2. Project Report on -
Computer Concepts including Input and
Output Devices And Operating Systems.
3. Acknowledgement
• We’d want to convey our heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to our faculty as
well as our Institute for providing us with the opportunity to work on this
wonderful project on “Computer fundamentals, operating system and office
automation”, It also aided us in conducting extensive study and learning
about a bunch of new topics.
• It was a lot useful in terms of expanding our knowledge and abilities.
4. Topics Slide
No.
About Computer -Uses, Advantages and Disadvantages 4 - 7
Elements of computers 8-10
Input And Devices 10-15
Characteristics of Computer 16
Historical Perspective 17
CPU and Functions 18-22
Operating System 23-24
Storage Devices 25-28
Multiprogramming 29-30
Multitasking 31
Mutlithreading 32
Multiprocessing 33-38
Table of Contents
5. What is Computer?
A computer is programmable i.e. the computer depends totally on the program,
which the computer is using.
Computer Operation includes -
Input
• A computer accepts data that is provided by means of an input device,
such as keyboard.
Processi
ng
• A computer performs operations on the data to transform it in some
way.
Output
• A computer produces output on a device, such as printer or a monitor,
that shows the results of processing operations.
Storage
• A computer stores the results of processing operations for future use
8. Elements of Computing Process -
• Physical Parts of Computer
Hardware
• Programming Language
• System Software
• Application Software
Software
Data
• End Users
• Power Users
People
Procedures
9. Hardware –
Hardware refers to the computer's tangible components or delivery systems that
store and run the written instructions provided by the software.
Hardware is used for taking input data from the user, store the data and display the
output and execute the commands given by an individual.
The hardware of the computer system includes monitor, CPU, keyboard, mouse,
printer, sound system, RAM, hard disk and many more.
Elements of Computing Process -
Software –
Software refers to set of instructions (also called a program) that guides the hardware through its job.
Additional aspects of software’s –
Programming Languages – Language in which programs are written by programmers.
System Software – It is designed to provide a platform for other software. Eg – macOS, Linux, Android.
Application Software – A computer software package that performs specific function directly for an end
user. Eg – MS Word or MS Excel.
10. Elements of Computing Process -
Data –
Computer transforms data into information. Data is raw material and
information is processed data.
The purpose of information is to help people for making well informed
decisions which requires information to be relevant ,timely ,accurate
,concise and complete.
Input Data
Processing
(Software
Instructions)
Output
Information
People –
Computer requires people who are called users (also called end users).
Users which learn the advance features of application programs and customize an
application programs for specific task are called power users.
Procedures –
Procedures are steps that one must follow to accomplish a specific computer- related task.
Eg:- ATM(Automated Teller Machine) is a computer.
11. INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES
These are pieces of hardware for people to
interact and communicate with computers.
The data is entered through input device and
output is generated through output device.
For instance, a keyboard or mouse is an input
device for a computer, while monitors and
printers are output devices.
Devices for communication between computers,
such as modem and network cards, typically
perform both input and output operations.
12. TYPES OF INPUT DEVICES
KEYBOARD
Input device consisting of typewriter-like device that
enables to enter data into the computer.
MOUSE
A small object that can roll along a hard-flat surface that controls
movement of cursor on a display screen.
TYPES OF
MOUSE
MECHANICAL OPTOMECHANICAL OPTICAL
13. Joystick controls the movement of the pointer(or some other
display symbol) and it has a lever that moves in all direction in
which the joystick is pointing.
Scanners can read text or illustrations printed on paper and
translate the information into a form that computer can use.
The digital camera takes still photograph, stores it and then
sends it a as digital input in computer. The images are then
stored as digital files
JOYSTICK
SCANNER
DIGITAL CAMERA
14. TYPES OF OUTPUT DEVICES
MONITOR
Monitor is another term for the
display screen. However, the term
monitor usually refers to entire box,
whereas the display screen can
mean just the screen.
TYPES OF
MONITOR
BASED ON
COLOUR
MONOCHROME GRAYSCALE COLOUR
BASED ON
SIGNAL
DIGITAL ANALOUGE
PRINTER
Printer is a device that
prints texts or
illustrations on paper
and in many cases n
transparencies and
other media.
Types of printers
DAISY-
WHEEL
DOT-
MATRIX
INK-JET LASER WD & LED LINE THERMAL
15. PLOTTER
A plotter is a device that receives commands from the
computer and then draws its picture on the page. A printer
is a device that prints texts and images on a page after
receiving commands from a network.
SOUND CARDS
AND SPEAKERS
Sound card is an expansion bord that enables a computer
to manipulate and produce sound as output through
speakers connected to the board.
3D-AUDIO
3D-Audio is a technique to give more depth to traditional
stereo sound by placing a device in a room with stereo
speakers
16. Input Device Vs Output Device
In computing, an input device is a piece
of equipment used to provide data and
control signals to an information
processing system, such as a computer
or information appliance.
