Assignment- Physicochemical Changes In Blood Due To Thermal Stress & Exercise

1. Physicochemical Changes In Blood Due To Thermal Stress
& Exercise
An assignment
on
Presented by :
Dr. Ankita Rautela
Division Of Animal Physiology

2. Stress
1. Inability of an animal to cope-up with its
environment. A phenomenon which is often
reflected in a failure to achieve genetic
potential. Dobson and Smith (2000)
2. Stress is the result of environmental
forces continuously acting upon animals
which disrupt homeostasis resulting in new
adaptations that can be detrimental or
advantageous to the animal. Stott (1981)

3. Cont…….

4. Physiochemical Change in
Blood Parameters
Due to Thermal Stress

5. Thermal
Stress
Heat
Stress
Cold
Stress

6. Heat Stress
Internal heat production and heat gained from environment
exceeding the capacity for heat dissipation.
• High Humidity
• Low Air Velocity
• Solar Radiation
Heat
Stress

7. Gain and loss of Heat from Livestock

8. Thermoneutral zone is a zone of comfort for an animal

9. Upper Critical Temperature for Different Animals

10. Lower Critical Temperature for Different Animals

11.  Pilorelaxation and Piloerection
Occurs to facilitate Heat dissipations and Heat
conservation respectively.

12. Mechanism To overcome Heat Stress
Increase in heart rate and pulse
rate
Increase in muscular activity
controlling the rate of
respiration, concurrent with
elevated respiration rate.
The second is the reduction
in resistance of peripheral
vascular beds and
arteriovenous anastomoses.

13. Increase in pulsation rate increases blood flow from the core
to the surface as a result of it more heat is lost by sensible
(loss by conduction, convention & radiation)
Insensible (loss by diffusion water from the skin) means.
Marai et al. (2007)
The increase in cardiac output and cutaneous blood flow by
heat stress, due to blood redistribution from deep splanchnic
to more peripheral body regions, have been implicated in
goat.
Silanikove (1987 & 2000)

14. • SOD levels increases
• CAT activity increases.
• GPX concentrations increases
• TBARS concentration higher.
• Plasma Proteins
• Total plasma proteins increases. Shafie and Badreldin (1962)
• Serum Protein Decreases. Verma et al. (2000)
• Plasma Albumin concentration increases. Koubkova et al. (2002)
Biochemical
Changes
Heat Stress in Buffalo
Lallawmkimi (2009)
Aengwanich et al. (2013)
Lallawmkimi (2009)
Lallawmkimi (2009)

15. Thermal Stress in
Cattles
• SOD levels increases. Chandra and Aggarwal (2009)
• CAT activity increases. Chandra and Aggarwal (2009)
• GPX concentrations increases. Bernabucci et al. (2002)
• TBARS concentration higher. Chandra and Aggarwal (2009)
• Plasma Proteins
• Total plasma proteins increases. Rasooli et al. (2004)
• Serum Protein Decreases. Marai et al. (1997)
• Plasma Albumin concentration increases.
• El-Masery and Marai (1991)
Biochemical
Changes

16.  Blood pH – Higher during Heat Stress
Schneider et al. (1988)
 Heat Stress raises the partial pressure of blood oxygen
( PO2) due to increased alveolar ventilation.
Hales and Findlay (1968)
 Raised mean plasma creatinine concentration.
Schneider et al. (1988)

17. In Other Animals
 There were no changes in RBC count, WBC count, hematocrit in
Rabbits exposed to heat stress. But Exposure to heat increased
Neutrophil to Lymphocyte ratio
Dyavolova et al. (2014)
 The amount of RBC, PCV%, Hb%, WBC were increased with the
increased heat stress in Goat.
Alam et al. (2011)
 Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Lymphocyte and Monocyte numbers increased
significantly in heat treated groups of Goat.
Alam et al. (2011)

18.  White blood cells count decreases in heat stress in
Merino sheep. The increased level of potassium, chlorine,
and calcium was also observed.
Krzysztof et al. (2014)

19. Physicochemical Change in
Blood Parameters
Due to exercise

20. PHYSICAL CHANGES

21. PCV & Hb Concentration
Increase RBC Flow In Blood
PCV increase from 40-50 % to about 60 - 70 %
Sympathetic Nervous System
Splenic Contraction

22. Splenic Response to Exercise in Horse & Greyhound
Variable Horse Greyhound
Rest Exercise Rest Exercise
Hemoglobin (g/dl) 12-14 21-24 19-20 23-24
Packed cell volume
(%)
40-50 60-70 50-55 60-65

23. Blood Volume
• Splenic ContractionIncrease
• SweatingDecrease

24.  Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke
volume
 Cardiac output = Heart rate X Stroke volume
 Cardiac output increase during exercise due to
increase heart rate and stroke volume
Cardiac Output

25. Organ Rest Strenuous Exercise
Brain 10 2
Heart 5 5
Skin 5 5
Muscle 15 80
Kidney 20 2
Splanchnic 30 3
Others 15 3
Distribution Of Cardiac Output

26. Arterial pH fall
Lactic acid
formation
Increase
pco2
Decrease
po2
Chemical Changes

27. RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
 Oxygen Consumption
 Vo2 Max
 Vo2 Peak
 Oxygen Deficit
 EPOC

28. VO2 peak
 It is the highest level of oxygen consumption that can be
achieved during a mode of exercise
 Influenced by amount of O2 supplied to muscles and
ability of muscles to utilize available O2
 VO2 = Q x (a-vO2diff.)
 Called The Fick Equation
 Q = Cardiac Output (L Blood/min)
 a-vO2 diff. = difference between arterial and venous oxygen
content (L O2/L Blood)

