FPO

2. Submitted by,
Mamatha Rani. R
017/293
M.Sc 2nd year
Dept. Of Food Science
and technology
PGI, MPKV, Rahuri.
Submitted to,
Dr. P. M. Kotecha
Dept. of Food Science and
Technology.
PGI, MPKV,
Rahuri

5. INTRODUCTION
• Millets offer nutritional security and need for promoting millets as they
are highly nutritious.
• In general millets are rich source of fibers, minerals and B-complex
vitamins.
• High fiber content and rich in health promoting phytochemicals like
polyphenols, lignans, phytosterols, phytoestrogens, phytocyanins.
• Being non-glutinous, millets are safe for people suffering from gluten
allergy and celiac disease.
• Millets are non-acid forming, easy to digest and non-allergenic.
• Millet have potential for protection against age-onset degenerative
disease such as metabolic syndrome and Parkinson's diseases.

6. HISTORY OF MILLETS
 Millets also formed important parts of the prehistoric diet in Indian, Chinese
Neolithic and Korean Mumun societies.
 Broomcorn millet, proso millet foxtail millet were important crops beginning in
the Early Neolithic of China.
 Millet is one of the oldest foods known to humans and possibly the first cereal
grain used for domestic use. They have been in food use in India since 2500 BC.
 A 4,000-year-old well-preserved bowl containing well-preserved noodles made
from foxtail millet and broomcorn millet found at the Lajia archaeological site in
China.
 Cishan dates for common millet husk phytoliths and bio molecular components
have been identified around 8300-6700 BC in storage pits along with remains of
pit-houses, pottery and stone tools related to millet cultivation.
 India has been the native home for little millet and kodo millet and were first
domesticated in Indian sub-continent.
 Millets have been important food staples in human history, particularly in Asia
and Africa. They have been in cultivation in East Asia for the last 10,000 years.

8. NUTRITION COMPOSITION OF MILLETS
Parameter Protein
(g)
Fat
(g)
Minerals
(g)
Total
dietary
fiber (g)
Insoluble
dietary
fiber (g)
Soluble
dietary
fiber (g)
CHO
(g)
Finger 7.20 1.90 2.00 11.20 9.50 1.70 66.80
Proso 12.50 1.10 1.90 - - - 70.40
Foxtail 12.30 4.30 3.30 - - - 60.90
Little 10.40 3.90 1.30 7.70 5.50 2.30 65.60
Kodo 8.90 2.60 1.70 6.40 4.30 2.10 66.20
Barnyard 6.20 4.40 2.20 - - - 65.50
Brown top
millet
11.5 - 4.2 12.5 - - -
Pearl 11.00 5.40 1.40 11.50 9.10 2.30 61.80
Sorghum 10.00 1.70 1.40 10.20 8.50 1.70 67.70
Nutrition composition of millet per 100g of edible portion
*Source: Indian food consumption table 2017 ,NIN 2007, IIMR.

9. Vitamins and Mineral composition of millet mg per 100g of edible portion
Parameter Finger Proso Foxtail Little Kodo Barnyard Pearl Sorghum
Vitamins
Total
carotenoids
154 - 32 120 272 - 293 212
Thiamine 0.37 0.20 0.59 0.26 0.29 0.33 0.33 0.35
Riboflavin 0.17 0.18 0.11 0.05 0.20 0.10 0.25 0.14
Niacin 1.34 2.3 3.2 1.29 1.49 4.2 2.3 2.1
Minerals
Calcium 364 14 31 16.06 15.27 20 42 27.6
Phosphorus 283 206 290 220 188 280 296 274
Iron 4.62 0.8 2.8 1.26 2.34 5.0 8.0 3.95
Magnesium 137 153 81 133 147 82 137 1.33
Sodium 11 8.2 4.6 8.1 4.6 - 10.9 5.42
Potassium 408 113 25 129 144 - 307 328
Copper 0.67 1.60 1.40 0.34 0.26 0.60 1.06 0.45
Zinc 2.3 1.4 2.4 3.7 0.7 0.3 3.1 1.96
*Source: IFCT 2017 and NIN 2007.

