Chapter -2 Educatioonal Technology.pptx

Chapter-2
Definitions of Educational Technology
27/03/2023
Compiled by: Diro Tolosa
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2.1. Definitions
2.2.1. Meaning of Technology
 The technology is the application of science in art and it is
concerned directly with the production or construction.
 The technology means the use of scientific knowledge to meet
the needs of daily life or the practical form of scientific
knowledge is called technology. In this way, when the
knowledge of science is used in the practical tasks, it is called
technology.
 The technology is neither a mere machine or hardware nor a
human-system or a software, but it is the combination of all
these.
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2.1.2. Meaning of Science
 The science is that systematized knowledge which a
person acquires through his tests and experiences.
 Remember that the science establishes relationship
between cause and effect by presenting the knowledge in a
systematic, well-planned and organized way before us.
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2.2. Relationship Between Science and Technology
 Both the science and technology are closely associated.
 The science makes us aware about the fact that why an
object or principle should be known while the technology
makes it clear how that object or principle should be
known?
 Hence, the science is mere a principle and the technology
is the experimental and practical aspects based on the skill
'How to know the principle?'.
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Cont’d…
 In this way, the straight concern of the technology is with
efficiency. The national life of those nations which have
followed the relationship of science and technology is
growing prosperous and happy by using both science and
technology properly and by enjoying various advantages.
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2.3. Origin of Educational Technology
 The birth story of educational technology is not too old.
We see that even in nineteenth century, the educational
technology existed in the form of educational toys and
other learning tactics. But its frequent use came to light in
1926.
 In Ohio state university, it was used in the form of a
teaching machine by Sidney Presscy. Then around 1930-
40, Lumsdain and Glaser tried to make education as
mechanical by presenting some special types of scrambled
books, cards and boards.
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Cont’d…
 It should be remembered that the most important work
was carried out during 1950 when B.F. Skinner developed
Programmed Learning while carrying on experiments with
animals.
 In 1950, Bryrumor, in England, used educational
technological steps for the first time. It is to be cared that
in 1960, as a result of industrial revolution in America and
Russia, other countries also started progressing in the field
of educational technology. In this way, the beginning of
educational technology took place in 1950 from America
and Russia and now it has reached England, Europe and
India.
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Cont’d…
 Now we see in teaching, due to various technological
inventions like radio, tape-recorder, television, computer,
CCTV i.e. closed circuit T.V., electronic video tapes and
other audio-visual aids, many other numerous
technologies have developed which are being used in the
areas like industry, commerce, health, security and
education.
 We observe that the development of these devices has
helped in the indoctrination of behavioural technology and
in the field of teaching technology, models and designs. In
other words, now the process of teaching has been
mechanised.
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Cont’d…
 As a result, now in the three aspects of human knowledge,
various types of machines are being used through which
an effective teacher can provide benefits to the large
groups of the students with the help of his knowledge. In
this way, the concept of educational technology has
developed in the field of education as a result of the
mechanizations of teaching.
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2.4. What is Educational Technology?
 According to the specialists, educational technology can
be explained by looking at the two major components of
the concept “technology in education” and “technology of
education”
 What do you understand by these terms?
(1) Technology in Education? and
(2) Technology of Education?
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1.Technology in Education
 By the term “technology in education” is meant
application of machines, gadgets or equipment to improve
the quality of education. This aspect is described as the
“hardware” approach to educational technology.
 It involves the use of pieces of instructional materials
(media) such as audio media, visual media, projected
media, graphics, computers and other teaching machines.
 It is important to note that hardware/machines are means
through which information are extracted from their
corresponding software.
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Cont’d…
1. Audio Media
 These are teaching-learning devices that appeal to the
auditory sense. They consist of radio sets; audio recording
machines such as audiotapes, disc machines, telephone
and walkie-talkie.
2. Visual Media
 These are instructional media that appeal to the sense of
seeing (eyes). Most graphics are in this family of
instructional media. They include: pictures, photographs,
diagrams, charts and cartoons, still pictures such as slides,
filmstrips and transparencies.
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Cont’d…
3. Audio-visual Media
 These are instructional materials that have the capacity to
provide issues in form of pictures and audio effect, in
form of commentaries on the pictures simultaneously.
Examples of media in this category are: the television,
videotape player, filmstrip/slides with in-built or
synchronized sound.
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Cont’d…
4. Broadcast / Telecommunication Media
 These are media through which information is
disseminated usually to the mass of people / audience that
are scattered over a wide distance.
 Common among the family of mass media are: the radio,
the television, and the newspapers. The two former ones
are in electronic forms while the latter is the printed form.
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Cont’d…
5. Projected Media
 Projected media belong to a group of instructional resources
which can only be accessed by means of projecting their
content on the screen/wall using a projector machine
specifically designed for the purpose. Therefore, projected
media are usually a combination of software and the
corresponding hardware.
 You may have watched a cinema or a film in a cinema house or
at some gathering. Recall that there was an
equipment/machine that was used to propel a scroll of film. In
addition, you will recall that the machine was energized
through a power source – direct current or the use of a
generator
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2. Technology of Education
 The term “technology of education” refers to application
of theories and laws/rules in education and related
disciplines for the purpose of improving the quality of
education
 Such related disciplines include: sociology/sociology of
education, philosophy/philosophy of education,
psychology/psychology of education, communication
technology, etc.
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Cont’d…
 Technology of education is a component of educational
technology that is involved in the use of systems approach
to promote high quality education.
 Furthermore, this aspect of educational technology is
concerned with the use of systematic and scientific
procedures in educational practice.
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Cont’d…
 Simply put, technology of education refers to the
application of the systems approach to educational
enterprise.
 Its main concerns include issues bothering on
identification of educational problem, analyzing the
problem, setting objectives, suggesting solution strategies,
synthesizing the processes, embarking on evaluation and
providing feedback.
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Cont’d…
 At this junction, it is to be noted that a combination of the
meaning of technology in education and technology of
education will provide a fairly acceptable/description of
educational technology
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Definitions of Educational Technologies
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 The following definitions suggested by the different
scholars are being given in order to make the meaning of
educational technology more clear—
 "Educational Technology is the form of detailed
application of psychology of learning to practical teaching
problems." — John. P. Dececco
 "Educational Technology is the application of scientific
knowledge and learning and the conditions of learning to
improve the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and
training." —G.O. Leith

