This document discusses various aspects of communication including definitions, elements, types, theories, and barriers. It defines communication as the transfer and sharing of meaning between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, and behavior. The key elements of communication are the sender, receiver, message, channel, feedback, noise, and context. It describes different types of communication such as intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication. Several theories of communication are also outlined including the Shannon-Weaver model, SMCR model, and theories around media effects. Finally, common barriers to effective communication like noise, poorly coded messages, and physiological factors are identified.

1. Communication Meaning
Definition & Concept
Dr Ashok Kumar, Assistant
Professor, IMC&MT,KUK
Email: akkumar@kuk.ac.in

2. Objective of this talk
 Communication meaning
definition and concept.
 Importance of communication
and process of communication.
 Elements of communication
 Types of communication.
 Impact of Mass Communication

3. Importance of communication
 Communication is universal to
all human beings and central to
our lives.
 Communication regulates and
shapes all human behaviour.
 It is important to have a clear
understanding of the concept
of communication.
 What is communication ?
 Why is it important to us ?
 How does it work ?
 We will identify tools for
effective communication.

4. Meaning & Definition
 Dreaming, talking with
someone, arguing in a
discussion, speaking in public,
reading newspaper, watching
movie.sharing text, audio
video, chatting all different
kind of communication that we
are engaged in every day.
 We are constantly exchanging
our thoughts, ideas, motions
with someone to satisfy our
physical, emotional and other
needs.
 Communication is an integral
part of our life. Society
cannot survive in the absence
of communication.

5. Meaning…..
 According to oxford dictionary communication mean the transfer or conveying of
meaning.
 Shannon “ One mind affecting another”
 Charles E.Osgood “ one system influence another”
 Wilbur Schramm “ The mechanism through which relations exist and develop or
sharing of experience on basis of commonness.
 Communication is more than transfer and transmission of ideas or thoughts.
 Communication is not a static act. Communication is a dynamic process action and
interaction towards a desired goal.
 Communication is a process of sharing of exchange of ideas, information,
knowledge, attitude or feeling among two or more person through certain signs and
symbol.
 Communication is the process of sending and receiving information. It is a vehicle
through which we develop, maintain and improve human relationship.
 Denis Mcquail defines communication is a process which increase commonality, but
also requires elements of commonality.

6. Meaning….
• Communication is part of the very fabric of society. It takes
place at all level between peoples and between institutions, from
government to people, from people back to government and
through many channels both inter personal and mediated.
• Communication creates common pool of ideas, strengthens the
feeling of togetherness through exchange of messages.
• Communication integrate knowledge, organization, power and run
as a thread linking the earliest memory of man to his noblest
aspirations through constant striving for better life.
• Communication can be describes as an act of transmission of
ideas, thought, beliefs, knowledge and opinion. The purpose of
communication is to establish commonness. To communicate
effectively.
• Berlo says Communication does not consist of the transmission
of meaning. Meanings are not transmitted or transferable. Only
message are transmitted and meaning are not the message, they
are in the message user.

7. Elements of Communication
• Two and more persons are involved in the act.
• One who give information ( Sender)
• One who receives information ( Receiver)
• What is being shared ( Message) –An idea or
an information or an attitude.
• The information is shared or exchanged
through certain signs and symbols. It could be
language, oral or written.
• Communication needs a sender, a receiver and
a channel.
• A source
• A process of encoding
• A message
• A channel
• A process of decoding
• The potential feedback
• The chance of noise

8. Functions of communication
 Communication is vital for human existence and progress of humanity.
 No person, group or society can exist without interaction with others.
 What would happen to us if we did not talk. Listen lecture, did not speak to
friends, did not play games, watch television or films ?
 What would be life in absence of news, views, facts, figure and information ?
 We would miss out many opportunities and challenges offering us in our personal
and professional life.
 Social action and interaction communication function as a relating tool that
creates understanding, facilities work, strengths collective living among people.
 Primary function of communication is to inform, instruct, educate, entertain and
influence/ persuade people people to make them function smoothly and
effectively.
 Communication has a secondary function to perform as well through debate,
discussion and cultural promotion and integration.
 Communication foster consensus, creativity and understanding among people,
group and societies so that they live in peace and harmony.
 Lasswell (1948) presented basic function of communication :
(a) Surveillance of the environment.
(b) Correlation of the parts of the society in responding to its environment.
(C ) The transmission of cultural heritage.