10. Essential amino acid (mg/g N)
Parameter Finger Proso Foxtail Little Kodo Barnyard Pearl Sorghum
Arginine 300 290 220 250 270 - 300 240
Histidine 130 110 130 120 120 - 140 160
Lysine 220 190 140 110 150 - 190 150
Tryptophan 100 050 060 060 50 - 110 70
Phenyl
alanine
310 310 420 330 430 - 290 300
Tyrosine 220 - - - - - 200 180
Methionine 210 160 180 180 180 - 150 100
Cystine 140 - 100 090 110 - 110 090
Threonine 240 150 190 190 200 - 240 210
Leucine 690 760 1040 760 650 - 750 880
Isoleucine 400 410 480 370 360 - 260 270
Valine 480 410 430 350 410 - 330 340
*Source: Gopalan et al. (2009).

11. MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF MILLETS
Role of Millets in preventing
disease such as
1. Cardiovascular disease
2. Diabetes Mellitus
3. Gastrointestinal Disorders
4. Cancer
5. Obesity

12. 1. PRESENT STATUS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

13. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
• Being a rich source of magnesium helps in reducing blood pressure and risk of
heart attack especially in atherosclerosis.
• Potassium present in millets helps in keeping blood pressure low by acting as a
vasodilator and help to reduce cardiovascular risk.
• The high fiber present in millets plays a major role in cholesterol lowering
eliminating LDL.
• Lignans in presence of micro flora in digestive system and protect against certain
cancers and heart disease.

14. Heart attack and heart stroke

15. 2. PRESENT STATUS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

16. DIABETES MELLITUS
• Its a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia with
alterations in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism.
• It considered as the most common endocrine disorder and results in
deficient insulin production (type 1) or combined resistance to insulin
action and the insulin-secretory response (type 2).
• The efficiency of insulin and glucose receptors in the body is increased
by the significant levels of magnesium content present in millets and
help in preventing diabetes.

18. 3. PRESENT STATUS OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES

20. GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES
• An immune mediated enteropathic disease called celiac disease,
which is usually triggered by the ingestion of gluten in susceptible
individuals.
• Fiber content in millets helps in eliminating disorders like
constipation, excess gas, bloating and cramping.

22. PEPTIC ULCER
• Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inside lining of
stomach and upper portion of small intestine.
• Peptic ulcers include:
1. Gastric ulcers that occur on the inside of the stomach
2. Duodenal ulcers that occur on the inside of the upper portion of
small intestine.

23. 4. PRESENT STATUS OF CANCER

26. CANCER
• Millet grains based on literature values are known to be rich in phenolic
acids, tannins, and phytate .
• These nutrients reduce the risk for colon and breast cancer in animals.
• Recent research has revealed that fiber as one of the best and easiest ways
to prevent the onset of breast cancer in women.
• They can reduce their chances of breast cancer by more than 50% by
eating more than 30 gm of fiber every day. Finger millet is playing
important role in preventing cancer.

27. • It occurs in large intestine which is the final part of digestive tract
• Most cases of colon cancer begins as small-noncancerous clumps of cells
called adenomatous polyps, over time some of these polyps can become
colon cancers.
• There are two types of colon cancer
1. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer : Also called lynch
syndrome, increases the risk of colon cancer before age of 50
2. Familial adenomatous polyposis : It is a rare cancer develop
thousands of polyps in the lining of colon and rectum.
A. Colon cancer

29. COLON CANCER RISK FACTOR
1. Older age
2. A personal history of polyps
3. Inflammatory intestinal condition
4. Inherited syndromes
5. Family history
6. Low fiber fat diet high
7. Sedentary life style
8. Diabetes
9. Smoking and alcohol consumption
10.Obesity

30. B. BREAST CANCER
• It forms in the breast cells, but breast cancer today has a high rate of survivorship.
• Commonly three forms of breast cancer
1. Ductal carcinoma in situ : presence of abnormal cells inside a milk duct in the
breast.
2. Invasive ductal carcinoma : This cancer starts in the milk ducts of the breast and
grows into other parts of the surrounding tissue. It is most common breast cancer.
Above 80% of invasive breast cancers are invasive ductal carcinoma.
3. Invasive lobular carcinoma : this breast cancer starts in the milk producing
glands of the breast. 10% invasive breast cancer.

