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GRADE 9 MATHEMATICS
QUARTER 4
Module 7
May 2014
Triangle Trigonometry
MODULE 7
May 20, 2014
In a right triangle, one of the
angles measures 90 ๐‘œ
, and the
remaining two angles are acute and
complementary. The longest side of a
right triangle is known as the
hypotenuse and is opposite the right
angle. The other two sides are called
legs. The leg that is a side of an acute
angle is called the side adjacent to the
angle. The other leg is the side
opposite the angle.
Lesson 1 The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine,
Cosine, Tangent, Cosecant, Secant, and Cotangent
C
B
A
a
c
b
Hypotenuse
Side Opposite
Side Adjacent
3
Lesson 1 The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine,
Cosine, Tangent, Cosecant, Secant, and Cotangent
If two angles of a triangle are congruent to two angles of another
triangle, the triangles are similar. If an acute angle of one right triangle is
congruent to an acute angle of another right triangle, the triangles are
similar, and the ratios of the corresponding sides are equal. Therefore, any
two congruent angles of different right triangles will have equal ratios
associated with them.
The ratios of the sides of the right triangles can be used to define the
trigonometric ratios. The ratio of the side opposite ๐œƒ and the hypotenuse is
known as the sine. The ratio of the side adjacent ๐œƒ and the hypotenuse is
known as the cosine. The ratio of the side opposite ๐œƒ and the side adjacent ๐œƒ
is known as the tangent.
4
SOH-CAH-TOA is a mnemonic device commonly used for remembering
these ratios.
sin ๐œƒ =
๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’
โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’
cos ๐œƒ =
๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก
โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’
tan ๐œƒ =
๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’
๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก
5
Lesson 1 The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine,
Cosine, Tangent, Cosecant, Secant, and Cotangent
Words Symbol Definition
Trigonometric
Ratios
sine ๐œƒ sin ๐œƒ
sin ๐œƒ =
๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’
โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’
cosine ๐œƒ cos ๐œƒ
cos ๐œƒ =
๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก
โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’
tangent ๐œƒ tan ๐œƒ
tan ๐œƒ =
๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’
๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก
C
B
A
a
c
b
Hypotenuse
Side Opposite
Side Adjacent
6
Lesson 1 The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine,
Cosine, Tangent, Cosecant, Secant, and Cotangent
Words Symbol Definition
Reciprocal
Trigonometric
Ratios
cosecant ๐œƒ csc ๐œƒ
๐‘๐‘ ๐‘ ๐œƒ =
1
sin ๐œƒ
๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ
โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’
๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’
secant ๐œƒ sec ๐œƒ
sec ๐œƒ =
1
cos ๐œƒ
๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ
โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’
๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก
cotangent ๐œƒ cot ๐œƒ
cot ๐œƒ =
1
tan ๐œƒ
๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ
๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก
๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’
C
B
A
a
c
b
Hypotenuse
Side Opposite
Side Adjacent
These definitions are called the reciprocal identities.
CHO-SHA-CAO is a mnemonic device commonly used for remembering these ratios.
csc ๐œƒ =
โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’
๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’
sec ๐œƒ =
โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’
๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก
cot ๐œƒ =
๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก
๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’
In addition to the trigonometric ratios sine, cosine, and tangent, there are
three other trigonometric ratios called cosecant, secant, and cotangent.
These ratios are the reciprocals of sine, cosine, and tangent, respectively.
7
Lesson 2 Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles
Consider the special relationships among the sides
of 30 ๐‘œ
- 60 ๐‘œ
- 90 ๐‘œ
and 45 ๐‘œ
- 45 ๐‘œ
- 90 ๐‘œ
triangles.
x
x 3
2x
60 ๐‘œ
30 ๐‘œ
y
y
y 2
45 ๐‘œ
45 ๐‘œ
These special relationships can be used to
determine the trigonometric ratios for 30 ๐‘œ
, 45 ๐‘œ
, and 60 ๐‘œ
.
๐œฝ sin ๐œฝ cos ๐œฝ tan ๐œฝ csc ๐œฝ sec ๐œฝ cot ๐œฝ
30 ๐‘œ
45 ๐‘œ
60 ๐‘œ
Activity
Complete the table below that summarizes the values of the trigonometric
ratios of the angles 30 ๐‘œ, 45 ๐‘œ, and 60 ๐‘œ.
8
Lesson 2 Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles
x
x 3
2x
60 ๐‘œ
30 ๐‘œ
y
y
y 2
45 ๐‘œ
45 ๐‘œ
9
Answers:
Lesson 2 Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles
๐œฝ sin ๐œฝ cos ๐œฝ tan ๐œฝ csc ๐œฝ sec ๐œฝ cot ๐œฝ
30 ๐‘œ 1
2
3
2
3
3
2 2 3
3
3
45 ๐‘œ
2
2
2
2
1 2 2 1
60 ๐‘œ
3
2
1
2
3 2 3
3
2 3
3
10
Lesson 2 Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles
๐œฝ sin ๐œฝ cos ๐œฝ tan ๐œฝ csc ๐œฝ sec ๐œฝ cot ๐œฝ
30 ๐‘œ 1
2
3
2
3
3
2 2 3
3
3
45 ๐‘œ
2
2
2
2
1 2 2 1
60 ๐‘œ
3
2
1
2
3 2 3
3
2 3
3
Notice that sin 30 ๐‘œ
= cos 60 ๐‘œ
and cos 30 ๐‘œ
= sin 60 ๐‘œ
. This is an example
showing that the sine and cosine are cofunctions. That is, if ๐œƒ is an
acute angle, sin ๐œƒ= cos (90 ๐‘œ
โˆ’๐œƒ). Similar relationships hold true for
the other trigonometric ratios.
11
Lesson 2 Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles
๐œฝ sin ๐œฝ cos ๐œฝ tan ๐œฝ csc ๐œฝ sec ๐œฝ cot ๐œฝ
30 ๐‘œ 1
2
3
2
3
3
2 2 3
3
3
45 ๐‘œ
2
2
2
2
1 2 2 1
60 ๐‘œ
3
2
1
2
3 2 3
3
2 3
3
sin ๐œƒ= cos (90 ๐‘œโˆ’๐œƒ) cos ๐œƒ= s๐ข๐ง (90 ๐‘œโˆ’๐œƒ)
Cofunctions tan ๐œƒ= cot (90 ๐‘œโˆ’๐œƒ) cot ๐œƒ= tan (90 ๐‘œโˆ’๐œƒ)
sec ๐œƒ= csc (90 ๐‘œ
โˆ’๐œƒ) csc ๐œƒ= sec (90 ๐‘œ
โˆ’๐œƒ)
There are many applications that
require trigonometric solutions.
For example, surveyors use
special instruments to find the
measures of angles of elevation
and angles of depression.
12
Lesson 3 Angles of Elevation and Angles of Depression
13
Lesson 3 Angles of Elevation and Angles of Depression
An angle of elevation is the
angle between a horizontal
line and the line of sight from
an observer to an object at a
higher level.
14
Lesson 3 Angles of Elevation and Angles of Depression
An angle of depression is the
angle between a horizontal
line and the line of sight from
the observer to an object at a
lower level.