For example, a keyboard is an input
device. Input device other than keyboard
are known as alternate devices.
An output device is any piece of computer
hardware equipment which converts
information into a human-perceptible form,
into a physical machine-readable form.
Examples include monitor, printers,
speakers, projectors.
OUTPUT DEVICE
INPUT DEVICE
17. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Generation Years Circuitry Characterized by
First Generation 1951-1959 Vacuum Tube Magnetic drum and magnetic tape; difficult to
program; used machine language and assembly
language
Second Generation 1959-1963 Transistors Magnetic cores and magnetic disk; used high –level
language and were easier to program
Third Generation 1963-1975 Integrated circuit Minicomputer accessible by multiple users from
remote terminals
Fourth Generation 1975- present VLSI(very large scale
integrated)
The personal computer and user friendly ; micro
program
Fifth Generation Present to future ULSI(ultra large scale
integrated)
Biomatrix Devices , Note Book, Ultra Book etc.
18. Characteristics of Computer
1. Speed: – As you know computer can
work very fast. It takes only few seconds for
calculations that we take hours to complete.
2. Accuracy: – The degree of accuracy of
computer is very high and every calculation is
performed with the same accuracy.
3. Diligence: – A computer is free from
tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc.
It can work for hours without creating any
error
4. Versatility: – It means the capacity to
perform completely different type of work. You
may use your computer to prepare payroll
slips.
5. Storage: – The Computer has an in-
built memory where it can store a large
amount of data.
19. Classification of computer
Minicomputer-
A minicomputer also referred to
as miniature. It’s a category of
little computers which has
introduced to the world from the
mid-1960s.
EXAMPLE:- Tablet , PCs,
Smartphones
Supercomputer-
A supercomputer is the fastest
computer on earth that could
process a considerable number of
information very quickly.
EXAMPLE:- ROADRUNNER, Los
Alamos National Laboratory
Microcomputer -
Micro Computer is a little computer. Your
private machines are equal to the
microcomputer.
EXAMPLE:- Desktop computers
Mainframe computer -
The Mainframe computers can
accommodate in large air-conditioned
rooms because of its dimensions in
the current world. EXAMPLE:-
System/360.
21. logical operation differentiate no. ,
letters & special characters
arithmetic operations
Includes , , , .
Control Unit
It directs the entire computer system.
It communicates & co-ordinates activities
with both the UNITS
Arithmetic Logic Unit
This unit executes Arithmetic & Logical
operations
22. Memory Unit - This part of computer holds data and instructions for processing.
Used for easy & fast information storage(which is in solid state)
Its reduce restoration time and helps to perform task rapidly
Can only fetch/read information Over-written
CPU Fetches program instructions & CPU Store result of
calculations in RAM
23. Virtual Memory
Virtual Memory is a common technique
used in a computer’s operating system.
It uses both hardware & software to
compensate for physical memory
shortages.
CPU re-writes the old data from RAM to
Virtual memory to free some space in RAM.
An OS can load programs larger than its
physical memory.
24. OPERATING SYSTEM
A software consisting integrated set of programs that-
Control computer resources.
Provide common services for efficient execution of various application
software.
It is an interface between Hardware and User.
26. STORAGE DEVICES
Auxiliary storage Devices:
• Memory that supplement the
main storage.
• Long term memory
• Non volatile
Magnetic Tape:
• Magnetic coated strip of
plastic on which data can be
stored.
• Cheaper
• Large storage capacity
Winchester Disk:
• Magnetic disk on which we
can store data.
• Holds more data.
• Faster than floppy.
Floppy Disk:
• Soft magnetic disk
• Portable
• Slower to access
• Less expensive
• Size available – 5
1
4
and 3
1
2
inch
ZIP Disk:
• High capacity floppy disk
drive
• Slightly larger than
conventional floppy disk
• Holds 100 mb of data
• Inexpensive and durable
JAZ Disk:
• They are removable disk
drive
• 12-ms average seek time
• Transfer rate of 5.5 mbps.
• Fast data rate and large
storage capacity
27.
28. DVD:
• Used mainly for video and data
storage.
• It is known as Digital Versatile Disc.
• It stores more than 6x times of CD
data.
• Wavelength used by DVD Lasers is
650 nm.
USB Flash Drive:
• It consist of NANA-type flash memory
data storage.
• Typically, removable and rewritable.
• Compact shape, operate faster,
durable design.
• Storage capacity range from 64 MB to
64 GB
29. Tools to Measure System Performance
Throughput
Turnaround
Time
Response-
time
Throughput is the amount of work
that the system is able to do per
unit time.
Turnaround time is the interval from
the time of submission of a job to
the system for processing to the
time of completion of the job.
Response time is the time interval
from the time of submission to the
time of the first response for the job is
produced by the system.
