INTRODUCTION
Genetic manipulation in animal for higher productivity is also called genetic engineering, refer to the alteration of the gene of an organism.
Organisms containing integrated sequences of cloned dna (transgenes), transferred using techniques of genetic engineering (to include those of gene transfer and gene substitution) are called transgenic animals.
Transgenic technology has led to the development of fishes, live stock and other animals with altered genetic profiles which are useful to mankind.Genetically modified animals are proving ever more vital in the development of new treatments and cures for many serious diseases.
Transgenesis is a radically new technology for altering the characteristics of animals by introducing the foreign genetic material.
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3. • Genetic manipulation in animal for higher productivity is also called
genetic engineering, refer to the alteration of the gene of an organism.
• Organisms containing integrated sequences of cloned dna (transgenes),
transferred using techniques of genetic engineering (to include those of
gene transfer and gene substitution) are called transgenic animals.
• Transgenic technology has led to the development of fishes, live stock
and other animals with altered genetic profiles which are useful to
mankind.
INTRODUCTION
4. • Genetically modified animals are proving ever more vital in the
development of new treatments and cures for many serious diseases.
• Transgenesis is a radically new technology for altering the characteristics of
animals by introducing the foreign genetic material.
5. ❑Transgenic animals can be produced by using three basic
methods which are:
o DNA microinjection
o Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer
o Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer
METHOD
6. DNA MICROINJECTION METHOD
⮚ A number of chemical and physical methods for introduction of DNA and
RNA into cells have been developed over the years.
⮚ Microinjection is the most direct approach and is used currently for a
number of applications.
7. • Using very small bore glass needles (outer diameter of
usually less than 0.2 µm), DNA or other material is injected
into the cell for subsequent integration and/or expression.
• Unlike many other approaches, the direct nature of the
approach ensures delivery in almost every cell treated.
• Further, the exact copy number or number of DNA
molecules delivered into each cell can be precisely
controlled.
• Current applications include the delivery of genes (and
other molecule) into isolated cells for research purposes,
generation of transgenic mice and other animals, and forms
of human in vitro fertilization
8. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL-MEDIATED GENE
TRANSFER
⮚ES cell-mediated gene transfer is the method of choice for gene inactivation,
the so-called knock-out method.
⮚This method involves:
oMethod involves insertion of the desired DNA sequence by
homologous recombination into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem
(ES) cells.
oIsolation of totipotent stem cells (stem cells that can develop into any
type of specialized cell) from embryos.
9. ⮚The desired gene is inserted into these cells.
⮚These cells are then incorporated into an
embryo at the blastocyst stage of
development. The result is a chimeric
animal.
⮚This technique works particularly well in
mice. It has the advantage of allowing
precise targeting of defined mutations in
the gene via homologous recombination.
10. RETROVIRUS-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER
• Transgenic mice produced by retroviral transduction of male germ line stem
cells.
• Male germ line stem cells have ability to self-renew and genetic modification of
these cells would help to study the biology of their complex self-renewal and
differentiation processes and to generate wide range of transgenic animal
species .
11. • A retrovirus is a virus that carries its genetic material in the form of RNA rather
than DNA
• Retroviruses used as vectors to transfer genetic material into the host cell,
resulting into a generation of chimera (an organism consisting of tissues or parts
of diverse genetic constitution).
• Chimeras are inbred for as many as 20 generations until homozygous (carrying
the desired transgene in every cell) transgenic offspring are born.
• The method was successfully used in 1974 when a simian virus was inserted into
mice embryos, resulting in mice carrying this DNA.
12. • AS DISEASE MODEL
• AGRICULTURE
• AS FOOD
• DRUG AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
• BLOOD REPLACEMENT
• XENOTRANSPLANTATION
APPLICATIONS OF
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
TECHNOLOGY:
13. ⮚ Transgenic animals are produced as disease models to
exhibit disease symptoms, so that effective treatment can be
studied. Such as alzheimers, cancer, AIDS.
⮚ Transgenic animals enable scientists to understand the role
of genes in specific diseases.
⮚ The benefits of using transgenic animals include the
possibility of the replacement of higher species by lower
species by developing disease models of mice.
AS DISEASE MODEL
14. ⮚ The FDA suggested that cloned animals and their products
were safe to eat for human being .
⮚ Some drawbacks are associated due to their muscle
hypertrophy like difficulties in calving requiring caesareans,
poor viability of calves and poor fertility.
⮚ Transgenic animals are used for milk production. Generally,
there is an improvement in milk composition.
⮚ Transgenic pigs are use to increase milk production by
altering the composition of lactose
AGRICULTURE
AS FOOD
15. DRUG AND INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTION
⮚ Transgenic animals are used for production of proteins such
as alpha-1-antitrypsin, which is produced in liver used for
treatment of emphysema or cystic fibrosis.
⮚ This process is less expensive than production of protein
through culture of human cells.
⮚ A recombinant bispecific antibody is produced by using
transgenic cattles with in their blood.
⮚ Transgenic swine are used to produce human
haemoglobin.
⮚ The protein obtained from transgenesis could
be purified by using procine blood which is
similar to human haemoglobin.
BLOOD REPLACEMENT
16. XENOTRANSPLANTATION
⮚ A surgical procedure in which tissue or whole
organs are transfered from one species to another
species.
⮚ Scientist successfully done experiments in pigs
and developed human organ. But there is a
protein in pig which cannot be accepted by human
immune system.
⮚ Now they are working on this problem and trying
to replace this protein with the human protein that
can easily accepted by the human immune
system.
17. SUMMARY
➢ Transgenic technology is a field that is under constant evolution.
➢ Many transgenic animals have been successfully created for a
variety of purposes, and the prospects are enormous.
➢ It holds great potential in many fields including agriculture,
medicine and industry.
➢ With proper research and careful use the transgenic animals can
go a long way in solving several problems for which science
doesn’t have a solution till now.