15
Lesson 3 Angles of Elevation and Angles of Depression
The angle of elevation and the
angle of depression are equal
in measure because they are
alternate interior angles.
16
Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles
Trigonometric functions can be used
to solve word problems involving right
triangles. The most common functions
used are the sine, cosine, and
tangent.
Moreover, you can use trigonometric
functions and inverse relations to
solve right triangles. To solve a
triangle means to find all the
measures of its sides and angles.
Usually, two measures are given. Then
you can find the remaining measures.
17
Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles
Example 1. A ladder is 12 feet long.
a) If the ladder is placed against a wall so that its
base is 2 feet from the wall, find, to the nearest
degree, the acute angle the ladder makes with
the ground.
b) Suppose the base of the ladder is ๐‘ฅ feet from the
wall. Find an expression for ๐œƒ , the angle the
ladder makes with the ground.
18
Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles
Example 1. A ladder is 12 feet long.
a) If the ladder is placed against a wall so that its base
is 2 feet from the wall, find, to the nearest degree,
the acute angle the ladder makes with the ground.
Solution.
cos ๐œƒ =
2
12
๐œƒ = ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ โˆ’1 1
6
๐œƒ โ‰ˆ 80 ๐‘œ
19
Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles
Example 1. A ladder is 12 feet long.
b) Suppose the base of the ladder is ๐‘ฅ feet from the
wall. Find an expression for ๐œƒ, the angle the ladder
makes with the ground.
Solution.
cos ๐œƒ =
๐‘ฅ
12
๐œƒ = ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ โˆ’1 ๐‘ฅ
12
20
Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles
Example 2. Latashi and Markashi are flying kites on
a windy day. Latashi has released 250
feet of string, and Markashi has
released 225 feet of string. The angle
that Latashiโ€™s kite string makes with
the horizontal is 35 ๐‘œ
. The angle that
Markashiโ€™s kite string makes with the
horizontal is 42 ๐‘œ
. Which kite is higher
and by how much?
21
Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles
Solution.
For Latashiโ€™s kite:
sin 35 ๐‘œ
=
โ„Ž
250 ๐‘“๐‘ก
โ„Ž = 250 ๐‘“๐‘ก sin 35 ๐‘œ
โ„Ž = 143.3941091 ๐‘“๐‘ก
Latashiโ€™s kite has a height about 143.39 ft.
250 ft
35 ๐‘œ
Height = ?
22
Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles
Solution.
For Markashiโ€™s kite:
sin 42 ๐‘œ
=
โ„Ž
225 ๐‘“๐‘ก
โ„Ž = 225 ๐‘“๐‘ก sin 42 ๐‘œ
โ„Ž = 150.5543864 ๐‘“๐‘ก
Markashiโ€™s kite has a height about 150.55 ft.
225 ft
42 ๐‘œ
Height = ?
23
Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles
Solution.
Letโ€™s subtract the height of Markashiโ€™s kite and the
height of Latashiโ€™s kite.
150.5543864 ๐‘“๐‘ก โˆ’ 143.3941091 ๐‘“๐‘ก = 7.160277343 ๐‘“๐‘ก
Markashiโ€™s kite is higher than Latashiโ€™s kite by about
7.16 ft.
24
Lesson 5 Oblique Triangles
Trigonometry enables sides and angle
measures to be found in triangles
other than right triangles.
An oblique triangle is one that does
not contain a right angle.
Oblique triangles may be classified
into two---acute and obtuse.
An acute triangle is one that has
three acute angles.
An obtuse triangle is one that has
one obtuse angle.
25
Lesson 5 Oblique Triangles
Activity
Identify the acute and obtuse triangles.
26
Lesson 5 Oblique Triangles
Activity
Identify the acute and obtuse triangles.
27
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
Law of Sines
Let โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ be any triangle with ๐‘Ž, ๐‘, and
๐‘ representing the measures of the sides
opposite the angles with measures ๐ด, ๐ต,
and ๐ถ, respectively.
Then, the following are true.
sin ๐ด
๐‘Ž
=
sin ๐ต
๐‘
=
sin ๐ถ
๐‘
๐‘Ž
sin ๐ด
=
๐‘
sin ๐ต
=
๐‘
sin ๐ถ
28
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
From geometry, you know that a unique triangle can be formed
if you know
a) the measures of two angles and the included side (ASA) or
b) the measures of two angles and the non-included side (AAS).
Therefore, there is one unique solution when you use the Law
of Sines to solve a triangle given the measures two angles and
one side.
29
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
From geometry, you know that
c) the measures of two sides and a non-included angle (SSA)
do not necessarily define a unique triangle. However, one
of the following will be true.
1. No triangle exists.
2. Exactly one triangle exists.
3. Two triangles exist.
In other words, there may be no solution, one solution, or two
solutions. A situation with two solutions is called the ambiguous case.
30
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
Suppose you know the
measures ๐‘Ž , ๐‘ , and ๐ด .
Consider the following cases.
31
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
ASA Case
Example 1. Cartography To draw a map,
a cartographer needed to find
the distances between point ๐‘
across the lake and each of
point ๐‘‹ and ๐‘Œ on another side.
The cartographer found
๐‘‹๐‘Œ โ‰ˆ 0.3 miles, ๐‘šโˆ ๐‘‹ โ‰ˆ 50 ๐‘œ
,
and ๐‘šโˆ ๐‘Œ โ‰ˆ 100 ๐‘œ
. Find the
distances from ๐‘‹ to ๐‘ and from
๐‘Œ to ๐‘.
๐‘‹
๐‘
๐‘Œ
32
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
ASA Example 1
Solution.
๐‘šโˆ ๐‘ โ‰ˆ 180 ๐‘œ
โˆ’ 100 ๐‘œ
โˆ’ 50 ๐‘œ
โ‰ˆ 30 ๐‘œ
sin 100 ๐‘œ
๐‘‹๐‘
=
sin 30 ๐‘œ
0.3
๐‘‹๐‘ โˆ™ sin 30 ๐‘œ = 0.3 โˆ™ sin 100 ๐‘œ
๐‘‹๐‘ =
0.3 sin 100 ๐‘œ
sin 30 ๐‘œ
๐‘‹๐‘ โ‰ˆ 0.59
The distance from ๐‘‹ to ๐‘ is about
0.59 miles.
๐‘‹
๐‘
๐‘Œ
0.3 mi
50 ๐‘œ 100 ๐‘œ
33
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
ASA Example 1 (Continuation)
Solution.
๐‘šโˆ ๐‘ โ‰ˆ 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 100 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 50 ๐‘œ โ‰ˆ 30 ๐‘œ
sin 50 ๐‘œ
๐‘Œ๐‘
=
sin 30 ๐‘œ
0.3
Y๐‘ โˆ™ sin 30 ๐‘œ = 0.3 โˆ™ sin 50 ๐‘œ
Y๐‘ =
0.3 sin 50 ๐‘œ
sin 30 ๐‘œ
Y๐‘ โ‰ˆ 0.46
The distance from ๐‘Œ to ๐‘ is about
0.46 miles.