Cont’d…
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 "Educational Technology may be defined as the
application of the laws as well as recent discoveries of
Science and Technology to the process of education."—
S.S. Kulkarni
 "Educational Technology is the application of scientific
process to men's learning conditions." —Robert A. Cox
 "Educational Technology is that branch of educational
theory and practice concerned primarily with the design
and use of massages which control the learning process."
—E.E. Hadden

Cont’d…
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 "Educational Technology is concerned to provide
appropriately designed learning situations which, holding
in view of objectives of the teaching or Training, being to
bear the best means of instruction." —Richmond
 "Educational Technology is an applied or practical study
which aims at maximising educational effect by
'Controlling' such relevant facts as educational purposes,
educational environment, conduct of student, behaviour of
instructors and interrelations between students and
instructors." —Takashi Sakamat

Cont’d…
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 After conducting an analysis of above mentioned definitions,
the following conclusions may be derived—
1. Educational Technology studies the effect of science and
technology upon education. In other words, science and
technology are used under educational technology. Hence, it
is the practical aspect of science.
2. Educational Technology is a continuous dynamic,
progressive and effect-producing method.
3. The basis of educational technology is science.
4. New conceptions are possible only due to educational
technology such as programmed learning, micro-teaching,
simulated teaching, interaction analysis, video tape, tape-
recorder, projector and computer etc.

Cont’d…
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5. Engineering Technology is not the educational technology
because the engineering technology has manufactured radio,
tape-recorder, video-tape and TV. etc., which are used in teaching
as audio-visual aids, but still engineering technology is different
from educational technology. In education, it is accepted as a
hardware approach only.
6. Educational Technology accepts schools as a system. In this
system, the school-building, furniture and teacher act as input
while various methods, techniques, strategies and the teaching
and examination with the help of audio-visual aids function in the
form of a process. Lastly, the output is in the form of ability of
the pupils.

Cont’d…
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7. Audio-visual aids cannot be termed as educational
technology. It is because its concern is only with the
process-aspect of educational technology and not with the
input and output aspects. But if these audio-visual aids are
used to achieve educational objectives, then it can be put in
the category of Educational Technology.
8. Educational Technology cannot solve each and every
problem of education. It can be used successfully in teaching
and instructional system only.

Cont’d…
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9. Programmed Instruction is also different from Educational
Technology.
 Its main cause is that the student learns himself during the
programmed instructions. It does not allow interaction between
pupil and teacher. Hence, it can be used only for limited
objectives and limited subject-matter. Therefore, programmed
instruction is merely a part of educational technology.
10. Some people assume that educational technology will replace
the teacher which will make the teacher unemployed one day. It is
their mistake. Educational Technology can never replace the
teacher. It is because of three aspects of educational technology.
These are— (1) Input, (2) Process, and (3) Output. Input is the
teacher's job and therefore, educational technology cannot snatch
the place of a teacher.

