Green Nanotechnology by Dr Debasish Pradhan, Utkal University Pharmacy Dept.

1. GREEN NANO-TECHNOLOGY
IN TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Dr. Debasish Pradhan
Sr. Faculty, Pharmacy Dept.(UDPS)
Utkal University (NAAC A+)

2. INTRODUCTION
What is Green Nanotechnology?
o Whenever we termed as “Green” that refers to the
environment friendly objects and “Technology”
refers to application of knowledge in practical way.
o The process of or the ability of using less energy,
recycle products after use and using eco-friendly
materials

3. PURPOSE GREEN NANO TECHNOLOGY
 Green Nanotechnology/ nanotechnology: It uses science and
engineering to manipulate and create materials out of atoms and
molecules at the ultra-small scale of less than 100 nanometers. It is
one hundred- thousandth the width of a human hair.
 At the nanoscale level conventional materials have unconventional &
unexpected properties.
 Contaminated air, soil, and ground water nanofilters might be used to
purifywater and desalinatewater at affordablecost .
 Nanoparticles could also be used to remove industrial
pollutants.
 The technology could also be used to turn garbage into breakfast by
mimicking how nature turns wastes into plant nutrients, thus
following the nutrient cycling principle of sustainability.

4. PRINCIPLES
 Prevention: Preventing waste is better than treating or cleaning up waste
after it is created.
 Atom economy: Synthetic methods should try to maximize the
incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.
 Less hazardous chemical syntheses. Synthetic methods should avoid
using or generating substances toxic to humans and/or the environment.
 Designing safer chemicals. Chemical products should be designed to
achieve their desired function while being as non-toxic as possible.
 Safer solvents and auxiliaries: Auxiliary substances should be avoided
wherever possible.
 Design for energy efficiency. Energy requirements should be minimized.
 Use of renewable feedstocks. Whenever it is practical to do so, renewable
feedstocks or raw materials are preferable to non-renewable ones.
 Reduce derivatives. Unnecessary generation of derivatives—such as the
use of protecting groups—should be minimized or avoided if possible

5. PRINCIPLES
 Catalysis. Catalytic reagents that can be used in small
quantities to repeat a reaction are superior to reagents
(ones that are consumed in a reaction).
 Design for degradation. Chemical products should be
designed so that they do not pollute the environment.
 Real-time analysis for pollution prevention.
Analytical methodologies need to be further
developed to permit real time monitoring and control
before hazardous substances form.
 Safer chemistry for accident prevention: Whenever
possible the substances in a process, and
the forms of those substances, shouldbe chosen
to minimize risk such as explosion and accidents
releases.

6. Green Nanotechnology
 This is the concepts of the mixed effects of green chemistry
and green engineering, where the word “green” refers to the
use of plant products.
 It reduces the use of energy and fuel by using less material
and renewable inputs wherever possible.
 Nanotechnological products, applications are expected to
contribute significantly to environmental and climate protection
by saving raw materials, energy, and water, as well as by
reducing greenhouse gases and hazardous waste.
 Increased energy efficiency, reduced waste and greenhouse
gas emission, and decreased consumption of non-renewable
raw materials are the main advantages of green
nanotechnology.
 Green nanotechnology offers a great opportunity to stop the
adverse effects before they occur.

7. Herbal Approach Developing
Nanotechnology
 In phytoformulation research:
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), Polymeric
nanoparticles (nanospheres and nanocapsules),
Proliposomes, Liposomes, Nanoemulsions.
 Effects: enhancement of solubility and bioavailability,
Improvement of stability, Suppression of toxicity,
improvement of pharmacological activity, Sustained
delivery, Improving tissue macrophage circulation,
and defense against physical and chemical
degradation

8. SYNTHESIS METHODS
PHYSICAL METHOD CHEMICAL METHOD BIOLOGICAL METHOD
MECHANICAL METHODS CO-PRECIPITATION METHOD
SYNTHESIS USING PLANT
EXTRACTS
VAPOUR DEPOSITION SOL-GEL METHOD SYNTHESIS USING ENZYMES
SPUTTER DEPOSITION MICROEMULSIONS
SYNTHESIS USING
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
ELECTRIC ARC DEPOSITION HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS
ION BEAM TECHNIQUE SONOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS
MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY MICROWAVE SYNTHESIS

9. GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY
ADVANTAGES
• Environmental friendly.
• Easily scaled up for large synthesis of
nanoparticles
• No need of high temperature, pressure, energy and toxic
chemicals
• More advantageous over use of micro-organisms by less elaborate
process of maintaining cultures
• Reduces cost of micro-organism isolation and their culture
media
• Easily available and does not require rigorous processing
• Directly used for NP synthesis, Option for waste management
• Leads to fast and cost effective approach
• Does not induce toxic NP

10. Advantages Of Nano Drug Delivery
System
 Nano-drug delivery systems (NDDSs):
 Increase the stability and water solubility of drugs
 Prolong the cycle time,
 Increase the uptake rate of target cells or tissues
 Reduce enzyme degradation, thereby improve the safety and
effectiveness of drugs
 Advantages:
 High stability & High carrier capacity,
 Feasibility of incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
substances,
 Feasibility of variable routes of administration, including oral
application and inhalation.

11. DISADVANTAGES
• Plants cannot be manipulated as the choice of
nanoparticles through optimized synthesis through
genetic engineering
• Plant produce low yield of secreted proteins which
decreases the synthesis rate
• Culturing of micro-organisms is time-consuming.
• Difficult to have control over size, shape and
crystallinity.
• Particles are not mono-dispersed and rate of
production is slow

12. TOOLS OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY
12
• Green Starting Materials
• Green Reagents
• Green Reactions
• Green Chemical Products
• Green Methodologies

13. GREEN TECHNOLOGY ACHIEIVEMENTS
 Development of new insecticides
 New Synthesis of Ibuprofen
 Development of CO2 as a solvent for dry
cleaning
 Barry Trost’s concept of Atom Economy for expressing
the efficiency of a reaction.
 Use of waste CO2 as a blowing agent instead of CFC’s
for foam polystyrene synthesis.

14. Synthesis of Ibuprofen
A Green Reaction Atom economy by this
process is only 40.1%.
14

15. GREEN SYNTHESIS OF IBUPROFEN
Atom economy
by this process
is 77.4%.
15

16. Zero Waste Technology
16
Zero Waste is a philosophy that encourages
the redesign of resource life cycles so that all
products are reused. The goal is for no trash
to be sent to landfills or incinerators. The
process recommended is one similar to the
way that resources are reused in nature.

17. 17

23. Gold and Silver Nanoparticles:-
• Au & Ag NPs: Gold and Silver have gained substantial
attention due to their controllable size, shape, and surface
properties.
• Unique properties: biosensors, hyperthermia therapy,
antibacterial drugs, genetic engineering, and delivery platforms
for therapeutics.
• Size & Shapes: There are a variety of shapes, including rod-
shaped, irregular, decahedral, icosahedral, and hexagonal,
could be produced, depending on the pH of the reaction
medium.
• Bimetallic nanoparticle: gold has a larger reduction potential
than silver, so gold will form first and create the core of the
resulting core–shell structure. Subsequently, the reduction of Ag
ions, in the same way, results in Ag coalescing on the core to
form the shell.
• Plants :cashew nut, neem, and West Indies mahogany

24. Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles:
Earlier studied established on these Plants:
• Syzygium aromaticum (clove) extracts have been used in the synthesis of
Cu nanoparticles with a spherical to granular morphology and a mean
particle size of 40 nm.
• Euphorbia nivulia Cu nanoparticles have been synthesized by using the
stem latex of Euphorbia nivulia , that is, common milk hedge.
• These nanoparticles are stabilized by peptides and terpenoids that are
present in latex. Furthermore, these nanoparticles are reported to be toxic to
human adenocarcinomic alveolar basal epithelial cells.

25. Palladium and Platinium Nanoparticles:
• Satish kumar et al. developed palladium nanoparticles from C.
zeylanicum (cinnamon) bark extract. During synthesis, the temperature,
concentration, and reaction pH of the bark extract changed, but
morphology and particle size (15 to 20 nm) were not influenced.
Using Annona squamosa (custard apple) peel extract, palladium
nanoparticles were also synthesized, ranging in size from 75 to 85 nm.
• Camellia sinensis (tea) and Coffea arabica (coffee) extracts have been
used to synthesize palladium nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 20
to 60 nm and a cubic crystal symmetry in the center.
• Song et al. reported the first platinum nanoparticles of Diospyros
kaki (persimmon) leaf extract, having sizes of 2 to 12 nm. Lately,
particle size- and shape-controlled biological synthesis of platinum
nanoparticles has also been reported. Plant wood for the nanometer
scale has been used for this purpose.
• Coccia et al. reported isolated lignin from red pine (Pinus resinosa) for
producing palladium and platinum nanoparticles.

26. Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
• Roopan et al. established that TiO2 nanoparticles could be effectively
synthesized from Annona squamosa peel; meanwhile, from Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis leaf extracts, round particles were found, ranging in size from
100 to 150 nm .
• Eclipta prostrata leaf extracts could also produce particles, with a size range
of 36 to 68 nm .
• Velayutham et al. synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles using Catharanthus
roseus leaf extract, ranging in size from 25 to 110 nm and irregularly
shaped. The suspension of TiO2 revealed that they were both larvicidal and
adulticidal against Bovicola ovis (sheep louse) and Hippobosca
maculate (hematophagous fly).
• The antioxidant and antibacterial properties of TiO2 nanoparticles,
synthesized using an extract from Psidium guajava, were evaluated
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus
mirabilis, Aeromonas hydrophila, E. coli, and other pathogens.

27. Indium Oxide (In2O3), Iron Oxide, Lead, and Selenium Nanoparticles
• Indium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized from aloe vera leaf
extract (aloe barbadensis Miller).
• To synthesize Fe nanoparticles, sorghum bran aqueous extracts
have been used. Recently, Pattanayak et al. Azadirachta
indica (neem) leaf extract.
• Shah et al. synthesized iron nanoparticles from different plant
extracts, such as Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass tea), Datura
innoxia, Tridax procumbens, Calotropis procera, Tinospora
cordifolia, and Euphorbia milii.
• Lead (Pb) and selenium (Se) are two other significant nanoparticles
that have been synthesized biologically.
• Joglekar et al. were able to synthesize spherical Pb nanoparticles
form Jatropha curcas latex,.

30. ScienceDirect.com
Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles and their potential applications
Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles and
their potential applications

31. SpringerLink
Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Prospective
Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
and Their Prospective

32. Green Synthesis of metal Nanoparticles:
• Plants have the potential for biological reduction of metallic ions and
hyper-accumulation.
• Plants have been considered a more environmentally friendly
biological method for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles.
• Plant extracts contain various bioactives, such as alkaloids, proteins,
phenolic acids, sugars, terpenoids, and polyphenols
• The shape and size of nanoparticles: depend on the composition and
concentration of active biomolecules of different plants,
• The process of the formation of nanoparticles begins by mixing a metal
salt solution with a sample of plant extract.
• The process during the synthesis of …
• Particles integrate to form larger NPs, finally, the metal ions are
reduced biologically. NPs aggregate to form a variety of shapes .
• In the final stage of the process, the ability of plant extract to stabilize
the nanoparticle finally determines its stable morphology.
• Significantly, the quality, size, and morphology of the nanoparticles are
influenced by properties of the plant extracts.

34. SpringerLink
Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Prospective
Green Nanomedicine
Devices may be used like:
• inorganic (metallic) nanoparticles,
• quantum dots,
• organic polymeric nanoparticles,
• mesoporous silica nanoparticles,
• dendrimers,
• nanostructured lipid carriers,
• solid lipid nanoparticles, etc.

35. • Drug Delivery Systems (DDS): the efficacy and active pharmaceutical compounds
:drugs, vaccines, antibodies, enzymes, peptides, proteins.
• To develop an advanced type of DDS: lies in the limitations associated with conventional
DDS :first pass effect, instability, intolerance, fluctuations in plasma drug levels, no
sustained effect, limited effectiveness, lack of selectivity, poor bioavailability, high
dosage.
• Years 1950: To achieve targeted delivery and to avoid rapid degradation of drugs or
protection from clearance, a plethora of controlled DDS have been developed.
• Years 1950–1980: the first generation of DDS was developed, dedicated toward
transdermal and orally sustained release systems.
• Years 1980 – 2010: the second generation (2G) of DDS came into being, which majorly
focused on green nanotechnology.
• The third generation (from 2010): DDS will have to be advanced much beyond 2G to
overcome both physiochemical (poor water solubility, controlled drug release kinetics)
and biological (specific target site delivery) barriers with the help of nontoxic excipients.

36. • Nanotechnogy: is the term coined by Taniguchi in 1974,
Founded by the Nobel laureate Richard Feynman in his
well-known lecture “There’s Plenty of Room at the
Bottom” on Dec 29, 1959.
• 3-rules: Manipulation, reduction, and fabrication of
materials on a nanoscale with dimensions between 1 and
100 nm and
• Characteristic properties: improved stability, good
strength, cost effectiveness, biocompatibility, definite and
specific targeting.
• NPs importance as potent DDS: improved
bioavailability; controlled and sustained drug release; high
drug loading capacity; prolonged circulation time;
enhanced intracellular penetration
• Path of administration: Parenteral, oral, nasal, intraocular
etc.