๐‘‹
๐‘
๐‘Œ
0.3 mi
50 ๐‘œ 100 ๐‘œ
34
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
AAS Case
Example 2. A hill slopes upward at an angle of 5 ๐‘œ with the
horizontal. A tree grows vertically on the hill.
When the angle of elevation of the sun is 30 ๐‘œ
,
the tree casts a shadow downhill that is 32
meters long. If the shadow is entirely on the
hill, how tall is the tree?
35
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
AAS Case (Illustration)
Example 2. A hill slopes upward at an angle of 5 ๐‘œ
with the
horizontal. A tree grows vertically on the hill.
When the angle of elevation of the sun is 30 ๐‘œ
,
the tree casts a shadow downhill that is 32
meters long. If the shadow is entirely on the
hill, how tall is the tree?
36
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
AAS Example 2
Solution.
a) Right Triangle Involving the Hill
Alone
๐‘šโˆ 3๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘ = 180 ๐‘œ
โˆ’ 90 ๐‘œ
โˆ’ 5 ๐‘œ
= 85 ๐‘œ
b) Right Triangle Involving the Tree
๐‘šโˆ 3๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘ = 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 90 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 30 ๐‘œ = 60 ๐‘œ
c) Straight Angle Involving the Hill
and Tree
180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 85 ๐‘œ = 95 ๐‘œ
d) Oblique Triangle Above the Hill
๐‘šโˆ 3๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘ = 180 ๐‘œ
โˆ’ 95 ๐‘œ
โˆ’ 60 ๐‘œ
= 25 ๐‘œ
37
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
AAS Example 2 (Continuation)
Solution.
sin 25 ๐‘œ
๐‘ก
=
sin 60 ๐‘œ
32
t โˆ™ sin 60 ๐‘œ
= 32 โˆ™ sin 25 ๐‘œ
t =
32 sin 25 ๐‘œ
sin 60 ๐‘œ
t โ‰ˆ 15.6
The tree is about 15.6 meters tall.
38
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
SSA Case
Letโ€™s have to cases.
a) Case 1: ๐ด < 90 ๐‘œ
b) Case 2: ๐ด โ‰ฅ 90 ๐‘œ
Example 3. Determine the number of possible solutions for
each triangle.
a) ๐ด = 30 ๐‘œ
, ๐‘Ž = 8, ๐‘ = 10
b) ๐‘ = 8, ๐‘ = 10, ๐ต = 118 ๐‘œ
39
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
SSA Case
Example 3. Determine the number
of possible solutions
for each triangle.
a) ๐ด = 30 ๐‘œ
, ๐‘Ž = 8, ๐‘ = 10
Since 30 ๐‘œ
< 90 ๐‘œ
, consider Case 1.
๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘› ๐ด = 10 sin 30 ๐‘œ
๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘› ๐ด = 10 0.5
๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘› ๐ด = 5
Since 5 < 8 < 10 , there are two
solutions for the triangle.
40
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
SSA Case (Continuation)
Example 3. Determine the number of
possible solutions for
each triangle.
b) ๐‘ = 8, ๐‘ = 10, ๐ต = 118 ๐‘œ
Since 118 ๐‘œ
โ‰ฅ 90 ๐‘œ
, consider Case 2.
In this triangle, 8 โ‰ค 10 , so there
are no solutions.
41
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
SSA Case
Once you have determined that there is/are one or two solution(s)
for a triangle given the measures of two sides and a non-included
angle, you can use the Law of Sines to solve the triangle.
Example 4. Find all solutions for the triangle. If no
solutions exist, write none.
๐ด = 51 ๐‘œ
, ๐‘Ž = 40, ๐‘ = 50
Since 51 ๐‘œ
< 90 ๐‘œ
, consider Case 1.
๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘› ๐ด = 50 sin 51 ๐‘œ
๐‘ sin ๐ด โ‰ˆ 38.85729807
Since 38.9 < 40 < 50, there are two solutions
for the triangle.
42
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
Solution.
Use the Law of Sines to find ๐ถ.
๐‘Ž
sin ๐ด
=
๐‘
sin ๐ถ
40
sin 51 ๐‘œ =
50
sin ๐ถ
40 โˆ™ sin ๐ถ = 50 โˆ™ sin 51 ๐‘œ
sin ๐ถ =
50 sin 51 ๐‘œ
40
๐ถ = sinโˆ’1 50 sin 51 ๐‘œ
40
C โ‰ˆ 76.27180414 ๐‘œ
SSA Case
Example 4 (Continuation)
Given:
๐ด = 51 ๐‘œ
, ๐‘Ž = 40, ๐‘ = 50
43
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
SSA Case
Example 4 (Continuation)
So, ๐ถ โ‰ˆ 76.3 ๐‘œ
. Since we know there are two solutions, there
must be another possible measurement for ๐ถ.
In the second case, ๐ถ must be less than 180 ๐‘œ
and have the
same sine value.
Since we know that if ๐›ผ < 90 ๐‘œ, sin ๐›ผ = sin 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ ๐›ผ , 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’
76.3 ๐‘œ
or 103.7 ๐‘œ
is another possible measure for ๐ถ.
44
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
SSA Case Example 4 (Continuation)
Now solve the triangle for each possible measure of ๐ถ.
Solution I.
๐ต โ‰ˆ 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 51 ๐‘œ + 76.3 ๐‘œ
๐ต โ‰ˆ 52.7 ๐‘œ
๐‘Ž
sin ๐ด
=
๐‘
sin ๐ต
40
sin 51 ๐‘œ =
๐‘
sin 52.7 ๐‘œ
b sin 51 ๐‘œ โ‰ˆ 40 โˆ™ sin 52.7 ๐‘œ
b โ‰ˆ
40 sin 52.7 ๐‘œ
sin 51 ๐‘œ
๐‘ โ‰ˆ 40.94332444
One solution is ๐ต โ‰ˆ 52.7 ๐‘œ , ๐ถ โ‰ˆ 76.3 ๐‘œ , and ๐‘ โ‰ˆ 40.9.
A
B
C
51 ๐‘œ
76.3 ๐‘œ
50
b
40
45
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
SSA Case Example 4 (Continuation)
Solution II.
๐ต โ‰ˆ 180 ๐‘œ
โˆ’ 51 ๐‘œ
+ 103.7 ๐‘œ
๐ต โ‰ˆ 25.3 ๐‘œ
๐‘Ž
sin ๐ด
=
๐‘
sin ๐ต
40
sin 51 ๐‘œ =
๐‘
sin 25.3 ๐‘œ
b sin 51 ๐‘œ
โ‰ˆ 40 โˆ™ sin 25.3 ๐‘œ
b โ‰ˆ
40 sin 25.3 ๐‘œ
sin 51 ๐‘œ
๐‘ โ‰ˆ 21.99627275
Another solution is ๐ต โ‰ˆ 25.3 ๐‘œ , ๐ถ โ‰ˆ 103.7 ๐‘œ , and ๐‘ โ‰ˆ 22.0.
A
B
C
51 ๐‘œ
103.7 ๐‘œ
50
b
40
46
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
B
C
A
a
h
b
c
The area of any triangle can be expressed in
terms of two sides of a triangle and the
measure of the included angle.
Suppose you know the measures of ๐ด๐ถ and ๐ด๐ต
and the measure of the included angle โˆ ๐ด in
โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ.
