ANTICANCER Abnormal, unwanted multiplication of cells

1. ANTICANCER

2. Introduction
Cancer :Abnormal, unwanted multiplication of cells,
• It is a disease of cells characterized by
Uncontrolled proliferation
Dedifferentiation(anaplasia)
Invasiveness
Metastasis

3. Categorized based on the
functions/locations of the cells
Carcinoma - skin or in tissues that line or cover
internal organs. E.g., Epithelial cells. 80-90%
reported cancer cases are carcinomas.
 Sarcoma - bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood
vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.
Leukemia - White blood cells and their precursor
cells such as the bone marrow cells, causes large
numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and
enter the blood.

4.  Lymphoma - cells of the immune system that
affects lymphatic system.
Myeloma - B-cells that produce antibodies- spreads
through lymphatic system.
Central nervous system cancers - cancers that
begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.

5. Common etiological factors
• Viruses :EBV,HBV
• Environmental and Occupational factors
• Diet and habits
• Genetic factors
• Drugs :immunosuppressant

6. Basic mechanism of cancer
development
Activation of proto-oncogene's- ex:BCL2,RAS
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes:P53

7. Types of cancer
Benign
• Slow growth
• Resemble normal cells
• Localized
• Not harmful
Malignant
• Fast
• Don’t
• Invasive and metastatic
• Harmful if left untreated

8. CELL CYCLE

9. 9
LIST OF ANTI CANCER PLANTS
• ASHWGANDHA Withania somnifera Linn.
• MANJISTHA Rubia cordifolia Linn.
• DARUHALDI Berberis aristata DC.
• TULSI Ocimum sanctum Linn.
• HALDI Curcuma longa Linn.
• GARLIC Allium sativum Linn.
• SAHIJAN Moringa oleifera Lam.
• ARKA Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br.
• CHITRAKA Plumbago zeylanica Linn.
• TALISPATRA Taxus baccata Linn.

10. Ashwagandha
• Botanical source: dried
mature roots of Withania
somnifera (L.) Dunal
• English name : Indian
ginseng, Winter cherry
• Family : Solanaceae
Common Indian names :
Hindi : Asgandh
Sanskrit : Ashvagandha,
Balada, Gandhpatri,

11. Classification of Withania
somnifera
• Kingdom : Plantae
• Division : Angiosperms
• Class : Dicotiledoneae
• Order : Tubiflorae
• Family : Solanaceae
• Genus : Withania
• Species : somnifera

12. Habitat/Distribution
• The genus Withania is reported to have 23 species
out of which, Withania somnifera is of high
medicinal value. Withania somnifera is
cosmopolitan and grows throughout the drier parts
and subtropical regions. The wild growth of this
species has also been reported from India, Pakistan,
Afghanistan, Philistine, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco,
Srilanka, Spain, CanaryIsland, Eastern Africa,
South Africa. These areas represent wide variations
of soil, rainfall, temperature and altitude

13. Morphology
Straight , unbranched
outer surface buff to gray
yellow with longitudinal
wrinkles . fracture, short
and uneven dry root
cylindrical, gradually
tapering down with a
brownish white surface
and pure white inside
when broken.

14. Microscopy
A- Cork
B - Cortex
C – Endodermis
D – Pericycle
E – Phloem
F – Medullary ray
G - Pith

15. Chemical constituent
Alkaloids :isopelletierine, anaferine, cuscohygrine,
anahygrine, steroidal lactone: withanolides,
withaferins and saponins, withanine, somniferine,
somnine, somniferinine, withananine, pseudo-
withanine tropane, pseudo-tropine, choline,
anaferine, anahydrine,

17. Uses
• Antibiotic
• Antitumor
• Arthritis
• Anxiety
• Trouble sleeping (insomnia)
• Tuberculosis , asthma
• Leukoderma ,bronchitis
• backache, fibromyalgia, menstrual problems
• hiccups, and chronic liver disease.