29. Figure 9-Linear relationship between running speed on the treadmill
and oxygen uptake (mL·kg-1·min-1). Adapted from reference 10 .
Bransford, D. R. and E. T. Howley. Oxygen cost of running in trained
and untrained men and women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 9:41-44,

30. VO2
(L/min)
Figure 1. O2Deficit & EPOC
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (min)
O2 demand
rest VO2
O2
deficit
EPOC

31. 1) Alactic anaerobic source - Creatine
phosphate and stored ATP (first few seconds)
2) Lactic anaerobic source - Glucose from
stored glycogen in the absence of oxygen :
Glycolysis (after approx. 8-10 seconds)
3) Aerobic source – Glucose, lipids, proteins in the
presence of oxygen (max rate after 2-4 min of
exercise)
Energy Sources during Exercise

32. Exercise
intensity
ADP, Pi,
creatine
phosphate
in skeletal muscle
cells
Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation
Low ATP and creatine
phosphate stimulate
glycolysis and oxidative
phosphorylation.

33. ALACTIC ANAEROBIC SOURCE
 immediately available and
can't generally be maintained
more than 8-10 s
(for "explosive" sports: 100m running)

34. LACTIC ANAEROBIC SOURCE
(for "short" intense sport)
gymnastic, 200 to 1000
m running, 100 to 300 m
swimming)

35. AEROBIC SOURCE
 recovery time after a maximal
effort is 24 to 48 hrs
 carbohydrates (early), lipids
(later), and possibly proteins
 the chief fuel utilization
gradually shifts from
carbohydrate to fat
 the key to this adjustment is
hormonal (increase in fat-
mobilizing hormones)
(for "long" sports;
after 2-4min of exercise)

36. Thank
You

37. Heat Stress - Physiological Strain
Thermal Status
1. ↑ Core Body Temperature – rumen – tympanic – intraperitoneal
A. Total Body Heat Content
2. ↑ Respiration Rate and Respiratory Evaporative Heat Loss
3. ↑ Skin Temperature, Blood Flow, and Sweat Rate
A. ↓ Blood Flow to Internal Organs
4. ↑ Salivation, Drooling, and Panting Rates
5. ↓ Metabolic and Heat Production Rates
6. ↓ Heat Loss via Radiant, Conductive, and Convective
Avenues
7. ↑ Dehydration

38. Heat Stress - Physiological Strain
General
1. ↑ Impact Other Stressors
2. ↑ Heart and Pulse Rates
3. ↑ Hyperventilation
A. ↓ Blood Carbon Dioxide
B. ↓ Blood Bicarbonate
C. ↓ Blood Buffering Capacity
D. ↑ Respiratory Alkalosis
4. ↑ Urinary Sodium and Bicarbonate Excretion
5. ↓ Hepatic Portal Blood Flow
6. ↑ Hepatic Vitamin A Storage
7. ↑ General Vitamin E Deficiency

39. Heat Stress - Physiological Strain
Immune Status
1. ↓ Immune Function
2. ↑ Susceptibility to Parasitic and Nonparasitic Diseases
3. ↑ Mastitis
4. ↑ Somatic Cell Count
5. ↑ Plasma Antibody - Immunoglobulin Concentration
6. ↑ Death

40. Heat Stress - Physiological Strain
Nutritional Status
1. ↓ DMI, Weight Gain or Growth, Condition Score, and Blood
Glucose Level
2. ↑ Energy Requirement for Maintenance
3. ↑ Salivation
A. ↓ Saliva to Rumen
B. ↓ Salivary Bicarbonate Pool for Rumenal Buffering
C. ↓ Rumen pH
D. ↑ Acidosis
4. ↑ Potassium Loss from Skin
5. ↑ Dietary Requirements for Potassium and Sodium
6. ↑ Urinary Nitrogen Loss
7. ↑ Water Intake

41. Heat Stress - Physiological Strain
Nutritional Status - continued
8. ↓ Rumination
A. ↓ Gut and Rumen Motility
B. ↓ Gut Passage Rate
C. ↑ Gut Fill
D. ↓ Rumen Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration
E. ↑ Acetate to Propionate Ratio
Milk Production
1. ↓ Milk Production
2. ↓ Mammary Blood Flow
3. ↓ Mammogenesis
4. ↓ Lactation Peaks
5. ↓ Milk Component Levels

42. Heat Stress - Physiological Strain
Behavior
1. ↓ Grazing Time
2. ↑ Lethargy
3. ↑ Shadow or Shade Seeking
4. ↑ Body Alignment with Solar Radiation
5. ↑ Standing Time
6. ↑ Crowding Water Trough and Splashing
7. ↑ Agitation and Restlessness

43. Heat Stress - Physiological Strain
Endocrine
1. ↓ Hormones Linked to Metabolism – Thyroxine, Somatotropin,
Cortisol
2. ↑ Hormones Linked to Water and Electrolyte Metabolism –
Antidiuretic Hormone, Aldosterone
3. ↑ Catecholamines – Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
4. ↑ Prolactin and ↓ Prolactin Receptor Numbers
5. ↑ Leptin
6. ↑ Insulin >> ↓ Blood Glucose

44. Heat Stress - Physiological Strain
Reproductive Status
1. ↓ Breeding Efficiency and Conception Rate
2. ↑ Fetal and Postnatal Mortalities + ↓ Calf Birth Weight
3. ↓ Semen Quality
A. ↓ Spermatogenesis
B. ↓ Sperm Motility
C. ↑ Percent Abnormal and Aged Sperm
4. ↓ Estrous Activity
A. ↓ Estrous Duration
B. ↓ Heat Detection
5. ↓ Uterine Blood Flow
A. ↓ Placental Weight and Growth + ↑ Retained Placenta
B. ↓ Gestation Period
C. ↑ Labor and Delivery Difficulties