Let ๐พ represent the measure of the area of
โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ, and let โ„Ž represent the measure of the
altitude from ๐ต . Then ๐พ =
1
2
๐‘โ„Ž . But, sin ๐ด =
โ„Ž
๐‘
or โ„Ž = ๐‘ sin ๐ด . If you substitute ๐‘ sin ๐ด for โ„Ž ,
the result is the following formula.
๐พ =
1
2
๐‘๐‘ sin ๐ด
47
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
If you drew altitudes from A and C, you could also
develop two similar formulas.
Area of Triangles
Let โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ be any triangle with ๐‘Ž , ๐‘ , and ๐‘
representing the measures of the sides opposite
the angles with measurements ๐ด , ๐ต , and ๐ถ ,
respectively. Then the area ๐พ can be determined
using one of the following formulas.
๐พ =
1
2
๐‘๐‘ sin ๐ด
๐พ =
1
2
๐‘Ž๐‘ sin ๐ต
๐พ =
1
2
๐‘Ž๐‘ sin ๐ถ
B
C
A
a
h
b
c
48
Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications
Example 5. Find the area of โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ if ๐‘Ž =
4.7 , ๐‘ = 12.4 , and ๐ต =
47 ๐‘œ
20โ€ฒ
.
๐พ =
1
2
๐‘Ž๐‘ sin ๐ต
๐พ =
1
2
4.7 12.4 sin 47 ๐‘œ
20โ€ฒ
๐พ โ‰ˆ 21.42690449
The area of โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ is about 21.4 square
units.
AB
C
4.7
12.4
47 ๐‘œ20โ€ฒ
49
Deriving the Law of Cosines
โ€ข Write an equation
using Pythagorean
theorem for shaded
triangle.
b h a
k c - k
A B
C
c
Abk
Abh
cos
sin
๏€ฝ
๏€ฝ
๏€จ ๏€ฉ ๏€จ ๏€ฉ
๏€จ ๏€ฉ
Abccba
AbccAAba
AbAbccAba
AbcAba
cos2
cos2cossin
coscos2sin
cossin
222
22222
222222
222
๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ฝ
๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ซ๏€ฝ
๏€ซ๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ฝ
๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ฝ
50
Law of Cosines
โ€ข Similarly
โ€ข Note the pattern
Cabbac
Baccab
Abccba
cos2
cos2
cos2
222
222
222
๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ฝ
๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ฝ
๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ฝ
51
Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications
Law of Cosines
Let โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ be any triangle with ๐‘Ž, ๐‘, and
๐‘ representing the measures of the sides
opposite the angles with measures ๐ด, ๐ต,
and ๐ถ, respectively.
Then, the following are true.
๐‘2
= ๐‘Ž2
+ ๐‘2
โˆ’ 2๐‘Ž๐‘ cos ๐ถ
๐‘2 = ๐‘Ž2 + ๐‘2 โˆ’ 2๐‘Ž๐‘ cos ๐ต
๐‘Ž2
= ๐‘2
+ ๐‘2
โˆ’ 2๐‘๐‘ cos ๐ด
A
B C
b
a
c
D
a - x x
h
52
Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications
From geometry, you know that a unique triangle can be formed
if
a) the measures of two sides and an included angle are known
(SAS) or
b) the measures of three sides of a triangle are known and the
sum of any two measures is greater than the remaining
measure (SSS).
53
Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications
SAS Case
Example 1. Landscaping Suppose you want
to fence a triangular lot as shown
at the right. If two sides measure
84 feet and 78 feet and the angle
between the two sides is 102 ๐‘œ,
what is the length of the fence to
the nearest foot?
84 ft 78 ft
102 ๐‘œ
54
Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications
SAS Example 1
Solution.
๐‘2
= ๐‘Ž2
+ ๐‘2
โˆ’ 2๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘  ๐ถ
๐‘2
= 842
+ 782
โˆ’ 2 84 78 ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ 102 ๐‘œ
๐‘2 = 7056 + 6084 + 2724.47496
๐‘2 = 15864.4748
๐‘ โ‰ˆ 125.9542568 ๐‘“๐‘ก
Letโ€™s add the three lengths.
84 ๐‘“๐‘ก + 78 ๐‘“๐‘ก + 125.95 ๐‘“๐‘ก โ‰ˆ 288 ๐‘“๐‘ก
The length of the fence is about 288 ft.
84 ft 78 ft
102 ๐‘œ
55
Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications
SSS Case
Example 2. The sides of a triangle are 18 inches, 21 inches,
and 14 inches. Find the measure of the angle
with the greatest measure.
56
Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications
18 in
21 in
14 in
SSS Case (Continuation)
Example 2. The sides of a triangle are 18 inches, 21 inches,
and 14 inches. Find the measure of the angle
with the greatest measure.
57
Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications
Formulas in Finding for the Angles
๐ถ = cosโˆ’1
๐‘Ž2 + ๐‘2 โˆ’ ๐‘2
2๐‘Ž๐‘
๐ต = cosโˆ’1
๐‘Ž2 + ๐‘2 โˆ’ ๐‘2
2๐‘Ž๐‘
๐ด = cosโˆ’1
๐‘2
+ ๐‘2
โˆ’ ๐‘Ž2
2๐‘๐‘
58
Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications
18 in
21 in
14 in
โˆ  with the greatest
measure
SSS Example 2 (Continuation)
Solution.
๐ถ = cosโˆ’1
๐‘Ž2
+ ๐‘2
โˆ’ ๐‘2
2๐‘Ž๐‘
๐ถ = cosโˆ’1 142+182 โˆ’212
2 14 18
๐ถ = cosโˆ’1 196+324โˆ’441
504
๐ถ = cosโˆ’1 79
504
๐ถ โ‰ˆ 80.98192557 ๐‘œ
The largest angle has a measure about
81 ๐‘œ
.