9. Functions
Information
Instruction
Entertainment
Persuasion
Debate and Discussion
Cultural promotion
Integration

10. Process of Communication
• Communication is a process involving a series
of action and reactions with a view to
achieving a goal.
• Communication is a two way process that is
the ability to receive information is as
important as the ability to send.
• In successful communication feedback is
crucial because it tells how your message are
being interpreted.
• It can make of break the communication
process.

11. Information
 The quality of life would
be poorer without
information. The more
informed we are more
powerful you become.
Those who have
information can take
advantage of it in there
own interest.
 Communication provide us
enormous information
about the environment in
which we live.
 Information helps us in
taking appropriating steps
to safeguard our interest.

12. Instruction
• One of major function of communication is to
instruct, educate and socialize members of the
society.
• All these function start early in life at home, school
and continue till one completes the full cycle of life.
• Communication provides a fund of knowledge,
expertise and skill that enables people to operate as
effective member of society.
• It creates the awareness, give direction and
opportunity to people so that then actively
participate in public life.

13. Entertainment
• Human beings must be
entertained to break
monotony of routine and
divert their attention
form troubles and
tension.
• Communication provides
boundless entertainment
to people through
pictures, films, music,
drama, dance art,
literature, comedy,
sports and games.

14. Persuasion
• According to Aristotle
One of the most
important function of
communication is to
persuade the other
party.
• Persuasion helps in
reaching decision or
consensus on public
policy so that it is
possible to control and
govern.
• The receiver must be
careful about such a
persuasion.

15. Debate and Discussion
 It is through debate
and discussion in media
that the public clarify
different view points on
issues of public interest
and arrive at a general
agreement on matters
that concern all.
 Debate and discussion
provides different view
points of a subject.

16. Cultural Promotion
• Communication provides
opportunity for culture
to be preserved and
promoted.
• It stimulates individual
to pursue and fulfil
there creative urges.
• One must be critical
about ask questions
whose culture is
promoted ?

17. Integration
• Communication is a great
integral tool.
• Through communication we
get knowledge, information ,
individual, culture comes to
know one another.
• Understand and appreciate
one another ways of life and
thereby develop tolerances
towards one another.
• Communication also be the
greatest disintegrating tool.
• Television programs helping
us to understand our culture
better.

18. Nature of communication
• Process :Communication is never ending ,interactive
process.
• Personal : Communication is personal, because how an
individual decodes or encodes message is strongly
influenced by who he, she is .
• Participatory : Communication is a participatory
process. All person are engaged in sending and
receiving messages simultaneously.
• Social : Communication is a social process. There are
various social factors which influence individuals
decoding encoding.
• Interdisciplinary : Communication is a inter
disciplinary. It related to all subjects sociology,
psychology, anthropology, Political science, Media,
biology.

19. Process of communication
• Communicator
• Encoding
• A Message
• A Channel
• The Receiver
• Decoding
• Feedback
• Noise

20. Elements of communication
• Encoding : All communication begins with the sender. The first step
the sender is faced with involves the encoding process. In order to
convey meaning, the sender must begin encoding, which means
translating information into a message in the form of symbols that
represent ideas or concepts.
• Decoding :After the appropriate channel or channels are selected, the
message enters the decoding stage of the communication
process. Decoding is conducted by the receiver. Once the message is
received and examined, the stimulus is sent to the brain for
interpreting, in order to assign some type of meaning to it.
• Channel : A medium through which a message is transmitted to its intended
audience, such as print media or broadcast (electronic) media.
• Noise : Communication is the process of transmitting information from one
person to another. Noise is any type of disruption that interferes with the
transmission or interpretation of information from the sender to the receiver.
• Feedback: “Feedback is a response from the receiver that informs the
sender how the communication is being received in general”

21. Kinds of Communication
Human beings are engaged in variety of
communication acts :
Intrapersonal communication
Interpersonal Communication
Group Communication
Mass Communication
Verbal & Non verbal communication

22. Intrapersonal communication
• It refers to
communication that
transpires inside a
person.
• It Is like talking to
oneself, listening to
oneself and relating one
to oneself.
• This communication is
important for
conceptualizing and
formulating our
thoughts or ideas
before we actually
indulge in
communication.

