are horizontal elements of building structures which divide building into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation with in the restricted space, one above the other and also provide support to the occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.

1. FLOORING TYPES
BY, S.ḌIVYA
NATURAL MAN MADE
MUD TIMBERSTONE CONCRETE METALTILES FLEXIBLE
 COW DUNG
 MURAM
 TERRCOTTA
 MARBLE
 GRANITE
 CUDDAPPAH
 TANDUR
 SHAHBAD
 KOTA
 COBBLE
 SINGLE
 DOUBLE
 TRIPLE
 MONOLITHIC
 VACCUM
DEWATERED
 INDIAN
PATENTSTONE
 FERROCEM
 IRONITE
 TERRAZZO
 PAVEMENT
 CERAMIC
 ACID RESISTANT
 PVC
 WOOD LAM
 PLAYBOARDS
 VITREFIED
 GLASS
 BRICK
 MOSAIC
 CONCRETE TILES
 INTERLOCKERS
 LINDLEUM
 RUBBER
 CORK
 PVC
 STEEL
 ALUMINIUM
FLOORS
• are horizontal elements of building structures which divide building into
different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation with in the
restricted space, one above the other and also provide support to the
occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.
• A floor finish is a liquid which is applied to a resilient tile floor and dries to a
hard, durable and smooth film. This film is about the thickness of waxed
paper and is expected to protect and extend the life of the floor while
providing an attractive appearance and slip resistant surface.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
A GOOD FLOORING
• It should be durable
• It should be easy to clean
• Noiseless
• Have Good Appearance
• Free from dampness
• Fire Resistant
• Low Maintenance cost
SELECTION OF FLOORING DEPENDS
UPON BELOW FACTORS
• Initial Cost
• Appearance
• Cleanliness
• Durability
• Damp Resistance
• Sound Insulation
• Thermal Insulation
• Fire Resistance
• Smoothness
• Hardness
• Maintenance

2. BY, S.ḌIVYA
R15AR017
METAL
SELECTION OF FLOORING DEPENDS
UPON BELOW FACTORS
• Initial Cost
• Appearance
• Clanliness
• Durability
• Damp Resistance
• Sound Insulation
• Thermal Insulation
• Fire Resistance
• Smoothness
• Hardness
• Maintenance
INTRODUCTION
 Soft sheet and flexible or tile that attaches to
underlayment with adhesive.
 Easy to install and clean.
 Made of mixture of PVC and plasticizers.
 Self-adhesive.
 Comes in variety softness, very durable, style, and quality.
1. Vinyl sheet
 Wear layer must be thick so it is long lasting.
 Available in 6, 9, or 12 feet wide.
 Made of moisture, and mildew-resistant to provide a level
of cushioning.
 2 types ; printed and inlaid vinyl
 INSTALLATION -Remove obstacles. Create space for the
new flooring t slip under. Even out the floor surface.
Create a paper template. Working around work trim. Tape
the paper template to the underlayment. Mark the
underlayment. Use a rented staples. Fill gaps and holes.
Place the template on the flooring. Cut the flooring.
Double-cut the seams. Press down the flooring.
2.Vinyl tile
 Available in 12 inches or 18 inches square.
 Available with peel and stick adhesive backings.
 Covered with protective surface coating to prevent marks
and stain.
• 2 types ; solid and composite tiles.
• INSTALLATION-Prepare door casing and jambs. Install
underlayment. Loose-lay the tile. Measure for the border.
Apply the adhesive. Install full tiles. Cut tile to fit. Cut partial
tiles. Lay the border. Install carpet strip.
ADVANTAGE
• Low cost and long lasting
• Easy to maintain
• Moisture resistant
• Good option for bathrooms and kitchens.
• Usable in heavy traffic areas and commercial
buildings
• Comfortable underfoot
• Provides good insulation
DISADVANTAGE
• Can rip and will gouge if a sharp object is dropped.
• Almost impossible to fix.
• Need to be pieced and will have seam should be installed by professional.
• Floor surface must be clean to make sure the flooring has flat without bumps or
bubbles.
• Difficult to remove and replace.
• Have to use special machine to scrape the vinyl off the floor.
• Cannot be refinished or polished
• Can look dull after some wear and tear
• Sensitive to sunlight
• Can easily fade or crack
USE
used in INTERIOR Work and also photo laborites, airport, drg. Room, bedroom, offices
water proof used in bathrooms. Flooring in toilet Flooring in drg. room Flooring in
kitchen .Vinyl composition tile (VCT) is a finished flooring material used primarily in
commercial and institutional applications.