59
References
Holliday, B. et al. (2004) Glencoe ADVANCED
Mathematical Concepts. The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., United States of America
Senk, S. et al. (1998) UCSMP Functions, Statistics,
and Trigonometry. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.,
United States of America
Website Link for Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geDSwx2TuiE
60
Website Links for Images
1. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=angles+of+elevation+and+depression&source=lnms&tbm=isc
h&sa=X&ei=h -lxU9voOYOllQXK 6IHYBQ&sqi=2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw= 1252&bih=555
2. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=angles+of+elevation+and+depression&source=lnms&tbm=isc
h&sa=X&ei=h-
lxU9voOYOllQXK 6IHYBQ&sqi= 2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw= 1252&bih=555#q=solving+right+triangles&t
bm=isch
3. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=angles+of+elevation+and+depression&source=lnms&tbm=isc
h&sa=X&ei=h-
lxU9voOYOllQXK 6IHYBQ&sqi= 2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw= 1252&bih=555#q=oblique+triangles&tbm=i
sch
4. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=angles+of+elevation+and+depression&source=lnms&tbm=isc
h&sa=X&ei=h-
lxU9voOYOllQXK 6IHYBQ&sqi= 2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw= 1252&bih=555#q=acute+triangles+in+the+r
eal+world&tbm=isch
5. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=angles+of+elevation+and+depression&source=lnms&tbm=isc
h&sa=X&ei=h-
lxU9voOYOllQXK 6IHYBQ&sqi= 2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw= 1252&bih=555#q=obtuse+triangles+in+the+
real+world&tbm=isch
6. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=angles+of+elevation+and+depression&source=lnms&tbm=isc
h&sa=X&ei=h-
lxU9voOYOllQXK6IHYBQ&sqi= 2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw= 1252&bih=555#q=law+of+sines&tbm=isch
61

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  • 1. GRADE 9 MATHEMATICS QUARTER 4 Module 7 May 2014
  • 3. In a right triangle, one of the angles measures 90 ๐‘œ , and the remaining two angles are acute and complementary. The longest side of a right triangle is known as the hypotenuse and is opposite the right angle. The other two sides are called legs. The leg that is a side of an acute angle is called the side adjacent to the angle. The other leg is the side opposite the angle. Lesson 1 The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Cosecant, Secant, and Cotangent C B A a c b Hypotenuse Side Opposite Side Adjacent 3
  • 4. Lesson 1 The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Cosecant, Secant, and Cotangent If two angles of a triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle, the triangles are similar. If an acute angle of one right triangle is congruent to an acute angle of another right triangle, the triangles are similar, and the ratios of the corresponding sides are equal. Therefore, any two congruent angles of different right triangles will have equal ratios associated with them. The ratios of the sides of the right triangles can be used to define the trigonometric ratios. The ratio of the side opposite ๐œƒ and the hypotenuse is known as the sine. The ratio of the side adjacent ๐œƒ and the hypotenuse is known as the cosine. The ratio of the side opposite ๐œƒ and the side adjacent ๐œƒ is known as the tangent. 4
  • 5. SOH-CAH-TOA is a mnemonic device commonly used for remembering these ratios. sin ๐œƒ = ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’ โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’ cos ๐œƒ = ๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’ tan ๐œƒ = ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก 5 Lesson 1 The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Cosecant, Secant, and Cotangent Words Symbol Definition Trigonometric Ratios sine ๐œƒ sin ๐œƒ sin ๐œƒ = ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’ โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’ cosine ๐œƒ cos ๐œƒ cos ๐œƒ = ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’ tangent ๐œƒ tan ๐œƒ tan ๐œƒ = ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก C B A a c b Hypotenuse Side Opposite Side Adjacent
  • 6. 6 Lesson 1 The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Cosecant, Secant, and Cotangent Words Symbol Definition Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios cosecant ๐œƒ csc ๐œƒ ๐‘๐‘ ๐‘ ๐œƒ = 1 sin ๐œƒ ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’ secant ๐œƒ sec ๐œƒ sec ๐œƒ = 1 cos ๐œƒ ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก cotangent ๐œƒ cot ๐œƒ cot ๐œƒ = 1 tan ๐œƒ ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’ C B A a c b Hypotenuse Side Opposite Side Adjacent These definitions are called the reciprocal identities. CHO-SHA-CAO is a mnemonic device commonly used for remembering these ratios. csc ๐œƒ = โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’ sec ๐œƒ = โ„Ž๐‘ฆ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘’ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก cot ๐œƒ = ๐‘Ž๐‘‘๐‘—๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก ๐‘œ๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘’ In addition to the trigonometric ratios sine, cosine, and tangent, there are three other trigonometric ratios called cosecant, secant, and cotangent. These ratios are the reciprocals of sine, cosine, and tangent, respectively.
  • 7. 7 Lesson 2 Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles Consider the special relationships among the sides of 30 ๐‘œ - 60 ๐‘œ - 90 ๐‘œ and 45 ๐‘œ - 45 ๐‘œ - 90 ๐‘œ triangles. x x 3 2x 60 ๐‘œ 30 ๐‘œ y y y 2 45 ๐‘œ 45 ๐‘œ These special relationships can be used to determine the trigonometric ratios for 30 ๐‘œ , 45 ๐‘œ , and 60 ๐‘œ .
  • 8. ๐œฝ sin ๐œฝ cos ๐œฝ tan ๐œฝ csc ๐œฝ sec ๐œฝ cot ๐œฝ 30 ๐‘œ 45 ๐‘œ 60 ๐‘œ Activity Complete the table below that summarizes the values of the trigonometric ratios of the angles 30 ๐‘œ, 45 ๐‘œ, and 60 ๐‘œ. 8 Lesson 2 Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles x x 3 2x 60 ๐‘œ 30 ๐‘œ y y y 2 45 ๐‘œ 45 ๐‘œ
  • 9. 9 Answers: Lesson 2 Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles ๐œฝ sin ๐œฝ cos ๐œฝ tan ๐œฝ csc ๐œฝ sec ๐œฝ cot ๐œฝ 30 ๐‘œ 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 45 ๐‘œ 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 60 ๐‘œ 3 2 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3
  • 10. 10 Lesson 2 Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles ๐œฝ sin ๐œฝ cos ๐œฝ tan ๐œฝ csc ๐œฝ sec ๐œฝ cot ๐œฝ 30 ๐‘œ 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 45 ๐‘œ 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 60 ๐‘œ 3 2 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 Notice that sin 30 ๐‘œ = cos 60 ๐‘œ and cos 30 ๐‘œ = sin 60 ๐‘œ . This is an example showing that the sine and cosine are cofunctions. That is, if ๐œƒ is an acute angle, sin ๐œƒ= cos (90 ๐‘œ โˆ’๐œƒ). Similar relationships hold true for the other trigonometric ratios.
  • 11. 11 Lesson 2 Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles ๐œฝ sin ๐œฝ cos ๐œฝ tan ๐œฝ csc ๐œฝ sec ๐œฝ cot ๐œฝ 30 ๐‘œ 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 45 ๐‘œ 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 60 ๐‘œ 3 2 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 sin ๐œƒ= cos (90 ๐‘œโˆ’๐œƒ) cos ๐œƒ= s๐ข๐ง (90 ๐‘œโˆ’๐œƒ) Cofunctions tan ๐œƒ= cot (90 ๐‘œโˆ’๐œƒ) cot ๐œƒ= tan (90 ๐‘œโˆ’๐œƒ) sec ๐œƒ= csc (90 ๐‘œ โˆ’๐œƒ) csc ๐œƒ= sec (90 ๐‘œ โˆ’๐œƒ)
  • 12. There are many applications that require trigonometric solutions. For example, surveyors use special instruments to find the measures of angles of elevation and angles of depression. 12 Lesson 3 Angles of Elevation and Angles of Depression
  • 13. 13 Lesson 3 Angles of Elevation and Angles of Depression An angle of elevation is the angle between a horizontal line and the line of sight from an observer to an object at a higher level.
  • 14. 14 Lesson 3 Angles of Elevation and Angles of Depression An angle of depression is the angle between a horizontal line and the line of sight from the observer to an object at a lower level.
  • 15. 15 Lesson 3 Angles of Elevation and Angles of Depression The angle of elevation and the angle of depression are equal in measure because they are alternate interior angles.