31. BREAST CANCER RISK FACTOR
1. Increasing age
2. A personal history of breast condition
3. A personal history of breast cancer
4. A family history of breast cancer
5. Inherited genes that increase cancer risk
6. Obesity
7. Beginning menopause at an older age (after 50 age)
8. Having first child at an older age (after 30 age)
9. Having never been pregnant
10. Drinking alcohol
11. Postmenopausal hormone therapy
12. Obesity
13. Low fiber diet

32. FOODS MAY LOWERS RISK OF BREASTAND COLON CANCER
Colon cancer Breast cancer
1. Calcium rich foods 1. Fruits and vegetables
2. High fiber foods 2. Fibers rich foods
3. Probiotic (yoghurt) 3. Low fat food
4. Fruits and vegetables 4. β- carotene rich foods
5. Whole grains, millets, wheat,
brown rice
5. Omega-9 fatty acids and
Essential fatty acids

33. 5. PRESENT STATUS OF OBESITY
• India is home to second highest number of young people who have excess weight.
• By 2025, India will have over 17 million obese children are concerned, according
to a study.
• In the world there are nearly 108 million children and more than 600 million adults
with BMI exceeding 30, the threshold for obesity.
• China had 15.3 million children with obesity and India 14.4 million.
• Among adults, the U.S. topped the list with 79.4 million people with obesity and
china came second with 57.3 million people.

35. OBESITY
• Obesity- “ killer lifestyle disease” .
• Caloric imbalance results from an excess intake of calories above
their consumption by the body.

36. EFFECTS OF OBESITY

39. IMPORTANCE OF FINGER MILLET
• Annual plant widely grown as a cereal in the arid areas of
Africa and Asia.
• It remains one of the main ingredients of the staple diet in
Karnataka.
• Nutritionally, finger millet is good source of nutrients
especially of calcium, other minerals and fibre. It is now
established that phytates, polyphenols and tannins can
contribute to antioxidant activity of the millet foods, which
is an important factor in health, aging and metabolic
diseases.

40. MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF FINGER MILLET
1. Finger millet/ Ragi for losing weight :
1. Ragi contains an amino acid called Tryptophan, which lowers appetite and
helps in keeping weight in control.
2. Ragi is digested at a slower rate thus keeps one away from intake of excessive
calories. Also, fibers present in ragi give a feeling of fullness thus controls excessive
food consumption.
2. Finger millet/ Ragi for bone health:
1. Ragi is rich in Calcium, which helps in strengthening bones. It is an excellent
source of natural calcium for growing children and aging people.
2. Ragi consumption helps in development of bones in growing children and in
maintenance of bone health in adults. Ragi is prevents diseases such as osteoporosis
and could reduce risk of fracture.

41. 3. Finger millet/ Ragi for diabetes :
1. Finger millet’s phytochemicals help in slowing digestion process. This helps in
controlling blood sugar level in condition of diabetes.
2. In a study conducted in 2000, and observed that Finger Millet based diet helps
diabetic as it contains higher fibre than rice and wheat. In addition, the study found
that diet based on whole finger millet has lower glycemic response i.e. lower ability to
increase blood sugar level.
4. Finger millet/ Ragi for lowering blood cholesterol :
1.Finger millet contains amino acids Lecithin and Methionine, which help in
bringing down cholesterol level by eliminating excess fat from Liver.
2. Finger Millet also contains Threonine amino acid, which hinders fat
formation in the liver, which brings cholesterol level of the body down.