3. BY, S.ḌIVYA
R15AR017
METAL
SELECTION OF FLOORING DEPENDS
UPON BELOW FACTORS
• Initial Cost
• Appearance
• Clanliness
• Durability
• Damp Resistance
• Sound Insulation
• Thermal Insulation
• Fire Resistance
• Smoothness
• Hardness
• Maintenance
INTRODUCTION
 Ceramics is an inorganic, non-metallic solid
made up of metal or non-metal compounds
that have been shaped when soft and then
hardened when heated in high temperatures.
Ceramics may contain a crystalline or partly
crystalline structure, or it can be amorphous
 The earliest were pottery objects made from
clay, usually from dirt mixed with water. It can
be by itself or mixed with other materials,
when soft it is moulded into a desired shape or
object then hardened in the fire. Later
ceramics were painted, glazed and fired in the
kiln to create a smooth surface.
 Hard
 Brittle
 Wear-resistant
 Tough
 Very high elastic modulus
 High thermal expansion
 High corrosion resistance
 Non magnetic
ADVANTAGE
• Harder than conventional structure metals.
• Low coefficient of friction.
• Extremely high melting point.
• Corrosion resistance.
• Low density.
• Extreme hardness.
• Inexpensive.
• Easily available.
• Glazed ceramic does not stain
DISADVANTAGE
• Dimensional tolerances difficult to control
during processing.
• Weak in tension.
• Poor shock resistance.
• Can crack when hit with heavy items
USE
The major use of ceramic tiles is in flooring, and most residential buildings prefer to
use ceramic tiles in apartments. The low cost, ease of application and large variety of
shapes and sizes available makes them ideal for this purpose

4. BY, S.ḌIVYA
R15AR017
METAL
SELECTION OF FLOORING DEPENDS
UPON BELOW FACTORS
• Initial Cost
• Appearance
• Clanliness
• Durability
• Damp Resistance
• Sound Insulation
• Thermal Insulation
• Fire Resistance
• Smoothness
• Hardness
• Maintenance
INTRODUCTION
• Vitrified tile is basically a non-porous ceramic
tile, these tiles are most commonly used for
vitrified flooring as a replacement to marble
and granite flooring and are available in a vast
variety of designs and colours. Vitrified tiles is
made by hydraulic pressing a mixture of clay,
silica, quartz, and feldspar. Thus creating a
Vitrified tile which are hard with low porosity
• Vitrified tiles are formed by the process of
vitrification hence it is a very strong and
homogeneous material. Clay is combined with
feldspar and quartz , all the materials change
to a molten liquid glass sate and then solidify
to make vitrified tiles a very hard material.
• Vitrified tiles are scratch and stain resistant.
• These tiles can be used for both indoor and
outdoor application.In the indoors they can be
used in residential flooring , wall tiles in
kitchens and bathrooms, for outdoors they are
highly suitable in high traffic areas.
• They have a consistent design , pattern and
texture .
• Vitrified tiles are easy to lay and are easy to
maintain.
• Vitrified tiles are stronger than ceramic and
porcelain tiles and can be used for high traffic
areas and residential areas.
ADVANTAGE
• strong and homogeneous material.
• Vitrified tiles are scratch and stain resistant.
• These tiles can be used for both indoor and
outdoor application.
• They have a consistent design , pattern and
texture .
• easy to lay and are easy to maintain.
• used for high traffic areas and residential
areas.
DISADVANTAGE
• They are more expensive than ceramic and
porcelain tiles.
• The tiles should be treated with care other the
edges might crack and chipped.
USE
In the indoors they can be used in
residential flooring , wall tiles in
kitchens and bathrooms, for
outdoors they are highly suitable
in high traffic areas.
TYPES
• Double Charged Vitrified Tiles
• Full Body Vitrified Tiles
• Soluble Salt Vitrified Tiles
• They are more expensive than
ceramic and porcelain tiles.
• The tiles should be treated with
care other the edges might
crack and chipped.