  • 16. 16 Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles Trigonometric functions can be used to solve word problems involving right triangles. The most common functions used are the sine, cosine, and tangent. Moreover, you can use trigonometric functions and inverse relations to solve right triangles. To solve a triangle means to find all the measures of its sides and angles. Usually, two measures are given. Then you can find the remaining measures.
  • 17. 17 Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles Example 1. A ladder is 12 feet long. a) If the ladder is placed against a wall so that its base is 2 feet from the wall, find, to the nearest degree, the acute angle the ladder makes with the ground. b) Suppose the base of the ladder is ๐‘ฅ feet from the wall. Find an expression for ๐œƒ , the angle the ladder makes with the ground.
  • 18. 18 Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles Example 1. A ladder is 12 feet long. a) If the ladder is placed against a wall so that its base is 2 feet from the wall, find, to the nearest degree, the acute angle the ladder makes with the ground. Solution. cos ๐œƒ = 2 12 ๐œƒ = ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ โˆ’1 1 6 ๐œƒ โ‰ˆ 80 ๐‘œ
  • 19. 19 Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles Example 1. A ladder is 12 feet long. b) Suppose the base of the ladder is ๐‘ฅ feet from the wall. Find an expression for ๐œƒ, the angle the ladder makes with the ground. Solution. cos ๐œƒ = ๐‘ฅ 12 ๐œƒ = ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ โˆ’1 ๐‘ฅ 12
  • 20. 20 Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles Example 2. Latashi and Markashi are flying kites on a windy day. Latashi has released 250 feet of string, and Markashi has released 225 feet of string. The angle that Latashiโ€™s kite string makes with the horizontal is 35 ๐‘œ . The angle that Markashiโ€™s kite string makes with the horizontal is 42 ๐‘œ . Which kite is higher and by how much?
  • 21. 21 Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles Solution. For Latashiโ€™s kite: sin 35 ๐‘œ = โ„Ž 250 ๐‘“๐‘ก โ„Ž = 250 ๐‘“๐‘ก sin 35 ๐‘œ โ„Ž = 143.3941091 ๐‘“๐‘ก Latashiโ€™s kite has a height about 143.39 ft. 250 ft 35 ๐‘œ Height = ?
  • 22. 22 Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles Solution. For Markashiโ€™s kite: sin 42 ๐‘œ = โ„Ž 225 ๐‘“๐‘ก โ„Ž = 225 ๐‘“๐‘ก sin 42 ๐‘œ โ„Ž = 150.5543864 ๐‘“๐‘ก Markashiโ€™s kite has a height about 150.55 ft. 225 ft 42 ๐‘œ Height = ?
  • 23. 23 Lesson 4 Word Problems Involving Right Triangles Solution. Letโ€™s subtract the height of Markashiโ€™s kite and the height of Latashiโ€™s kite. 150.5543864 ๐‘“๐‘ก โˆ’ 143.3941091 ๐‘“๐‘ก = 7.160277343 ๐‘“๐‘ก Markashiโ€™s kite is higher than Latashiโ€™s kite by about 7.16 ft.
  • 24. 24 Lesson 5 Oblique Triangles Trigonometry enables sides and angle measures to be found in triangles other than right triangles. An oblique triangle is one that does not contain a right angle. Oblique triangles may be classified into two---acute and obtuse. An acute triangle is one that has three acute angles. An obtuse triangle is one that has one obtuse angle.
  • 25. 25 Lesson 5 Oblique Triangles Activity Identify the acute and obtuse triangles.
  • 26. 26 Lesson 5 Oblique Triangles Activity Identify the acute and obtuse triangles.
  • 27. 27 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications Law of Sines Let โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ be any triangle with ๐‘Ž, ๐‘, and ๐‘ representing the measures of the sides opposite the angles with measures ๐ด, ๐ต, and ๐ถ, respectively. Then, the following are true. sin ๐ด ๐‘Ž = sin ๐ต ๐‘ = sin ๐ถ ๐‘ ๐‘Ž sin ๐ด = ๐‘ sin ๐ต = ๐‘ sin ๐ถ
  • 28. 28 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications From geometry, you know that a unique triangle can be formed if you know a) the measures of two angles and the included side (ASA) or b) the measures of two angles and the non-included side (AAS). Therefore, there is one unique solution when you use the Law of Sines to solve a triangle given the measures two angles and one side.
  • 29. 29 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications From geometry, you know that c) the measures of two sides and a non-included angle (SSA) do not necessarily define a unique triangle. However, one of the following will be true. 1. No triangle exists. 2. Exactly one triangle exists. 3. Two triangles exist. In other words, there may be no solution, one solution, or two solutions. A situation with two solutions is called the ambiguous case.
  • 30. 30 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications Suppose you know the measures ๐‘Ž , ๐‘ , and ๐ด . Consider the following cases.
  • 31. 31 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications ASA Case Example 1. Cartography To draw a map, a cartographer needed to find the distances between point ๐‘ across the lake and each of point ๐‘‹ and ๐‘Œ on another side. The cartographer found ๐‘‹๐‘Œ โ‰ˆ 0.3 miles, ๐‘šโˆ ๐‘‹ โ‰ˆ 50 ๐‘œ , and ๐‘šโˆ ๐‘Œ โ‰ˆ 100 ๐‘œ . Find the distances from ๐‘‹ to ๐‘ and from ๐‘Œ to ๐‘. ๐‘‹ ๐‘ ๐‘Œ
  • 32. 32 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications ASA Example 1 Solution. ๐‘šโˆ ๐‘ โ‰ˆ 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 100 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 50 ๐‘œ โ‰ˆ 30 ๐‘œ sin 100 ๐‘œ ๐‘‹๐‘ = sin 30 ๐‘œ 0.3 ๐‘‹๐‘ โˆ™ sin 30 ๐‘œ = 0.3 โˆ™ sin 100 ๐‘œ ๐‘‹๐‘ = 0.3 sin 100 ๐‘œ sin 30 ๐‘œ ๐‘‹๐‘ โ‰ˆ 0.59 The distance from ๐‘‹ to ๐‘ is about 0.59 miles. ๐‘‹ ๐‘ ๐‘Œ 0.3 mi 50 ๐‘œ 100 ๐‘œ
  • 33. 33 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications ASA Example 1 (Continuation) Solution. ๐‘šโˆ ๐‘ โ‰ˆ 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 100 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 50 ๐‘œ โ‰ˆ 30 ๐‘œ sin 50 ๐‘œ ๐‘Œ๐‘ = sin 30 ๐‘œ 0.3 Y๐‘ โˆ™ sin 30 ๐‘œ = 0.3 โˆ™ sin 50 ๐‘œ Y๐‘ = 0.3 sin 50 ๐‘œ sin 30 ๐‘œ Y๐‘ โ‰ˆ 0.46 The distance from ๐‘Œ to ๐‘ is about 0.46 miles. ๐‘‹ ๐‘ ๐‘Œ 0.3 mi 50 ๐‘œ 100 ๐‘œ
  • 34. 34 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications AAS Case Example 2. A hill slopes upward at an angle of 5 ๐‘œ with the horizontal. A tree grows vertically on the hill. When the angle of elevation of the sun is 30 ๐‘œ , the tree casts a shadow downhill that is 32 meters long. If the shadow is entirely on the hill, how tall is the tree?