30. MULTI Programming
In a multi programming system two or more user programs can be in memory and are executed one
after another.
ITS-REQUIREMENT
• Large memory
• Memory protection
• Proper job mix
• C.P.U Scheduling
• Job status preservation
31. Advantages
• CPU Utilization Is Maximum.
• Short Time Jobs Get Executed Faster.
• Resources Are Used Efficiently.
• Response Time Is Shorter.
Disadvantages
• Difficult To Program A System Because Of Complicated Schedule Handling.
• Due To High Load Of Tasks , long Time Jobs Have To Wait Long.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiprogramming
32. MULTI TASKING
The Ability To Execute More Than One Task At The
Same Time, A Task Being A Program.
Multitasking Is Processing Multiple Tasks At One
Time. It Does Not Allow To Run Two Lines Of Code
As The Same Time.
- You See Some One In The Car Next To
You Eating Burger, Taking On His Cell Phone And
Trying To Drive At The Same Time, This Is Multi
Tasking..
33. • Multithreading is the ability of a program or an Operating System to enable more than one
user at Time without requiring multiple copies of the program running in computer.
• Fast CPU Speed And Large Memory Capacities Are Needed For Multithreading.
Multithreading
34. MULTIPROCESSING
Multiprocessing is the simultaneous execution of two or
more processes by a computer system having more
than one CPU
TIGHTLY COUPLED MULTIPROCESSING
SYSYTEM
• CPU are connected at bus level. Example:
mainframe system
LOOSELY COUPLEDMULTIPROCESSING
SYSYTEM
• Based on multiple standalone single or dual
processor commodity computers connected with
high speed. Example: Linux Beowulf.
TYPES OF MULTIPROCESSING (BASICALLY TWO TYPES)
35. BETTER PERFORMANCE
If there are two different programs to be run, two
processors are evidently more powerful than one
because the programs can be simultaneously run
on different processor.
BETTER RELIABILITY
In a proper designed multiprocessor system, if one
of the processor break down, the other processors
automatically takes over the system workload until
repairs are made. System run slower rather than
failing altogether.
Support sophisticated operation.
Complex designing, time taking job.
Expensive to procure
High charge paid initially.
Regular operation and maintenance are also a
costly affairs,
LIMITATIONS OF
MULTIPROCESSING
ADVANTAGES OF
MULTIPROCESSING
36. Time sharing mechanism to provide simultaneous interactive use of a computer system by many users in
such a way that each users given the impression that they have own computer system
TIME- SHARING
ADVANTAGES OF TIME SHARING
• REDUSE CPU IDEAL TIME: While one
use is busy in thinking time sharing
provide system to other users .
• PROVIDES ADVANTAGES OF
QUICK RESPONSE TIME: User
interact rapidly while working on there
problems.
• OFFERS GOOD COMPUTER
FACILITY TO SMALL USERS: Small
users access more sophisticated
hardware and software then they could
afford .
LIMITATIONS OF TIME SHARING
• Number of terminals simultaneously
connected
• for support need large memory
• Required job status preservation
mechanism to preserve a job complete
status
• Special CPU algorithm and alarm
clock mechanism, to allocate time to
each user and send interrupt signal
respectively
37. File Management
A file is collection of related information. Every file has a name,
its data, and attributes.
The name of a file uniquely identifies it in the system and is used by
its user to access it. and the two commonly supported file access
methods are Sequential and random access.
The file management module of an operating system takes care of
file- related activities such as structuring, accessing, naming,
sharing and protection of files.
A typical set of file operation provided by an operating system may include create, delete,
open, close, read, write, seek, get attributes, set attributes, rename and copying it.
38. Operating System Structure
Layered: A layered design of an
operating system architecture
attempts to achieve robustness
by structuring the architecture
into layers with different
privileges.
Kernel: It is the central
component of most computer
operating system , it is a bridge
between applications and the
actual data processing done at
the hardware level.
Resident & non-resident OS
modules: Those module that are
always kept in the system’s main
memory are called resident
modules and those that are kept
on hard disk are called non-
resident modules.
Monolithic Kernel: It is
an operating system
structure where the entire
operating system is
working in kernel space.
Microkernel: In
microkernel the user
services and kernel
services are implemented
in different address
spaces.
39. Real-time & Distributed Operating system
• A Real-time operating
system(RTOS) is an operating
system intended to serve real-time
application requests. The key
characteristic of an rtos is the level
of consistency concerning the
amount of time it takes to accept
and complete a task.
• Example of RTOS: airline traffic
control system, heart pacemaker
and robot etc.
• A Distributed operating system is
the logical aggregation of operating
system software over a collection
of independent, networked,
communicating and spatially
disseminated computational nodes.
• Example of Distributed OS: AIX
operating system for IBM and
Solaris operating system for sun.
Real-Time Operating System Distributed Operating System