18. Anticancer activity
• Colon cancer
• Breast cancer
• Lung cancer
• Skin cancer
• Blood cancer
• Prostate cancer
• Renal cancer
• Pancreatic cancer
• Fibrosarcoma

19. Anticancer Activity of Withania
Somnifera
• Hydro alcoholic (1:1) sample of Withania
Somnifera (leaves) were prepared and tested for
their Cytotoxic activities against cancer cell lines
(MCF7, A549and PA1) with standard Doxorubicin.
The most essential reason of this study is to estimate
cytotoxicity of certain important Indian medicinal
plants with facilitate of MTT assay.

20. • Concentrations are set of each plant extract which
are 100 µg/ml, 10 µg/ml , 0.1 µg/ml, 0.01 µg/ml and
5-10×10 3 cells/ml are taken into each well which
are exposed to different Concentrations of Withania
Somnifera (leaves) for 96 hr and then treated with
MTT. For MTT absorbance in use at 570 nm. From
IC50 values of MTT assay of Withania Somnifera
(leaves) for MCF7, A549 and PA1 cancer cell lines,
from this it may conclude that Withania Somnifera
(leaves)shows efficient cytotoxicity on MCF-7 (10 ±
1 µg ) than PA-1 (13 ± 1 µg) and A-459 (11± 1 µg)
cancer cell line.

21. Chitraka
ENGLISH NAME:
Leadwort
HINDI NAME: Cheeta ,
Chitrak
Biological source: dried
roots of Plumbago
zeylanica Linn. Family
Plumbaginaceae

22. Geographical source
• This is perennial herb grow in shady places in the
garden and found in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and parts
India, which include Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and
Southern India.

23. Morphology
Straight, long, unbranched or slightly branched root
are always observed with or without secondary
roots, the texture of the roots are unbroken and
smooth, roots are usually very strong and they have
a distinctive odour with acrid and bitter taste

24. Microscopy

25. Chemical constitutes
• The roots contain an alkaloid called plumbagin, a
natural napthaquinone (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-
naphthoquinone)Its other constituents in roots are
chitranone, zeylanone, dihydrosterone, 2- methyl
naphthaquin, plumbazeylanone and terpenoids,
lupeol and teraxesterol.

26. Uses
• Anticancer,
• Anti-fertility activity
• Antimicrobial activity
• Antimalarial
• Antioxidant activity
• Cardiotonic,
• Antifertility action
• Antibiotic and
• Antineoplastic

27. Anti cancer activity of Chitraka
Plumbagin inhibited the growth of Panc-1 and
Bxpc-3 cells in a dose-dependent and time-
dependent manner. Liu's staining and transmission
electron microscopy demonstrated morphological
changes resembling apoptosis in Panc-1 ceils
treated with piumbagin. The degree of apoptosis
was assessed by measuring the proportions of
sub-G1, annexin V+/propidium iodide-, and
terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated-
nick-end labeling (TUNEL)+ cells, and a significant
increment in apoptotic cells was observed.

28. Exposure to piumbagin caused theupregulation of
Bax, a rapid decline in mitochondrial transmembrane
potential, apoptosis-inducing factor overexpression in
cytosol, and the cleavage of procaspase-9 and poly
ADP-ribose polymerase. Activation of caspase-3, but
not caspase-8, was evidenced by fluorometric
substrate assay. Pretreatment with caspase inhibitors
did not block plumbagin-induced apoptosis.
Alternatively, it is possible that piumbagin down-
regulated phosphoinositide3-kinase activity through a
negative feedback mechanism

29. In an orthotopic pancreatic tumor model, piumbagin
markedly inhibited the growth of Panc-1 xenografts
without any significant effect on leukocyte counts or
body weight. Conclusion: Piumbagin may induce
apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells primarily
through the mitochondria-related pathway followed
by both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent
cascades. It indicates that piumbagin can be
potentially developed as a novel therapeutic agent
against pancreatic cancer

30. Manjistha
Synonym:
English name: Indian Maddar
Hindi name: Manjitha, Manjit
Biological source: dried stem of
climber known as raktapushpi
Rubia cordifolia Linn. (Fam.
Rubiaceae).