42. 5. Finger millet/ Ragi for anaemia:
Ragi is a very good source of natural Iron. Ragi consumption helps
in condition of Anaemia.
6. Finger millet/ Ragi for relaxation:
Ragi consumption helps in relaxing body naturally. It is beneficial
in conditions of anxiety, depression and insomnia (sleepless nights).
Ragi is also useful for migraines.
7. Finger Millet/ Ragi for Protein/ Amino Acids:
Ragi is rich in Amino Acids, which are vital in normal functioning
of body and are essential for repairing body tissues. Finger Millet
contains Tryptophan, Threonine, Valine, Isoleucine and Methionoine
amino acids.

43. Amino Acids Functions
Isoleucine. Helps in muscle repair, blood formation
contributes to bone formation and improves
skin health
Valine Essential amino acid, which facilitates
metabolism, helps in muscle coordination and
repair of body tissues. It helps in balancing
nitrogen in the body.
Methionine Useful in various body processes, helps in
eliminating fat from the body, and is main
provider of sulphur in body. Sulphur is
essential for production of Glutathione -
body’s natural antioxidant.
List of Amino acids and its function

44. 8. Finger Millet for other health conditions:
1. If consumed regularly, Ragi could help in keeping malnutrition,
degenerative diseases and premature aging at bay.
2. Green Ragi recommended for conditions of blood pressure, liver
disorders, and asthma and heart weakness.
3. Green Ragi also recommended to lactating mothers in condition of
lack of milk production.
9. Finger millet for Anti-microbial property:
Oxidation of microbial membranes and cell components by the free
radical’s formed, irreversible complication with nucleophilic amino acids
leading to inactivation of enzymes are major biochemical benefits of
polyphenols towards the antifungal activity.
10. Antioxidant property:
1. Antioxidant compounds are gaining importance due to their main
roles in lipid stabilizers and as suppressors of excessive oxidation, which
causes cancer and ageing.

45. 2. Total antioxidant capacity of finger, little, foxtail and proso millets were
found to be higher and their total carotenoids content varied from 78–366
mg/100 g in the millet varieties. Total tocopherol content in finger and proso
millet varieties were higher (3.6–4.0mg/100 g) than in foxtail and little millet
varieties (~1.3 mg/100 g). The brown or red variety of finger millet, which is
commonly available, had higher activity (94%) than the white variety (4%)
using the DPPH method. Kodo millet quenched DPPH by nearly 70% higher
than other millets (15–53%); white millet varieties had lower activity.
11. Inhibition of collagen glycation and cross-linking :
1. The chemical reaction between the aldehyde group of reducing sugars
and the amino group of proteins termed non enzymatic glycosylation is a
major factor responsible for the complications of diabetes and aging.
2. Increased oxidative stress and hyperglycemia contribute significantly to
the accelerated accumulation of advanced glycation products and the cross-
linking of collagen in diabetes mellitus.
3. Free radicals play major role in non- enzymatic glycosylation of collagen
and crosslinking whereas antioxidative conditions and free radical scavengers
inhibit these reactions.

46. 12. Finger millet for wound healing :
1. The perfect wound healing process is interrupted in
diseased conditions like diabetes and age associated
biochemical phenomenon due to increased level of reactive
oxygen species.
2. Free oxygen radicals damage the cells in the zone of
stasis, which lead to necrosis and conversion of superficial
wound into a deeper wound.
3. Antioxidants significantly prevent tissue damage and
stimulate the wound healing process.
4. It is attributed that the phenolic antioxidants present in
FM partially protected the insulin-producing cells from
alloxan-mediated cell damage, and hence promoted the
healing process.

47. 13. Anti-Lithiatic effect : Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with
extracts of grains of finger millet had an inhibitory effect on crystal
growth, with improved kidney function & cyto-protective effect.
14. Inhibition of aldose reductase:
1. Diabetes induced cataract, which characterized by an accumulation
of sorbitol, which mediated by the action of a key enzyme aldose
reductase (AR).
2. The non-enzymatic glycation (binding of glucose to protein
molecule) induced during diabetes appear to be the key factor for AR
mediated sugar induced cataract. AR enzyme is crucial in cataracto-
genesis via a polyol pathway.
15. Ragi for colorectal cancer: Potential chemo-preventive agent for
colorectal cancer. Fibers slowly fermented by microflora in the colon
promotes normal laxation, constipation, diverticulosis.