37. Nanocarriers:- below these items have been designed to
carry diverse molecules, such as drugs, peptides and
proteins, DNA/RNA, antibodies

38. NPs Synth: 12 principles of green chemistry.
simple, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and readily available raw materials, with no
harmful chemicals, no toxic by-products, and less steps in the procedure.
Nanovectors : biocompatibility, biodegradability, amended cellular uptake, long
shelf life with minimum drug loss, and minute toxicity) employed in drug delivery
applications to address issues associated with traditional dosage forms in recent
years.
NPs : Organic and Inorganic

39. EPR EFFECT
1. What causes epr effect?
Traditionally, EPR-mediated tumor accumulation is proposed to result
from long-circulating nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic diameter
size exceeding the renal clearance threshold, which can extravasate
from leaky tumor vessels.
2. Does it work?
Although the EPR effect has been postulated to carry the
nanoparticles and spread inside the cancer tissue, only a small
percentage (0.7% median) of the total administered
nanoparticle dose is usually able to reach a solid tumor.
3. Characterization Nnaoparticle: Atomic absorption spectroscopy,
Transmission Emission spectroscopy , mass spectrometry, nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, X-ray
diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence

40. 1. Ajay Verma et al; Green Nanotechnology: Advancement in
Phytoformulation Research; Medicines 2019, 6(1), 9; https: //doi.org/
10.3390/ medicines 6010039
2. Surinder K Mehta etal; Green Nanotechnology-Driven Drug Delivery
Assemblies; ACS Omega 2019, 4, 5, 8804–8815; May 22, 2019, https://
doi.org/ 10.1021/ acsomega.9b00304.
3. Pradhan D etal

41. TIPS FOR SUSTAINANBLE LAB
41
• Run experiments on the micro scale to reduce
waste.
• Switch to green solvents: Use 2-methyl
tetrahydrofuran in place of methylene chloride,
and use cyclopentylmethyl ether in place of
tetrahydrofuran, 1, 4-dioxane and ether.

42. TIPS FOR SUSTAINANBLE LAB
42
• Neutralize basic phosphate-buffered HPLC waste
or acidic HCl waste to pH 7 and pour down the
drain.
• Recycle electronics, ice packs, packaging
materials, toner cartridges, pipette tip boxes,
and water purification cartridges.

43. CONCLUSION
• Different methods (physical, chemical and biological) have been
developed to obtain NPs of various shapes and sizes.
• Biological method of NPs is economically and environmentally
friendly alternative to chemical and physical approaches.
• It provide a new possibility of synthesizing NPs using natural
reducing and stabilizing agents.
• It has faster synthesis rates, controlled toxicity and well-
characterized NPs.
• This method is used in various areas such as pharmaceuticals,
cosmetics, foods and medical applications.

44. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Ahmed, S., Ahmad, M., Swami, B.L., Ikram, S., 2016. A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver
nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: A green expertise. J. Adv. Res. 7, 17–28. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2015.02.007
 Kalishwaralal, K., Deepak, V., Ram Kumar Pandian, S., Kottaisamy, M., BarathManiKanth, S., Kartikeyan, B.,
Gurunathan, S., 2010. Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using Brevibacterium casei. Colloids Surfaces B
Biointerfaces 77, 257–262. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.02.007
 Makarov, V
. V., Love, A.J., Sinitsyna, O. V., Makarova, S.S., Yaminsky, I. V., Taliansky, M.E., Kalinina, N.O., 2014.
“Green” nanotechnologies: Synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Acta Naturae 6, 35–44.
doi:10.1039/c1gc15386b
 Shah, M., Fawcett, D., Sharma, S., Tripathy, S.K., Poinern, G.E.J., 2015. Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles via
biological entities, Materials. doi:10.3390/ma8115377
 Sharma, D., Kanchi, S., Bisetty, K., 2015. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles: A review. Arab. J. Chem.
doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.11.002
 N.Pantidos and L. E Horsfall, ‘Biological Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Bacteria,
 Fungi and Plants’; Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology ,2014 (vol 5).
 Monaliben Shah , Derek Fawcett , Shashi Sharma , Suraj Kumar Tripathy and Gérrard Eddy Jai Poinern: a review on
Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles via Biological Entities,Materials 2015.(7278-7308)

45. GO GREEN
Thank You All
45