  • 35. 35 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications AAS Case (Illustration) Example 2. A hill slopes upward at an angle of 5 ๐‘œ with the horizontal. A tree grows vertically on the hill. When the angle of elevation of the sun is 30 ๐‘œ , the tree casts a shadow downhill that is 32 meters long. If the shadow is entirely on the hill, how tall is the tree?
  • 36. 36 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications AAS Example 2 Solution. a) Right Triangle Involving the Hill Alone ๐‘šโˆ 3๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘ = 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 90 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 5 ๐‘œ = 85 ๐‘œ b) Right Triangle Involving the Tree ๐‘šโˆ 3๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘ = 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 90 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 30 ๐‘œ = 60 ๐‘œ c) Straight Angle Involving the Hill and Tree 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 85 ๐‘œ = 95 ๐‘œ d) Oblique Triangle Above the Hill ๐‘šโˆ 3๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘ = 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 95 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 60 ๐‘œ = 25 ๐‘œ
  • 37. 37 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications AAS Example 2 (Continuation) Solution. sin 25 ๐‘œ ๐‘ก = sin 60 ๐‘œ 32 t โˆ™ sin 60 ๐‘œ = 32 โˆ™ sin 25 ๐‘œ t = 32 sin 25 ๐‘œ sin 60 ๐‘œ t โ‰ˆ 15.6 The tree is about 15.6 meters tall.
  • 38. 38 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications SSA Case Letโ€™s have to cases. a) Case 1: ๐ด < 90 ๐‘œ b) Case 2: ๐ด โ‰ฅ 90 ๐‘œ Example 3. Determine the number of possible solutions for each triangle. a) ๐ด = 30 ๐‘œ , ๐‘Ž = 8, ๐‘ = 10 b) ๐‘ = 8, ๐‘ = 10, ๐ต = 118 ๐‘œ
  • 39. 39 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications SSA Case Example 3. Determine the number of possible solutions for each triangle. a) ๐ด = 30 ๐‘œ , ๐‘Ž = 8, ๐‘ = 10 Since 30 ๐‘œ < 90 ๐‘œ , consider Case 1. ๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘› ๐ด = 10 sin 30 ๐‘œ ๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘› ๐ด = 10 0.5 ๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘› ๐ด = 5 Since 5 < 8 < 10 , there are two solutions for the triangle.
  • 40. 40 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications SSA Case (Continuation) Example 3. Determine the number of possible solutions for each triangle. b) ๐‘ = 8, ๐‘ = 10, ๐ต = 118 ๐‘œ Since 118 ๐‘œ โ‰ฅ 90 ๐‘œ , consider Case 2. In this triangle, 8 โ‰ค 10 , so there are no solutions.
  • 41. 41 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications SSA Case Once you have determined that there is/are one or two solution(s) for a triangle given the measures of two sides and a non-included angle, you can use the Law of Sines to solve the triangle. Example 4. Find all solutions for the triangle. If no solutions exist, write none. ๐ด = 51 ๐‘œ , ๐‘Ž = 40, ๐‘ = 50 Since 51 ๐‘œ < 90 ๐‘œ , consider Case 1. ๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘› ๐ด = 50 sin 51 ๐‘œ ๐‘ sin ๐ด โ‰ˆ 38.85729807 Since 38.9 < 40 < 50, there are two solutions for the triangle.
  • 42. 42 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications Solution. Use the Law of Sines to find ๐ถ. ๐‘Ž sin ๐ด = ๐‘ sin ๐ถ 40 sin 51 ๐‘œ = 50 sin ๐ถ 40 โˆ™ sin ๐ถ = 50 โˆ™ sin 51 ๐‘œ sin ๐ถ = 50 sin 51 ๐‘œ 40 ๐ถ = sinโˆ’1 50 sin 51 ๐‘œ 40 C โ‰ˆ 76.27180414 ๐‘œ SSA Case Example 4 (Continuation) Given: ๐ด = 51 ๐‘œ , ๐‘Ž = 40, ๐‘ = 50
  • 43. 43 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications SSA Case Example 4 (Continuation) So, ๐ถ โ‰ˆ 76.3 ๐‘œ . Since we know there are two solutions, there must be another possible measurement for ๐ถ. In the second case, ๐ถ must be less than 180 ๐‘œ and have the same sine value. Since we know that if ๐›ผ < 90 ๐‘œ, sin ๐›ผ = sin 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ ๐›ผ , 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 76.3 ๐‘œ or 103.7 ๐‘œ is another possible measure for ๐ถ.
  • 44. 44 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications SSA Case Example 4 (Continuation) Now solve the triangle for each possible measure of ๐ถ. Solution I. ๐ต โ‰ˆ 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 51 ๐‘œ + 76.3 ๐‘œ ๐ต โ‰ˆ 52.7 ๐‘œ ๐‘Ž sin ๐ด = ๐‘ sin ๐ต 40 sin 51 ๐‘œ = ๐‘ sin 52.7 ๐‘œ b sin 51 ๐‘œ โ‰ˆ 40 โˆ™ sin 52.7 ๐‘œ b โ‰ˆ 40 sin 52.7 ๐‘œ sin 51 ๐‘œ ๐‘ โ‰ˆ 40.94332444 One solution is ๐ต โ‰ˆ 52.7 ๐‘œ , ๐ถ โ‰ˆ 76.3 ๐‘œ , and ๐‘ โ‰ˆ 40.9. A B C 51 ๐‘œ 76.3 ๐‘œ 50 b 40
  • 45. 45 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications SSA Case Example 4 (Continuation) Solution II. ๐ต โ‰ˆ 180 ๐‘œ โˆ’ 51 ๐‘œ + 103.7 ๐‘œ ๐ต โ‰ˆ 25.3 ๐‘œ ๐‘Ž sin ๐ด = ๐‘ sin ๐ต 40 sin 51 ๐‘œ = ๐‘ sin 25.3 ๐‘œ b sin 51 ๐‘œ โ‰ˆ 40 โˆ™ sin 25.3 ๐‘œ b โ‰ˆ 40 sin 25.3 ๐‘œ sin 51 ๐‘œ ๐‘ โ‰ˆ 21.99627275 Another solution is ๐ต โ‰ˆ 25.3 ๐‘œ , ๐ถ โ‰ˆ 103.7 ๐‘œ , and ๐‘ โ‰ˆ 22.0. A B C 51 ๐‘œ 103.7 ๐‘œ 50 b 40
  • 46. 46 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications B C A a h b c The area of any triangle can be expressed in terms of two sides of a triangle and the measure of the included angle. Suppose you know the measures of ๐ด๐ถ and ๐ด๐ต and the measure of the included angle โˆ ๐ด in โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ. Let ๐พ represent the measure of the area of โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ, and let โ„Ž represent the measure of the altitude from ๐ต . Then ๐พ = 1 2 ๐‘โ„Ž . But, sin ๐ด = โ„Ž ๐‘ or โ„Ž = ๐‘ sin ๐ด . If you substitute ๐‘ sin ๐ด for โ„Ž , the result is the following formula. ๐พ = 1 2 ๐‘๐‘ sin ๐ด
  • 47. 47 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications If you drew altitudes from A and C, you could also develop two similar formulas. Area of Triangles Let โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ be any triangle with ๐‘Ž , ๐‘ , and ๐‘ representing the measures of the sides opposite the angles with measurements ๐ด , ๐ต , and ๐ถ , respectively. Then the area ๐พ can be determined using one of the following formulas. ๐พ = 1 2 ๐‘๐‘ sin ๐ด ๐พ = 1 2 ๐‘Ž๐‘ sin ๐ต ๐พ = 1 2 ๐‘Ž๐‘ sin ๐ถ B C A a h b c