48. Cataract disease
Diverticulosis

49. Importance and Medicinal
Benefits of Foxtail millet

50. IMPORTANCE OF FOXTAIL MILLET
• The foxtail millet is also known as Italian millet. It is one of the world’s
oldest cultivated crops.
• In the northern area of China, it has been widely used as a nourishing gruel
or soup for pregnant and nursing women and which is applied to food
therapy. It recorded that millet has many nutritious and medical functions.
• Foxtail yellow seeded cultivars, medicinally used as astringent, digestive,
emollient and stomachic. This millet contains 12.3% crude protein and
3.3% minerals. It is second most cultivated millet.
• The plant is one of the oldest cultivated crops, being in cultivation from
about 5,000 BC in India and China, from where cultivation has spread too
many areas of the world.
• It also has a range of local medicinal uses. The plant where mainly grown
for home consumption, but also traded internationally on a small scale.

51. MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF FOXTAIL MILLET
• The aqueous extracts of foxtail millets have excellent anti-
hyperglycemic activity.
• Foxtail millet contains 47mg polyphenolics/100 g so it acts as
antioxidant property. In addition, defatted foxtail millet protein
hydrolysates also exhibited antioxidant potency.
• Significant reduction was recorded in serum glucose (23%), serum
cholesterol (6%), serum LDL (20%) and glycosylated hemoglobin
(16.5%), and a slight decrease in serum triglycerides and VLDL.
Serum HDL increased significantly by 23 per cent.
• Also used in the treatment of dyspepsia; poor digestion and food
stagnancy in abdomen. White seeds are refrigerant and used in the
treatment of cholera and fever while the green seeds are diuretic and
strengthening to virility.

53. IMPORTANCE OF BARNYARD MILLET
• Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta) is an introduced, annual, warm-
season grass that is grown primarily as forage and wild life habitat in the
United States.
• It is a domesticated species derived from wild millet barnyard grass (E.
crus-galli). Japanese millet can grow in flooded soils and standing water as
long as a portion of the plant remains above the water’s surface.
• It is better suited for colder climates and wetter soils than other annual
summer grasses, however it has limited frost tolerance. Japanese millet is
often grown as forage in the United States and food in India
• It can produce up to 3,500 lb/ac of dried above ground biomass. The straw
has greater protein and calcium content than rice, oat.

54. Barnyard
millet
Type-2 diabetes
Prevent heart
attack
Energy to the body Lowers triglycerides
Lower blood
glucose
Lowers serum
cholesterol
MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF BARNYARD MILLET

55. Importance and Medicinal
Benefits of Proso millet

56. IMPORTANCE OF PROSO MILLET
• Proso millet is one of the few types of millet not cultivated in Africa. In the United
States, former Soviet Union and some South American countries, it is primarily
grown for livestock feed.
• As a grain fodder, it is very deficient in lysine and needs complementation. It is
third most cultivated millet. Species used a grass as a crop.
• Both the wild ancestor and location of the original domestication of proso millet
are unknown, but it first appears as a crop in both Transcaucasia and China about
7,000 years ago, suggesting it may have been domesticated independently in each
area.
• In order to promote millet cultivation, other potential uses have been considered
recently. For example, starch derived from millets has been shown to be a good
substrate for fermentation and malting with grains having similar starch contents as
wheat grains. It has been suggested that starch derived from Proso millet can be
converted to ethanol with an only moderately lower efficiency than starch derived
from corn.
• Protein content in proso millet grains is comparable with that of wheat, but the
share of essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and methionine) is substantially
higher in proso millet.

57. MECICINAL BENEFITS OF PROSO MILLET
• Improved plasma levels of adiponectin, high density lipoprotein
(HDL) cholesterol in genetically obese type -2 diabetic mice under
high fat conditions were observed on feeding Proso millet
• Proso millet contains 29mg polyphenolics/100 g, which act as
antioxidant property.
• Proso millet is rich source of B vitamins, especially vitamin-B6 and
folic acid so it helps in preventing anemia.
• In addition, health-promoting phenolic compounds contained in the
grains are readily bio accessible and their high calcium content favor
bone strengthening and dental health.

