17. UNDER -5 MORTALITY RATE
• No. of deaths of children less than
5 yrs. of age in a given year 1000
No. of live births in the same yr. -
UNICEF considers it as the best single
indicator of social development&wellbeing.
MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE Total no.
of maternal deaths in an
area during a given yr. 1000
Total no. of live births in same area & yr.
-Fine measure of quality of maternity
service.
19. CASE FATALITY RATE
• Total no. of deaths due to a
particular disease 100
Total no. of cases due to same disease
-Time interval is not specified.
-Represents the killing power of a disease.
-Used in acute infectious disease.
-Closely related to virulence.
-Important while investigating an
epidemic.
25. Incidence may change genuinely (increase or
decrease) with the following factors:
• Introduction of a new risk factor (e.g., contraceptive
and increase in Thromboembolism, food additives and
cancer);
• Changing habits.
• Changing virulence of causative organisms.
• Changing potency of treatment or intervention
programmes.
• Selective migration of susceptible persons to an
endemic area, which increase the incidence of the
disease.
27. These rates are typically obtained from cross –sectional studies;
occasionally, they are based on registersof specific disease.
Prevalencedepends on two main factors:
- previous incidence ,and
- Duration or chronicity of disease.
When both incidence and during of a specific disease are
relatively stable,
Prevalence(P) = incidence (I) X duration (D)
28. Prevalence may change over time in response to:
• Changes in incidence,
• Changes in disease duration and chronicity (e.g., some
disease may become shorter in duration or more acute
because of high recovery rate or high case fatality rate),
• Intervention (preventive) programmes,
• Selective attrition (e.g., selective migration of cases,or of
susceptible or immune persons ), and
• Changing classification of what constitutes an “active ” case
and whether an “ arrested”case is counted or not.
36. UTILIZATION RATES
• Utilization of services – or actual coverage- is
expressed as the proportion of people in need of
a service who actually receive it in a given period.
• E.g.Proportion of infants fully immunized.
Pregnant women who receive ANCs.
%ge of population using various methods of
family planning
Bed occupancy rate
Average length of stay
44. Social & economic indicators related to health
- Rate of population increase
- GNP or GDP
-Income distribution
-Work conditions -
Adult literacy rate
-Housing -Food availability
Indicators for the provision of health care
- Availability -accessibility
-Utilization -Quality of care
46. USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
• To study historically the rise and fall of disease in
the population – history of diseases
• Community diagnosis – identification and
quantification of health problems in a community
in terms of mortality and morbidity rates and
ratios, and identification of their correlates for the
purpose of defining those individuals or groups at
risk or those in need of health care.
• Planning and evaluation – Planning is essential for
rational allocation of limited resources. Evaluation
is to know whether the measures undertaken are
effective or not in reducing the frequency of
disease or health problems.