23. Interpersonal communication
• This communication takes place
between to individuals.
• It is person to person contact.
• It include every day exchange that
may be formal or informal and can
take place anywhere by means of
words, sounds, facial expression,
gestures and postures.
• It is a face to face interaction
between two person. Both are
sending and receiving message.
• It is effective communication
situation because you get
immediate feedback.
• Interpersonal communication has
emotional appeal too. it can
motivate, encourage and
coordinate work effectively.

24. Group Communication
• Group communication is
extension of interpersonal
communication.
• More than two individual are
involved in exchange of ideas,
skills and interest.
• There could be many different
groups for many different
reasons.
• Group communication is
considered effective as it
provides an opportunity for
direct interaction among the
members of group.
• It helps in bringing about
changes in attitude and beliefs.

25. Public Communication
• Public communication tends to
occur within a more formal and
structured setting.
• It is different from small group
communication
• In Public communication one
person is the designated speaker
and rest are cast in the
complementary role of listener or
audience.
• Participant are are face to face
and still sending & receiving
messages.
• Public communication occur in
public rather than private places
that is in auditorium, conferences,
seminar rather than homes and
offices.

26. Mass Communication
• Communication with mass
audience
• Channels through which this
kind of communication takes
place are referred to as mass
media.
• Any mechanical device that
multiplies message and takes
it to a large number of people
simultaneously is called mass
communication.
• The media through which
message are being transmitted
include radio, TV, newspaper,
magazine, films, Social media.
• In mass communication
audience is heterogeneous,
large and anonymous to the
source.

27. Verbal/ Non verbal communication
• Verbal Communication
• When messages or information is
exchanged or communicated through
words is called verbal communication.
Verbal communication may be two
types: written and oral
communication. Verbal
communication takes place through
face-to-face conversations, group
discussions, counseling, interview,
radio, television, calls, memos,
letters, reports, notes, email etc.
some definitions of verbal
communications are as follows:
• Non verbal Communication
• According to L. C. Bove and others,
“Non-verbal communication is
communication that takes place
through non-verbal cues: through
such form of non-verbal
communication as gesture, eye
contact, facial expression, clothing
and space; and through the non-
verbal vocal communication known as
Para-language.”

28. Mass MEDIA
• Print media
• Electronic media
• Radio
• Films
• Social media

29. Harold D. Lasswell s model ( 1948)
Models of Communication
• Who, says what, in which
channel, to whom, with what
effect.
• Who- identification of
source
• Says what- Analysis of
message content.
• Which channel- Choice of
channel
• Whom- Characteristics of
audience.
• What effect-evaluation of
effects..
• It is the effect that model
emphasizes.
Question Element Analysis
Who?
Communica
tor
Control
Analysis
Says What? Message
Content
Analysis
In Which
Channel?
Medium
Media
Analysis
To Whom? Audience
Audience
Analysis
With What
Effect?
Effect
Effects
Analysis

30. Claude Shannon and Warren
weaver ( 1949)
• Information source-Transmitter-
Signal- Receiver-Destination
• In this model communication begin
with information source who creates
the message.
• He transmits it by means of his vocal
apparatus which act as transmitter.
• Shannon and weaver model is
important as it introduce the
concept of noise.
• Noise is the model refers to
disturbance in the channel that may
interfere with the signal
transmitted and produce different
signals.
• Based on the above principles,
Shannon developed Information
theory which says that source has a
message that is trying to get
through some channel to some
destination.

31. Charles E. Osgood model ( 1954)
• He explain that
communication is a dynamic
process.
• Osgood emphasised that
each participant in
communication process sends
as well as receive message
and as such encodes, decodes
and interprets message.
• According to him
communication is as a
dynamic process in which
there is a interactive
relationship between source
and receiver.
• A person may be a source in
one time may be a receiver in
next time.