31. Geographical source
It is found in afganistan, nepal, and iran upto
altitude of 2700m.
It is also found abundant in konkan.

32. Morphology
Stem slender, more or less cylindrical, slightly
flattened, wiry, about 0.5 cm thick, brown to
purple coloured surface scabrous, stiff and
grooved with longitudinal cracks; prickles
present in the immature stem; nodes distinct
having two leaf scars, one on either side;
fracture, short.

33. Microscopy

34. Chemical constituents
• It contains glycoside, manjisthin, purpurin,
resin and red dye rubiadin( 1:3 dihydroxy-2
methyl anthraquinone), xanthopurine,
psudopurpurin

35. Uses
It is used in the treatment of leucoderma,gauty
arthritis and skin pigmentation.
Helps to gain lustre and glow of skin and aids
to remove pimples, freckles and discoloration.
In ayurveda, it is used as blood purifier.
It is used in textile industries for dyeing of
fabrics

36. In vitro Anticancer Activity of
Rubia Cordifolia Against Hep G
32 Cell Line
in vitro cytotoxicity of Rubia cordifolia against Hep
G32 (human Hepatocellular carcinoma) cell line
using XTT assay. Methanol fraction of Rubia
cordifolia extract exhibited potent inhibition of Hep
G32 cell line with IC50 value of 28.07 μg/ml while
was found to be less cytotoxic against normal
human kidney cells with IC50 value more than 100
μg/ml displaying safety for normal cells.

37. DARUHRIDRA
• Hindi. : Daruhaldi,Darhald
English: Indian berberry
Biological Source:This consists
of dried stem of Berberis aristata,
Family: Berberidaceae
Geographic Source:From north
west,Himalayas,east ward to
Bhutan.
Distribution:J & K, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
(GarhwalHimalayas). Nepal,
Bhutan.

38. Macroscopic Characters
• Size: 0.4 - 0.8 cm thick
• Shape: cylindrical
• Colour: pale yellowish brown
• Odour: aromatic
• Taste: bitter

39. 39
Microscopical characteristics of Berberis aristata

40. 40
Phytochemical Investigation
• The chemical analyses of the stems of Berberis aristata .
showed the presence of alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids,
phenol, proteins, sterols/terpenes, reducing sugars, non-
reducing sugars and tannins.These secondary plant
metabolites are known to possess various pharmacological
effects and may be responsible for the various actions of
Berberis aristata.

41. 41
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
The chief constituent of the roots and stem bark of Berberis
aristata is an alkaloid Berberine. other constituents including
berbamine, aromoline, palmatine oxyacanthine and
oxyberberine are also isolated. a

42. 42
• Major Compound→
Berberine →
Berbamine →

43. 43
• Palmatine →
• Minor compound-
Oxyacanthine ,Aromolin, Karachine
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION [22]
►Anti-diarrheal activity
►Anti-fungal activity
►Antihepatotoxic action
►Antihistaminic and anticholinergic activity
►Anti-inflammatory activity
►Anti-microbial activity

44. 44
ANTI CANCER ACTIVITY
• Here is a list of different types of cancers that Berberis aristata may
be prevent and help fight
> Lungs
> Liver
> Prostate
> Breast
Berberine
Berberine, an isoquinoline plant alkaloid is obtained from different
plant species of Berberis aristata .They showed anti-cancer activity
both in-vivo and in-vitro report show that berberine has found
effective against osteosarcoma, lung, liver, prostate and breast cancer