5. BY, S.ḌIVYA
R15AR017
METAL
SELECTION OF FLOORING DEPENDS
UPON BELOW FACTORS
• Initial Cost
• Appearance
• Clanliness
• Durability
• Damp Resistance
• Sound Insulation
• Thermal Insulation
• Fire Resistance
• Smoothness
• Hardness
• Maintenance
INTRODUCTION
 Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite and dolomite.
 The marble rock is typically composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystals.
 Marble is a type of metamorphic rock that has rich veining and is available in a variety of colors. Marble is more porous than granite and is not
recommended for kitchen flooring unless honed and then sealed on a regular basis.
 Marble is a crystalline, compact variety of metamorphosed limestone, consisting primarily of calcite and dolomite or a combination of both
minerals.
 CHARACTERISTICS • Texture - granular. Grain size - medium grained; can see interlocking calcite crystals with the naked eye. Hardness - hard,
although component mineral is soft . Colour - variable - pure marble is white . Mineralogy - calcite. Other features - generally gritty to touch. Uses -
building stone; dimension stone for building facings, paving etc; cut into blocks and cut for monuments, headstones etc (wears over time due to
softness of calcite, prone to acid rain damage whiting material in toothpaste, paint and paper.
ADVANTAGE
• available in broad range of colours, patterns and designs, elegant and
beautiful.
• As marble is translucent material, when exposed to sunlight, marble
flooring glows and increases radiance in the room.
• For hot climates, marble flooring is favorable as one feels relatively cold
underfoot.
• easily cut, edges can be moulded, shaped, etc.
• It is eco-friendly material as no chemical process is involved in its
manufacturing. Also, it is completely degradable at the end of its life.
• is extremely durable and long lasting.
• It has high resistance to fire, unlike wood flooring.
• easy to clean.
DISADVANTAGE
• Marble flooring gets very cold in winter season. not suitable.
• very expensive
• reacts easily with an acid. Result in stains on its surface.
• a softer stone, which makes it susceptible to scratches from
sharp or hard objects.
• Installation of marble flooring is very much time consuming,
and requires skilled labourers, particularly when you have to
match veins of marble.
• requires proper care and maintenance.
• It is very difficult to change/replace marble flooring once
installed, as the stone of same colour and design is hard to
find after few years.
USE
• Bathrooms, Countertops, Decorative Aggregates, Entryways,
Floor Tiles, Homes, Hotels, Interior Decoration, Kitchens and
Stair Treads,

6. BY, S.ḌIVYA
R15AR017
METAL
SELECTION OF FLOORING DEPENDS
UPON BELOW FACTORS
• Initial Cost
• Appearance
• Clanliness
• Durability
• Damp Resistance
• Sound Insulation
• Thermal Insulation
• Fire Resistance
• Smoothness
• Hardness
• Maintenance
INTRODUCTION
 Granite is a common type of igneous rock, that is granular.
 Granites can be predominantly white,pink,or grey in colour depending on there
mineralogy.
 The word ‘GRANITE’ comes from the Latin word granum , a grain, in reference to the
coarse grained structure of the rock.
 Granite has 20% quartz and up to 65% alkali feldspar by volume .
ADVANTAGE
• Granite flooring is hard, durable & long lasting.
• Granite can be easily maintained.
• It is available in wide range of colours &
patterns.
• It is hypoallergenic, allergen & bacterial
resistant.
• Extremely resistant to water n moisture.
DISADVANTAGE
• Expensive than other material.
• Needs professional installation.
• It can feel hard & cold underfoot.
• Needs regular cleaning.
USE
Granite is used in buildings, bridges, paving,
monuments, and many other exterior projects. Indoors,
polished granite slabs and tiles are used in countertops,
tile floors, stair treads and many other design elements.
Granite is a prestige material, used in projects to
produce impressions of elegance and quality

7. BY, S.ḌIVYA
R15AR017
METAL
SELECTION OF FLOORING DEPENDS
UPON BELOW FACTORS
• Initial Cost
• Appearance
• Clanliness
• Durability
• Damp Resistance
• Sound Insulation
• Thermal Insulation
• Fire Resistance
• Smoothness
• Hardness
• Maintenance
INTRODUCTION
• natural type of flooring.
• asiest form of material available for construction of
building. The method of constructing a mud floor is
quite simple.
• Good quality and clean mud is first selected.
• Then small quantities of chopped straw are mixed
in it along with water to make a consistent paste.
• Chopped Straws are mixed to prevent the mud
floor from cracks during drying.
• Then about 25cm (10”) thickness of this paste is
applied on already prepared floor bed.
• After that, the floor is rammed properly to get a
compacted, even and level surface of about 15cm
(6”) thickness.No water should be used during the
process of ramming.
• Mud floors have to be maintained at least once or
twice a week
• Sometimes, cow-dung is also mixed with earth and
a thin layer of this mix is spread over the
compacted layer to give texture.
• Mud floor is maintained by giving a thin cement
cow-dung wash (1:2 to 1:3) once or twice a week.
ADVANTAGE
• Mud flooring is cheap and hard.
• Easy to construct.It does not require skilled
labour.
• It has good thermal insulation property. It
remains cool in summers and warm in
winters.
• It is environmentally friendly flooring.
• It is fire resistant.
• It is noiseless.
DISADVANTAGE
• Skill required ( But not too technical)
• Human labor required
• Durable only for a year 27
• it is not moisture resistant.
USE
Mud flooring is one type of flooring that
is most commonly used in rural areas
even today.