  • 48. 48 Lesson 5.1 The Law of Sines and Its Applications Example 5. Find the area of โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ if ๐‘Ž = 4.7 , ๐‘ = 12.4 , and ๐ต = 47 ๐‘œ 20โ€ฒ . ๐พ = 1 2 ๐‘Ž๐‘ sin ๐ต ๐พ = 1 2 4.7 12.4 sin 47 ๐‘œ 20โ€ฒ ๐พ โ‰ˆ 21.42690449 The area of โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ is about 21.4 square units. AB C 4.7 12.4 47 ๐‘œ20โ€ฒ
  • 49. 49 Deriving the Law of Cosines โ€ข Write an equation using Pythagorean theorem for shaded triangle. b h a k c - k A B C c Abk Abh cos sin ๏€ฝ ๏€ฝ ๏€จ ๏€ฉ ๏€จ ๏€ฉ ๏€จ ๏€ฉ Abccba AbccAAba AbAbccAba AbcAba cos2 cos2cossin coscos2sin cossin 222 22222 222222 222 ๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ฝ ๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ซ๏€ฝ ๏€ซ๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ฝ ๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ฝ
  • 50. 50 Law of Cosines โ€ข Similarly โ€ข Note the pattern Cabbac Baccab Abccba cos2 cos2 cos2 222 222 222 ๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ฝ ๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ฝ ๏€ญ๏€ซ๏€ฝ
  • 51. 51 Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications Law of Cosines Let โˆ†๐ด๐ต๐ถ be any triangle with ๐‘Ž, ๐‘, and ๐‘ representing the measures of the sides opposite the angles with measures ๐ด, ๐ต, and ๐ถ, respectively. Then, the following are true. ๐‘2 = ๐‘Ž2 + ๐‘2 โˆ’ 2๐‘Ž๐‘ cos ๐ถ ๐‘2 = ๐‘Ž2 + ๐‘2 โˆ’ 2๐‘Ž๐‘ cos ๐ต ๐‘Ž2 = ๐‘2 + ๐‘2 โˆ’ 2๐‘๐‘ cos ๐ด A B C b a c D a - x x h
  • 52. 52 Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications From geometry, you know that a unique triangle can be formed if a) the measures of two sides and an included angle are known (SAS) or b) the measures of three sides of a triangle are known and the sum of any two measures is greater than the remaining measure (SSS).
  • 53. 53 Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications SAS Case Example 1. Landscaping Suppose you want to fence a triangular lot as shown at the right. If two sides measure 84 feet and 78 feet and the angle between the two sides is 102 ๐‘œ, what is the length of the fence to the nearest foot? 84 ft 78 ft 102 ๐‘œ
  • 54. 54 Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications SAS Example 1 Solution. ๐‘2 = ๐‘Ž2 + ๐‘2 โˆ’ 2๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘๐‘œ๐‘  ๐ถ ๐‘2 = 842 + 782 โˆ’ 2 84 78 ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ 102 ๐‘œ ๐‘2 = 7056 + 6084 + 2724.47496 ๐‘2 = 15864.4748 ๐‘ โ‰ˆ 125.9542568 ๐‘“๐‘ก Letโ€™s add the three lengths. 84 ๐‘“๐‘ก + 78 ๐‘“๐‘ก + 125.95 ๐‘“๐‘ก โ‰ˆ 288 ๐‘“๐‘ก The length of the fence is about 288 ft. 84 ft 78 ft 102 ๐‘œ
  • 55. 55 Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications SSS Case Example 2. The sides of a triangle are 18 inches, 21 inches, and 14 inches. Find the measure of the angle with the greatest measure.
  • 56. 56 Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications 18 in 21 in 14 in SSS Case (Continuation) Example 2. The sides of a triangle are 18 inches, 21 inches, and 14 inches. Find the measure of the angle with the greatest measure.
  • 57. 57 Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications Formulas in Finding for the Angles ๐ถ = cosโˆ’1 ๐‘Ž2 + ๐‘2 โˆ’ ๐‘2 2๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐ต = cosโˆ’1 ๐‘Ž2 + ๐‘2 โˆ’ ๐‘2 2๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐ด = cosโˆ’1 ๐‘2 + ๐‘2 โˆ’ ๐‘Ž2 2๐‘๐‘
  • 58. 58 Lesson 5.2 The Law of Cosines and Its Applications 18 in 21 in 14 in โˆ  with the greatest measure SSS Example 2 (Continuation) Solution. ๐ถ = cosโˆ’1 ๐‘Ž2 + ๐‘2 โˆ’ ๐‘2 2๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐ถ = cosโˆ’1 142+182 โˆ’212 2 14 18 ๐ถ = cosโˆ’1 196+324โˆ’441 504 ๐ถ = cosโˆ’1 79 504 ๐ถ โ‰ˆ 80.98192557 ๐‘œ The largest angle has a measure about 81 ๐‘œ .
  • 59. 59 References Holliday, B. et al. (2004) Glencoe ADVANCED Mathematical Concepts. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., United States of America Senk, S. et al. (1998) UCSMP Functions, Statistics, and Trigonometry. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., United States of America Website Link for Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geDSwx2TuiE
  • 60. 60 Website Links for Images 1. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=angles+of+elevation+and+depression&source=lnms&tbm=isc h&sa=X&ei=h -lxU9voOYOllQXK 6IHYBQ&sqi=2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw= 1252&bih=555 2. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=angles+of+elevation+and+depression&source=lnms&tbm=isc h&sa=X&ei=h- lxU9voOYOllQXK 6IHYBQ&sqi= 2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw= 1252&bih=555#q=solving+right+triangles&t bm=isch 3. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=angles+of+elevation+and+depression&source=lnms&tbm=isc h&sa=X&ei=h- lxU9voOYOllQXK 6IHYBQ&sqi= 2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw= 1252&bih=555#q=oblique+triangles&tbm=i sch 4. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=angles+of+elevation+and+depression&source=lnms&tbm=isc h&sa=X&ei=h- lxU9voOYOllQXK 6IHYBQ&sqi= 2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw= 1252&bih=555#q=acute+triangles+in+the+r eal+world&tbm=isch 5. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=angles+of+elevation+and+depression&source=lnms&tbm=isc h&sa=X&ei=h- lxU9voOYOllQXK 6IHYBQ&sqi= 2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw= 1252&bih=555#q=obtuse+triangles+in+the+ real+world&tbm=isch 6. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=angles+of+elevation+and+depression&source=lnms&tbm=isc h&sa=X&ei=h- lxU9voOYOllQXK6IHYBQ&sqi= 2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw= 1252&bih=555#q=law+of+sines&tbm=isch
  • 61. 61