58. Importance and Medicinal
Benefits of Kodo millet

59. IMPORTANCE OF KODO MILLET
• Kodo millet is an annual grain that is grown in primarily in India, but also
in the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand and in West Africa where
it originates.
• The kodo millet, also known as cow grass, rice grass, ditch millet, Native
Paspalum, or Indian Crown Grass originates in tropical Africa and it is
estimated to have been domesticated in India 3000 years ago.
• The domestication process is still ongoing. In southern India, it is called
kodo or kodra and it is grown as an annual. It is a minor food crop eaten in
many Asian countries, primarily in India where in some regions it is
extremely important.
• It grows wild as a perennial in the west of Africa, where it is eaten as a
famine food. Often it grows as a weed in rice fields. In India, kodo millet is
ground into flour and used to make pudding. In Africa it is cooked like rice.
It is also a good choice for animal fodder for cattle, goats, pigs, sheep and
poultry.

60. MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF KODO MILLET
Kodo millet
Strengthening
nervous system
Beneficial for who are
suffering signs of CVD,
high blood pressure
Antioxidant property
Beneficial to
postmenopausal
women

61. Importance and Medicinal
Benefits of Little millets

62. IMPORTANCE OF LITTLE MILLET
• It is commonly known as kutki, little millet. In India the people have begun to look
beyond the basic nutritional benefits of food to prevent diseases and enhance
health.
• Cereals especially small millets provide an opportunity to improve the health of
people, reduce health care costs and support economic development in rural, tribal
and hilly communities.
• A study on nutrient composition, fiber fractions and value added products of Little
millet (Panicum miliare L.) was undertaken to popularize millet consumption.
Value added Indian products such as noodles, vermicelli, pasta products, pakoda,
dosa, papad, biscuits, etc., were developed incorporating 30-100 per cent millet.
These products were well accepted (4.00 to 4.42) by judges.
• The study demonstrated that Little millet is not only a source of nutrients but also
rich source of fiber. Hence, there is need to explore the opportunities towards
development of diversified foods for household consumption to achieve nutrition
security on sustainable basis.

63. MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF LITTLE MILLET
Little millet
Hypoglycemic and
hypolipidemic effects
Stable the blood sugar
level
Potent antioxidants
Promoting health in
diabetes, CVD, GI
disease, cataract, cancer

65. IMPORTANCE OF BROWN TOP MILLET
• Locally called as pedda-sama, and korne, limited cultivation, largely confined
southern India.
• It is used both a human food crop and fodder.
• In USA used as a fodder crop, largely to provide food for game birds.
• It was introduced from India 1915.
• Brown top millet is known by local names which translate to “ illegal wife of little
millet” because tendency to grow within field of little millet as a mimic weed.
• Cultivated more in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.

66. MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF BROWN TOP MILLET
Brown top millet
CVD
Duodenal ulcer
Hyperglycemia

67. REFERENCE
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Kumar and Sant Longowal. (2014). Significance of Finger Millet in Nutrition, Health
and Value added Products: A Review. Journal of Environmental Science, Computer
Science and Engineering & Technology, 3(3): 1601-1608.
2. Catassi, C. and Fasano, A. (2008). Celiac disease. In: Gallagher E, editor. Gluten-
free cereal products and beverages. Burlington, MA:Elsevier, pp:1-27.
3. Hegde, P. S. and Chandra, T. S. (2005). ESR spectroscopic study reveals higher
free radical quenching potential in kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) compared to
other millets. Food Chemistry, 92: 177-182.
4. Itagi, S. (2003). Development and evaluation of millet based composite food for
diabetes [Master Thesis].Dharwad: University Agricultural Science.
5. Tsao, R. (2010). Chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols. Nutrients, 2:
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6. Vithal, D.S. and Machewad, G.M. (2006). Processing of foxtail millet for improved
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