Cont’d…
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 In spite of this, educational technology develops cognitive
domain only and not the affective domain. Affective
domain can only be developed when an interaction
between teachers and pupils takes place. Hence,
educational technology cannot replace the teacher.
However, a teacher can provide benefits to the large
groups of students with the help of radio, tape recorder
and television etc.

2.5. Objectives of Educational Technology
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The main objectives of Educational Technology are as
follows:
(i) The first objective of educational technology is to
modernise the learning methods and techniques after
systematising them so that these may be turned effective
according to the needs of the changing era for the
unknown future.
(ii) The second objective of educational technology is the
desirable modifications in the behaviours of the teachers and
pupils by improving the teaching, learning and evaluation
condition

Cont’d…
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(iii) The third objective of educational technology is to make
the classrooms teaching easy, clear, interesting, effective,
understandable, objective and scientific.
(iv) The fourth objective of educational technology is to
help in increasing various facilities by solving the most
complicated problems of human life so that the human life
may carry on its progress continuously.

2.6. Types or Educational Technology
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 As Lumsdane suggests, educational technology has the
following three forms—
1. Hardware Approach.
2. Software Approach.
3. System Approach.

1. Hardware Approach
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 The use of engineering machines in teaching is called
Educational Technology-1. It is to be remembered that
physical science and engineering technology have given
birth to Educational Technology-1.
 Davis has said clearly that Educational Technology-1 or
Hardware Approach is the application of physical science
in education and teaching with which the teaching process
is being mechanised gradually so that maximum pupils
may be educated in minimum time and at low cost

Cont’d..
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 Educational Technology includes cinema, gramophone,
radio tape-recorder, projector, computer, closed circuit
television (CCTV) and electronic video-tape etc., all the
teaching machines the use of which makes the teaching
more and more effective in order to achieve the teaching
objectives. It has already been mentioned that the human
knowledge has three aspects.
 These are—(1) Preservation (2) Transmission, and (3)
Development.

Cont’d..
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 It should be remembered that the history of preservation of the
knowledge is believed to exist since the printing machines
started. The knowledge is preserved with these machines in the
form of books which are shelved in the Libraries. Not only this,
now we see that the knowledge is also preserved through tape-
recorder and films in addition to books.
 The second aspect of human knowledge is its expansion or
transmission. A teacher can impart knowledge himself to his
pupils but such direct benefitters happen to be small in number.
Now a days, transmission or expansion of the knowledge is
supported by machine like mike, radio and television etc.

Cont’d..
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 With these, thousands of pupils enjoy this home-delivery of
such benefits. In this way, due to educational technology-1,
surprising changes have occurred in the process of education.
The correspondence courses and open-university are the gifts
of educational technology
 The third aspect of the human knowledge is its development.
For this aspect, provisions are made for research work. In the
research programmes, the main function is the collection and
analysis of data. For this purpose, presently the researcher uses
the electric machines and computers. Hence, all the three
aspects of knowledge allow the use of machines. In short, now
the teaching process has been mechanized. This mechanization
of teaching process is termed as Educational Technology-1 or
Hardware Approach.

2. Software Approach
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 Educational Technology-2 or Software Approach is also named
as Instructional Technology or Teaching Technology or
Behavioural Technology. It must be remembered that
Educational Technology-2. does not allow the use of
engineering machines
 However, psychological principles of teaching and learning
are utilized so that desirable changes in the behaviour of the
pupils may be brought about. If the machines are even used,
this is done only to make the subject-matter effective. Hence,
the Educational Technology-2 is concerned with the teaching
objectives in behavioural terms, principles of teaching,
methods of teaching and techniques, reinforcement of
instructional-system, feed-back devices and evaluation.

Cont’d..
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 In nut-shell, in Educational Technology-2 or Software
Approach, it is tried to develop all the three aspects i.e.
Input, Process and Output. The above description makes it
clear that the Educational Technology-1 or Hardware
Approach means the use of machines in teaching, while
Educational Technology-2 or Software Approach means
the use of teaching and learning principles. In this way,
there is close relationship between Educational
Technology 1 and 2.

3. Systems Approach
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 Educational Technology-3 or System Analysis is also
known as Management Technology. It was developed after
World War-II.
 It has provided a scientific basis to the decision-making
regarding the problems associated with administration,
management, commerce, industry and army. Remember
that Educational Technology-3 helps to study the
problems of educational administration and management
in a scientific and conclusive way. By using it, we can
make the educational system, educational administration
and management effective.

Cont’d..
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 It has provided a scientific basis to the decision-making
regarding the problems associated with administration,
management, commerce, industry and army. Remember
that Educational Technology-3 helps to study the
problems of educational administration and management
in a scientific and conclusive way. By using it, we can
make the educational system, educational administration
and management effective.

Chapter -2 Educatioonal Technology.pptx

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