45. 45
The potential anticancer activity of berberine has always been a
subject of considerable interest because of its known ability to
interact with nucleic acids. Its ability to bind specifically to
oligonucleotides and to stabilize DNA triplexes or G-quadruplexes via
telomerase and topoisomerase inhibition accounts for its anti
proliferative activity. The predominant interaction between berberine
and double-stranded or single-stranded DNA is electrostatic. In
addition, the autophagic marker, microtubule-associated protein-1
light chain 3 (LC3) was modified after administration of berberine
hydrochloride in the human lung cancer cell line.
Berbamine-
Berbamine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid .It was found that
berbamine effectively causes cell apoptosis and resistant Ph+chronic
Myeloid leukemia cells. They work by inducing caspase-3dependent
apoptosis of leukemic NB4 cells by the survivin-mediated pathway .

46. KATUKI
• Biological source: dried
rhizomes of the plant
Pichrorhiza Kurroa (Fam.
scrophulariaceae), cut in
small pieces and freed from
attached root lets
• English : Hellebore
• Hindi : Kutki

47. Geographical source
Well distributed in the upper himalayas and also
in china . It is also growing naturally

48. Macroscopic Characters
• Colour – the rhizomes are deep greyish-brown in
color, externally white, blackish internally with
whitish-wood.
• Odour – slight, unpleasant
• Taste –bitter
• Size- 3 to 5 cm in length and 0.5 to 1 cm in diameter
• Shape – cylindrical pieces with longitudinal
wrinkles and annulations at the tip.

49. MICROSCOPY
The transverse section of rhizome showed 20-25 layers of cork
consisting of tangentially elongated, suberised cells and cork
cambium. The cortex is multilayered and vascular bundles are
present in cortex. The vascular bundles are surrounded by single
layer endodermis of thick-walled cells. The secondary phloem is
composed of phloem parenchyma and a few scattered fibres and
2-4 layered cambium. The secondary xylem consists of vessels,
tracheids, xylem fibers and xylem parenchyma. The tracheids are
long, thick-walled, lignified and more or less cylindrical. The xylem
parenchyma is thin-walled, polygonal in shape and centre
occupied by small pith consisting of thin-walled cells. It is simple
round to oval shape containing starch grains.

50. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF RHIZOME

51. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
KUTKOSIDE,KUTKIOL,KUTKISTEROL,KUTKIN,
PICRORHIZIN,PICROSIDE,D-MANNITOL
ETC.
• PARTS USED: Root,Underground stem(
Rhizome, root)
Use:
• Picrorrhiza is used as valuable bitter
tonic, ant periodic, febrifuge and
stomachic and laxative in large doses.
• Alcoholic extract of root is found to have
antibacterial effect.
• The drug is found to useful in treatment
of jaundice
• Kutkoside has been found to be a
potential hapatoprotectant.

52. ACTIVITY
• To determine the anticancer and cytotoxic potential
of Nano encapsulated extract formulation from rhizome
of Picrorhiza kurroa enriched with Apocynin, caffeic esters
and cucurbitacins aglycone compounds, to produce any
cytotoxic effect on mammalian cell lines. The test
conducted using MTT method using human
hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) and Madin Darby
Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell lines as part of the in vitro
preclinical characterization of compound.

53. More than 100% increment in cell killing at a concentration
of 100µg/ml recorded in both the cell lines, 52.5%
cytotoxicity in HePG-2 cell line was recorded at
0.1µg/ml concentration, whereas 50.4% cytotoxicity
assessed in MDCK cell line at 1µg/ml of Formulation
concentration. Exhibited LC50 value of Formulation in
HePG-2 and MDCK cell lines were recorded 1.2 µg/ml and
4.14µg/ml respectively. Cytotoxic effect against HePG-2
cancer cell line is considered as a predictive anticancer
activity indicator also, where Doxorubicin is a standard
anti-cancer agent which is a highly cytotoxic drug. MDCK
cytotoxicity results support that formulation is less
cytotoxic in normal cell lines, as MDCK is a Non -Cancerous
cell line.