8. BY, S.ḌIVYA
R15AR017
METAL
SELECTION OF FLOORING DEPENDS
UPON BELOW FACTORS
• Initial Cost
• Appearance
• Clanliness
• Durability
• Damp Resistance
• Sound Insulation
• Thermal Insulation
• Fire Resistance
• Smoothness
• Hardness
• Maintenance
INTRODUCTION
• Floor that has brick /brick tile as its covering.
• The flooring is done with laying bricks down in a
• bed of mortar and arranged in a pattern.
• Commonly used in alluvial places, where stone is
scarce
• well burnt bricks of good quality are readily
available in Warehouses, Stores, Godowns, Places
where heavy articles are stored.
• The brick flooring may be done with bricks laid
flat, or on edge arranged in hearing-bone pattern,
or set at right angles to the walls.
• Brick-on edge is preferred to bricks laid flat,
because the former being less liable to crack under
pressure than the latter and also having the higher
depth gives a greater thickness in the former case
to resist the moisture penetration.
• Bricks are available in a range of
thicknesses,40mm to 100mm. For domestic use
,the 50mm -60mmunits are suitable. Road
construction -80 mm thick units. Airports, ports
and freight yard-100mm thick units.
ADVANTAGE
• Cheaper
• Provides a non slippery
• fire resistant surface.
• Easily repairable.
• Tough ,durable and sufficiently hard.
• Easy in maintenance.
• Easy to construct.
DISADVANTAGE
• Slightly Uneven when laid.
• The resulting surface is not smooth and is
rough.
• Water absorbent.
USE
Brick Flooring is commonly used in
godowns; ware houses, residential
houses, garden, roads and in areas where
good bricks are available.

9. BY, S.ḌIVYA
R15AR017
METAL
SELECTION OF FLOORING DEPENDS
UPON BELOW FACTORS
• Initial Cost
• Appearance
• Clanliness
• Durability
• Damp Resistance
• Sound Insulation
• Thermal Insulation
• Fire Resistance
• Smoothness
• Hardness
• Maintenance
INTRODUCTION
• KOta stone is a naturally available limestone with
an elite blend ofshades.
• It is usuallyavailable in the Kota district of
Rajasthan state of India .
• well known for its attractive colors.
• However, the brown color is the popular. Other
colors are Black, Pink, Grey, and Beige.
• Physical properties like hardness, non porous and
homogeneity make it extraordinary from other
stones.
• LAYING Same as that of marble Except that the
edge of slab to be jointed shuold be buttered with
grey cement.
• Kota stone is used in two finishes i.e. rough dress
and polished finish.
• Kota Stone is available in natural shades and it can
be cut in to any size and shape as per the
requirement.
ADVANTAGE
• Kota stone flooring is a fine, combine of
magnificence and luxury giving used in the
interior and exterior to enhance the look of
the building.
• It is an excellent building stone for humid
regions and freezing regions, and it is
nonporous and nonobservant to water.
• Kota stone floors are heavy and they are
set on strong base of base coat.
• It is the cheapest stone s among the other
natural stones.
• Kota stone are available in different sizes
slab/tiles of 30x30, 40x40, 30x60,
40x60,60x60, 50 x50, 55x55, and 60x90
centimeters
MAINTENANCE OF KOTA STONE
• Kota Stone is highly durable but if you want to
maintain the smoothness of the stone you
must do polishing periodically.
• Polishing helps to render a shine and
smoothness to the stone surface.
• Polishing wax is easily available in market and
can be used to polish the Kota stone surface.
• Applying polish has an added advantage as it
prevents the flaking of stone.
USE
It is an excellent building stone for Pathways, Corridors,
Driveways, Commercial buildings, chemical indus
tries due to its resistant properties.

10. BY, S.ḌIVYA
R15AR017
METAL
INTRODUCTION
• Terrazzo is a flooring material traditionally made by
exposing marble chips on the surface of concrete and
then polishing until smooth.
• However terrazzo is now available in tile form.
• It’s often used in public buildings because it’s
longlasting and can be refinished repeatedly.
• The typical thickness for terrazzo is between 2 1/2"
and 3"
• CONCRETE + STONE, GLASS, PLASTIC AGGREGATES =
TERRAZO
ADVANTAGE
• Unique beauty
• Elegance
• Longevity
• Comfortable under feet
• Controls noise
DISADVANTAGE
• Terrazzo is quite slippery
• Expensive
• Need skills for installation
• Polishing needed for maintaining the look.
USE
both indoors and outdoors.

