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Case(1):
Patient with vital signs are within normal limits although
slightly elevated, which you attribute to his anxiety. Pulse 88,
respirations 16, blood pressure 138/88. reviewing his personal
oral hygiene puts him at ease. You notice that he had become
quite pale, hairs on his arms are standing up, he begins to
sweat profusely, frequently yawns. You ask him if he is feeling
well and he states that he is fine, just a little nervous and a bit
dizzy. You then notice he has lost consciousness.
What happen?
How to treat?
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SYNCOPE
o symptoms: pallor, diaphoresis, yawning,
piloerection, dizziness
Treatment:
1. Supine position with feet elevated.
2. After regaining consciousness he remained in
supine position for 15 minutes.
3. Dental procedure was postponed and sedative will
be given next visit
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Case(2):
Healthy female patient, she complains of severe pain in last
molar tooth. You decided an extraction for the tooth. She has
history of taking aspirin and cefoprazone(3rd generation
cephalosporins). Once upon extraction of tooth, bleeding
occurs and not stop. Her condition get worse and pulse
become weak and thread , pale skin and blood preesure
50/70 and transmitted to ER unit for management.
What happen?
How to treat?
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Hemorrhagic SHOCK
o Aspirin and cefoprazone increase bleeding
tendency and result in this condition
o symptoms: weak thready pulse, confused state,
pale skin
Treatment:
1. Blood transfusion
2. vital signs monitored.
3. Once in the ER IV fluids where administered.
7. 7 of 29
Case(3):
Patient took premedication amoxicillin
before treatment, complains of a scratchy
throat, is beginning to itch all over,, she
requests a glass of water and is trying to catch
her breath,, her eyes and lips begin to swell
What happen?
How to treat?
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ALLERGIC REACTION
(Moderate allergic reaction)
Symptoms: systemic pruritus, urticarial,
angioedema of eyes, lips and larynx,
dyspnea, hypotension, bradypnea
Treatment:
1. Administer Antihistamine IM
2. monitor vital signs.
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Case(4):
17 y male Patient complains of abcess in tooth 13. You
decide to give him amoxicillin IV for treatment. After
that, patient took the injection and complains of a
scratchy throat, beginning to itch all over, trying to
catch hir breath,, his eyes and lips begin to swell. Pukse
become so weak , Blood pressure decrease to 50/70
and skin becomes pale. Patient transmitted to hospital
for management
What happen?
How to treat?
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Anaphylactic Shock
o Symptoms: A severe fall in blood pressure occurs, with
bronchoconstriction, angioedema and sometimes death
Treatment:
1. Place the patient in recumbent position and elevate lower
extremities, Apply tourniquet proximal to the site of antigen
injection; remove every 10-15 minutes.
2. Adrenaline injection 0.5-1mg should be given I.M
3. Subsequent injections 10-20 min later may be given until the
patient improves.
4. H1- receptor blocker.
5. Hydrocortisone (100mg I.V
6. In severe anaphylaxis, 1-2 L of plasma substitute should be
infused rapidly.
7. Oxygen and artificial ventilation may be necessary.
11. 11 of 29
Case(5):
Diabetic Patient comes in and states he skipped
breakfast, you notice he is salivating profusely. you
ask him where he is and he is confused and
irrational, vital signs-bounding pulse and shallow
respirations, he is conscious.
What happen?
How to treat?
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Defintion
Is a physician written order to a
pharmacist for a specific medication for
a specific
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General Pricinples
1) Try to make proper diagnosis before writing prescription
2) Don not prescribe any drug except when it is essential for
patient condition
3) Avoid adverse effects of drug-drug interaction:
i. Ask about history of drug intake
ii. Try to prescribe to avoid prescribing interacting drugs and if
mandatory restrict precautions should be considered
iii. Avoid polypharmacy: write down least number of drugs
with least possible dose
4) Instructions for pharmacist and patients should be clear
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Parts
1. Phycican’ name, professional degree, address and
telephone number
2. Name. address and age of patient
3. Date
4. Superscription: the symbol R/ at the start of prescription.
5. Inscription: the prescribed medicines and their doses.
6. Subscription: includes directions to the pharmacist.
7. Transcription: includes directions to the patient in Arabic.
8. The signature of the physician.
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Prescriptions for narcotics:
1) Narcotics should be written by licensed doctors on
special form obtained from the ministry of health.
2) The doctor’s name, address, qualifications, and
number should be clear.
3) The patient’s name, address, age and diagnosis should
be clear.
4) The dose of the narcotic should be written in numbers
and litters.
5) Doctor’s signature.
6) Two copies are done, one for the doctor and the other
for the pharmacist.
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Some abbreviations:
• p.o. By mouth.
• i.m. Intramuscularly.
• i.v. Intravenously.
• s.c. Subcutaneously.
• o.d. Once daily.
• b.i.d. Twice daily.
• t.d.s. Three times daily.
• q.d.s. Four times daily.
• p.r.n. When required.
• state Immediately
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Some household measures:
One tea spoonful = 5 ml.
One table spoonful = 15ml.
One coffee cupful = 30ml.
One tea cupful = 120-150ml.
One glassful = 240mg.
One milliliter= 15 drops.
