Main concept of our Presentation is to synchronization of solar inverter with AC mains to provide uninterrupted power supply to home appliances in power cut off situation and to provide power directly from solar power system where electricity is not present.

1. SOLAR INVERTER WITH AUTO SYNCHRONIZATION
USING MICROCONTROLLER
Submitted by:
Suchit padaria (120640109125)
Dhaval brahmbhatt (120640109126)
Margi prajapati (130643109019)
INTERNAL GUIDE:
PROF. DIPEN BRAHMBHATT
1
K. J. Institute Of Engineering
And Technology

2. INTRODUCTION:
 At present, many countries are overly dependent on
conventional sources to meet their requirement of power.
Conventional sources of energy includes coal, petroleum,
natural gas etc.
 Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat,
and biomass including farm and animal waste as well as human
excreta is known as non-conventional energy.
 From this non convectional energy sources solar energy is
easily available
 The Earth receives an incredible supply of solar energy. The sun
is probably the most important source of renewable energy
available today. The conversion of solar radiation into electrical
energy by photo-voltaic (PV) effect is a very promising
technology, being clean, silent and reliable, with very small
maintenance costs and small ecological impact. 2

3. OBJECTIVES:
 The main objectives of our project is include three points:
1. Sun tracking system
2. Generation of sine wave for home appliances
using inverter circuit
3. Synchronization with AC mains to provide
uninterrupted power supply
 Solar tracking enables more energy to be generated
because the solar panel is always able to maintain a
perpendicular profile to the sun’s rays.
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4.  Solar panels generate electricity from sunlight. Output of
solar panels is DC and home appliances are works on AC
power so to generates AC supply inverter circuit is essential.
 Main concept of our project is to synchronization of solar
inverter with AC mains to provide uninterrupted power
supply to home appliances in power cut off situation and to
provide power directly from solar power system where
electricity is not present.
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OBJECTIVES CONTINUE …

5. 5
BLOCK DIAGRAM :

6. 6
► SUN TRACKING SYSTEM:

7.  Single axis solar tracker :
Single axis tracker, which follows the sun from east to west
during day. 7
SUN TRACKING SYSTEM CONTINUE …

8. SUN TRACKING SYSTEM CONTINUE …
 double axis solar tracker :
Double axis tracker tracks the sun from east to west
during the day, and north to south during the seasons of
the year.
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9.  Solar panels :
Solar Panels or Photovoltaic (PV) cells are the device
that captures the sun's power and
convert them into electrical energy.
 Light dependent resistor(LDR): sensor :
If light falling on the device is of the high
enough frequency, photons absorbed by
the semiconductor give bound electrons
enough energy to jump into the conduction band.
The resulting free electron conducts electricity.
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COMPONENTS:

10.  Stepper motor :
A stepper motor is brushless DC
electric motor that divides a full
rotation into a number of equal
steps. stepper motor is an
electromagnetic device that
converts digital pulses into
mechanical shaft rotation.
Types of stepper motor : Bipolar motor
1. Bipolar stepper motor
2. Unipolar stepper motor
Unipolar motor
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11.  ULN 2003:
The ULN2003 is a monolithic high
voltage and high current Darlington
transistor arrays. It consists of seven
NPN darlington pairs that features
high-voltage outputs with common-
cathode clamp diode for switching
inductive loads.
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12.  Microcontroller (AT89S52):-
Features :
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable
(ISP) Flash Memory
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Fast Programming Time
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13. INTERFACING OF ULN 2003:
The ULN2003 is a current driver IC. It is used to drive the
current of the stepper motor as it requires more than 60mA of
current. It is an array of Darlington pairs. It consists of seven
pairs of darlington arrays with common emitter. The IC consists
of 16 pins in which 7 are input pins, 7 are output pins and
remaining are VCC and Ground. 13

14. Step
Ter. 1 Ter. 2 Ter. 3 Ter. 4
1 1 0 1 0
2 1 0 0 1
3 0 1 0 1
4 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
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The first four input pins are
connected to the microcontroller.
In the same way, four output
pins are connected to the
stepper motor.
The table below show the
different steps required to make
the motor turn.
Interfacing of uln 2003 continue …

15. ► INVERTER CIRCUIT :
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16. 16
A device that converts DC power into AC power at desired output
voltage and frequency is called an Inverter.
In this inverter circuit main components are
1. LM 555 timer IC
2. Power transsistor (2N3055A)