32. Wilbur Schramm ( 1971)
• A leading communication expert
has provided an overview of the
elements and process of
communication to explain how it
works practically all forms of
communication.
• Communication with ourselves,
Communication with one person
or a group of persons, a
communication with mass
audience with thousands and
million of people.
• Wilbur schramm adopted
shannon and weaver model of
human communication and
introduce to concepts of
encoder, decoder, redundency,
feedback and noise in his model
to explain the communication
process.

33. Berlo model of communication
• Berlo's SMCR Model of
Communication. In 1960,
DavidBerlo postulated Berl
o's Sender-Message-
Channel-Receiver
(SMCR) Model of
Communication from
Shannon Weaver's Model
of Communication (1949).
• He described factors
affecting the individual
components in
the communication making
the communication more
efficient.

34. Theories of Communication
• Bullet Theory
• Democratic participant media theory
• Mass Society theory
• Political economic media Theory
• Cultural and semiotic Theory
• Authoritarian Theory
• Free Press Theory
• Social Responsibility Theory
• Communist Media Theory
• Development communication Theory.

35. Barriers in Communication
• Lack of communication environment.
• Noise
• Badly coded message
• Disturbance in transmission
• Mistrust between sender and receiver
• Different perception and reality and vaguness
about the objective achieved
• Lack of communication environment.

36. Barriers in Communication
• The sending and receiving of messages occurs in countless forms, oftentimes much more subtle than as depicted
above.
• Communication is a delicate endeavour and barriers in communication process can take on a myriad of forms in
the communication environment, in the individuals involved, and in the message itself.
• Environmental Barriers – The location where a message is sent can be disrupted by geographic distance, or by
interfering factors such as other people or movement (like in a car or on a bus). It can also be blocked by actual
loud, audible noise such as in our example above.
• Physiological Barriers – Fatigue, stress, or negative emotions can lead to a breakdown in effective
communication. Physical disabilities in either sender or receiver can be a challenging factor as well. We already
mentioned language barriers; even a strong accent or dialect can interfere with a message.
• Psychological Barriers – Opinions, judgments, prejudices, attitudes and perception all can play a part in the
transfer of messages. If a receiver dislikes or mistrusts the sender of a message, the decoding of that message
can be skewed – maybe with good reason. The same goes for the sender too. If a sender has strong opinions
about the receiver(s), the communication process becomes much more complicated.
• Systemic Barriers – When I started a new job at a rather large company a while ago, the “company speak” was
filled with jargon and acronyms, so many that the company website provided an acronym dictionary so that
workers could find out what the heck was being communicated. Sometimes organizational communication can be
very challenging and it is important for the leaders of an organization to stay open and aware of occurrences of
this nature.
• Cultures & Beliefs – Different cultures communicate differently. They have differing rules and expectations of
behaviors. Eye contact is expected between people here in the US, but it is considered rude in some Asian
countries. There are also differing expectations of “personal space” all over the world. A gesture or behavior
that is considered rude would certainly interfere with any kind of message that you are trying to convey.

37. The 7 C of communication
• Credibility : Communication starts with climate of belief. This climate is built by the
performance on the part of communicator.
• Context : The context must confirm not contradict the message. It must provide for
participation and playback.
• Content : The content determine the audience. Message must have the meaning for
the receiver.
• Clarity: The message be put in simple terms. Words must mean the same thing to
the receiver as they do to the sender.
• Continuity and consistency : Communication in a un ending process. It requires
repetition to achieve penetration. The story must be consistent.
• Channels: Only the established channel of communication should be used
channel that the receiver uses and respects. creating new one is difficult.
• Capability of the audience : Communication must take into account the capability of
the audience. Communication are most effective when they require the lest effort on
the part of the recipient.

