places with municipal corporation, municipal area committee,
town committee, notified area committee or cantonment board);
• all places having 5,000 or more inhabitants, a density of atleast 390
per square kilometre, pronounced urban characteristics and at least
three fourths of the adult male population
employed in pursuits other than agriculture
In 2017, the urban population of India was 33.5 %
The annual urbanization increase was 2.8 %
40

41. Family size
• In demography, family size means
the total number of children a woman has borne at a point in time
• The completed family size indicates the total number of children
borne by a woman during her child-bearing age. which is generally
assumed to be between 15 and 45 years.
• The family size depends upon numerous factors, viz. duration of
marriage, education of the couple, the number of live births and
living children. preference of male children, desired family size, etc.
41

42. The family planning programme's
campaign is currently based on the
theme of a "two-child'' family norm,
with a view to reach the long-term
demographic goal of NRR = 1
42

43. Literacy and education
• A person is deemed as literate if he or she can read and write with understanding in
any language.
• term literacy rate is used for the population relating to seven years age and above
• Government of India has made education compulsory up to the age of 14 years in
the country
• Still high drop out rates in the first few years of schooling
43

44. • Gender gap in literacy is
shrinking in the country
• India- 74%
• Males-82%
• Females -65%
• Kerala -94% literates
• Bihar- 64% literates
44

45. Life expectancy= the average number of years which a person of that age may
expect to live, according to the mortality pattern prevalent in that country
• indicator of a country's development and overall health status of population
45

46. 46