17.  LM 555 TIMER IC :
The 555 timer IC is an integrated
circuit used in a variety of timer,
pluse generation, oscillator and
also as a flip-flop element.
Depending on the manufacture,
the standard 555 package
includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes
and 15 resistors on a silicon chip
installed in a 8pin DIP package.
In monostable mode, 555 IC functions as a “one shot” pulse
genrator.
In bistable mode, 555 IC functions as a flip-flop.
In astable mode, 555 IC can operate as an oscillator.
Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pluse genration,
logic clocks etc.
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18. 18
 Astable mode of Timer 555 IC :
In astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a
continuous stream of rectangular pulses having
specified frequency.
The capacitor is charged through R1, R2 and
R3 since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low
intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor.
In the astable mode, the frequency of
the pulse stream depends on the
values of R1, R2, R3 and C.
high time t1= ln(2)•(R1+R2+R3)•C
low time t2 = ln(2)•(R2+R3)•C
555 timer IC continue…
ƒ=
1
ln 2 • 𝐶•[𝑅1+2 𝑅2+𝑅3 ]

19.  POWER TRANSISTORS (2N3055A):
Transistor is a semiconductor device used to
amplify or switching signals and electrial
power. It consists of three terminals for
connection to an external circuit.
Transistor
Absolute maximum ratings:
VCBO= 100V
VEBO=7V
VCEO=60V
IC=15A
POUT=115W Symbol (NPN)
Parallel connection of 2N3055 is very easy as shown
above. Parellel connection is essential for 110w power
output.
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20. ►SYNCHRONIZATION CIRCUIT:
20

21. Main concept of our project is to synchronization of solar inverter
with AC mains to provide uninterrupted power supply to home
appliances in power cut off situation and to provide power directly
from solar power system .
Components in synchronization circuit:
1. 7805 IC
2. MOC3041
3. ATmega328
microcontroller
 7805 IC :
7805 IC is used as power supply circuit for microcontroller.
7805 IC gives constant +5V DC for microcontroller.
21

22.  MOC 3041:
They are designed for use with a triac in the interface of logic
systems to equipment powered from 115 Vac lines, such as solid-
state relays, industrial controls, motors, solenoids and consumer
appliances, etc.
Functions of moc 3041:
Sychronization with mainline
by zero crossing detection.
22

23.  ATmega328 microcontroller:
Features :
28-pin AVR Microcontroller
Flash Program Memory: 32 kbytes
EEPROM Data Memory: 1kbytes
SRAM Data Memory: 2kbytes
I/O Pins: 23
Timers: Two 8bit/ One 16 bit
A/D converter: 10 bit Six channel
PWM: Six Channels
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24.  ADVANTAGES
Clean and renewable energy
source
Produced free of charge
No pollution
No moving parts so no noise
at all
Very little maintenance
In the long term, high return
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 APPLICATION AREAS
Rural hamlets
Hospitals
Bungalows
Educational institutions
Government offices
Commercial establishments
Petrol pumps Construction
companies Workshops
R&D laboratories
Water pumps

25. CONCLUSION:
 After collecting few information about microcontroller based
solar tracking system using stepper motor if we compare
tracking by the use of LDR with fix solar panel system we found
that the efficiency of microcontroller based solar tracking system
is improved by 30-45%.
 LM 555 timer IC based inverter which does not require centre
tapped transformer.
 And from sychronization circuit, ATmega328 converts Analog to
Digital form from which we get instant synchronization with load.
 This system is more efficient and cost effective in long term.
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26. REFERENCES :
 Rizk J. and Chaiko Y.”Solar tracking system: More
efficient use of solar panels”,world Academy of
science,Engineering nd Technology 412008.
 Filfil Ahmed Nasir,Mohussen Deia Halboot, Dr. Zidan
khamis A.“microcontroller based sun path tracking
system”, eng. & Tech. Journal, vol. 29
 http://www.electronicshub.org/stepper-motor-control-
using-8051-microcontroller/
 http://www.microtivity.com/p/ICAT89S52-1/pack-of-1-
at89s52-8-bit-microcontroller-w-8kbytes-isp-flash
 http://www.botskool.com/tutorials/electronics/8051/input-
output-instructions-8051-assembly-language
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27. THANK YOU
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