38. NET Exam June 2011
• 1.Public communication tends to occur within a more
(A) complex structure (B) political structure (C) convenient structure
(D) formal structure
2. Transforming thoughts, ideas and messages into verbal and non-
verbal signs is referred to as
(A) channelization (B) mediation (C) encoding (D) decoding
• 3. Effective communication needs a supportive
(A) economic environment (B) political environment (C) social
environment (D) multi-cultural environment
• 4. A major barrier in the transmission of cognitive data in the
process of communication is an individual’s
(A) personality (B) expectation (C) social status (D) coding ability
• 5. When communicated, institutionalised stereotypes become
(A) myths (B) reasons (C) experiences (D) convictions
• 6. In mass communication, selective perception is dependent on the
receiver’s
(A) competence (B) pre-disposition (C) receptivity (D) ethnicity

39. NET Exam December 2013
1. Users who use media for their own ends are identified as
(A) Passive audience (B) Active audience (C) Positive audience (D)
Negative audience
2. Classroom communication can be described as
(A) Exploration (B) Institutionalisation (C) Unsignified narration
(D) Discourse
3. Ideological codes shape our collective
(A) Productions (B) Perceptions (C) Consumptions (D) Creations
4. In communication, myths have power, but are
(A) uncultural. (B) insignificant. (C) imprecise. (D) unpreferred.
5. The first multi-lingual news agency of India was
(A) Samachar (B) API (C) Hindustan Samachar (D) Samachar
Bharati
6. Organisational communication can also be equated with
(A) intra-personal communication. (B) inter-personal
communication. (C) group communication. (D) mass
communication.

40. NET Exam June 2014
1. Break-down in verbal communication is described as
(A) Short circuit (B) Contradiction (C) Unevenness (D) Entropy
2. The Telephone Model of Communication was first developed in
the area of
(A) Technological theory (B) Dispersion theory (C) Minimal
effects theory (D) Information theory
3. The Dada Saheb Phalke Award for 2013 has been conferred on
(A) Karan Johar (B) Amir Khan (C) Asha Bhonsle (D) Gulzar
4. Photographs are not easy to
(A) publish (B) secure (C) decode (D) change
5. The grains that appear on a television set when operated are
also referred to as
(A) sparks (B) green dots (C) snow (D) rain drops
6. In circular communication, the encoder becomes a decoder
when there is
(A) noise (B) audience (C) criticality (D) feedback

41. NET Exam 2016
1. The choice of communication partners is influenced by factors of
(a) Proximity, Utility, Loneliness
(b) Utility, secrecy, dissonance
(c) Secrecy, Dissonance, deception
(d) Dissimilarity, Dissonance, Deviance
2. Every communicator has to experience
(a) Manipulated emotions
(b) Anticipatory excitement
(c) The issue of homophiles
(d) Status of dislocation
3. Imagine you are working in a educational institution where people are of equal
status. Which method of communication is best suited and normally
employed in such a context.
(a) Horizontal communication.
(b) Vertical communication
© Corporate communication
(d) Cross Communication
4. What are barriers to effective communication
(a) Moralising, being judgemental and comment of consolation
(b) Dialogue, summary and self review
© Use of simple words, cool reaction and defensive attitude
(d) Personal statement, eye contact and simple narration

42. NET Exam January 2017
1. Expressive communication is driven by
(a) Passive aggression
(b) Encoder Personality characteristics
© External clues
(d) Encoder-decoder contact
2. Positive class room communication leads to
(a) Coercion
(b) Submission
(c) Confrontation
(d) Persuasion
3. Class room communication is the basis of
(a) Social identity
(b) External inanities
(c) Biases Passivity
(d) Group aggression
4. Effective communication pre supposes
(a) Non alignment
(b) Domination
(c) Passivity
(d) Understanding
5. When verbal and non verbal messages are contradictory, it is said that most people
believe in
(a) Indeterminate messages
(b) Verbal messages
(c) Non verbal messages
(d) Aggressive messages

43. Reference Books
• Kewal J.Kumar, Mass Communication in
India.Jaico Publications
• Virbala Aggarwal/ V.S. Gupta, Handbook
of journialism and Mass Communication.
• Black.Whitney, Introduction to mass
communication.wm.c. Brown publishers
• Denis Mcquail, Mass Communication
theory, sage publication

44. Thanks