11. BY, S.ḌIVYA
R15AR017
METAL
INTRODUCTION
• This is a superior type of flooring
• Places where extra cleanliness is essentia
• They are laid in different sizes usually in
rectangular and square shapes.
• They are long lasting
• They are slippery when polished
• MATERIALS-White cement or grey cement.
Marble chips, size varies from 3mm to
6mm.Tint of color as desired
• PREPARATION-The sub base is prepared in
ratio 1:6:12. It is 3 inch deep A 30mm deep
plain cement concrete is laid in the ratio of
1:2:4. The finishing layer is of cement and
marble dust mixed with marble chips. cement
and marble dust with marble chips, mixed in
ratio of 1:2. Then grinding finishes the floor.
ADVANTAGE
• High fired and durable.
• Dense hard and tough.
• Mosaic tile comes in a wide variety of
colours and textures.
• Easy to customize yourself.
• Water and bacteria resistant.
• Great for do it yourself project.
• Low maintenance.
DISADVANTAGE
• Relatively expensive
• They can get slippery
• Challenging to install
USE
pools, bathrooms, kitchen, and living space,
decorative element
MOSAIC FLOORING
CEMENT SAND
MORTAR
LIME CONCRETE

12. BY, S.ḌIVYA
R15AR017
METAL
INTRODUCTION
• Concrete is universally used in floor slabs.
• Normally, these floor slabs are covered with
another flooring material such as
marble/granite, tiles, carpeting or wood.
• However, Concrete floors that are not covered
with another material are gaining popularity in
retail stores, restaurants, warehouses and other
commercial buildings since it provides a low-
cost yet highly durable flooring surface.
• Concrete flooring is extremely tough and
resilient and is able to withstand heavy weight
and very hard.
• Composition: Concrete is produced by mixing
cement with fine aggregate (sand), coarse
aggregate (gravel or crushed stone), water, and
various chemicals called admixtures which
control setting time and plasticity.
• Thickness: Its thickness varies from 25mm to
50mm.
• Weight: Concrete has a lot of dead weight.
ADVANTAGE
• heapest flooring
• Easy installation
• Highly durable
• Finish: Concrete can be polished to a smooth shine but is tricky to finish with
acrylicbased coatings.
• Design options: When most people think of concrete floors they think of ugly, grey
utilitarian surfaces with sharp bumpy textures. However, nowadays, colouring
concrete or applying textures, patterns, saw cuts, etc., can bring new life to this
traditional substrate
• Versatile: You have the choice of covering the concrete slab with any other flooring
material at a later date
DISADVANTAGE
• Hard floor hurt yourself.
• Uncomfortable to stand on Concrete for long
periods of time.
• Man-made material
• not as durable as Terrazzo or Marble flooring.
• Cold underfoot
• moisture can penetrate through the concrete
floor leading to growth of mold.
• Not a green option
• Non-allergic: It is a good alternative to carpet
USE
usually outdoor

13. BY, S.ḌIVYA
R15AR017
METAL
INTRODUCTION
• it possess natural beauty.
• This type of floor construction is not extensively used but is
popular for
• special purpose floors, e.g. in auditorium, hospitals.
• Wooden flooring should have a concrete base or should rest
on joists
• spanning across walls which are constructed at suitable
interval.
• There are two types of wood floors available on the market
today: Solid and Engineered.
• Over the finished floor, wooden planks with tongue and
groove are placed.
ADVANTAGE
• Wood is a natural insulator.
• Easily cleaned and maintained.
• Long lasting with propercare.
• Be purchased unfinished or pre-finished.
• Extremely beautiful and adds a value to a
home.
• Re-cyclic use makes it superior.
• Scratch resistant
• Non fading
• Not much polishing required.
• Does not damage the sub floor.
• Elastic in nature
DISADVANTAGE
• More prone to termite attack.
• Discoloration decreases its value.
• Refinishing dust causes unhealthy
environment.
• Large cracks between the boards make the
flooring worse.
• Solvent products can cause fire during its
installation.
• Chemical emission from the sealer or surface
finish affects the health adversely
USE
•Auditoriums, dancing halls, Gymnasia, squash courts and, residential areas etc.