Micropropagation STAGE ADVANTAGE APPLICATION

1. DEVENDRAKUMAR
B.Sc.(Agri)
IAS, BHU, VARANASI
M.Sc. Agril. Biotechnology
DRPCAU, PUSA

2. Micropropagation
 Multiplication of genetically identical copies of a cultivar by asexual reproduction is
called clonal propagation and a genetically uniform assembly of individual, derived
originally from a single individual by asexual propagation constitutes a clone.
 The word clone (Greek word klone which means twig or slip like those broken off as
propagules for multiplication) was first used by Webber in 1903 to apply to cultivated
plants that were propagated vegetatively.
 In nature, clonal propagation occurs by apomixis (seed development without meiosis and
fertilization) and/or vegetative propagation (regeneration of new plants from vegetative
parts).
 Tissue culture has become popular method for vegetative propagation of plants.
 Aseptic method of clonal propagation or In vitro clonal propagation is called as
Micropropagation and it offer the advantage of large number of true-to-type plantlets can
be produced with relatively short time and space from a single individual.
 Micropropagation is used to multiply novel plants, such as those that have been
genetically modified or breed through conventional plant breeding methods.
 It is the fact that micropropagation is the only commercially viable method of clonal
propagation of most of the horticultural crops. e.g. Orchids.

3. Explants used in micropropagation
 Explant :- A plant organ (or) an exised part used to initiate Tissue culture.
 What kind of tissue culture we want to do? and which plant are we working on?
depending on those, we can have a wide variety of tissues or plant parts to choose from.
 In micropropagation, then shoot tip would be a good choice. But, for tubers like potato
we can use the newly germinating buds from the tuber (keep the tuber in dark for
germination at Room Temperature).
 if we want to regenerate through calli formation then we have wide choices to select
from depending on plants.
 Mostly for dicots, leaf tissue is a good choice. Tobacco, Arabidopsis, Potato, eggplant,
tomato, different flowering plants, mostly they all form calli from leaf tissues and then
new shoot germination can be initiated from it.
 For monocots, immature embroys could be a good choice. these can also be used for
micropropagation (select the hormones accordingly).
 The choice of explant depends on the methods of shoot multiplication to be followed. All
plant organs viz. nodal segment, inter-nodal segments, shoot tip, root tip.
 For axillary bud induction, callus culture, somatic embryogenesis explants nodal
segments, internodes and leaves are collected.

4. General Technique of Micropropagation
 The process of plant micropropagation aims to produce clones (true copies of a plant
in large numbers). The process of micropropagation generally involves five stages:-
 Stage 0: Pre-propagation Stage
 Stage 1. Initiation of culture
 Stage 2: Multiplication of Culture
 Stage 3: In Vitro Rooting of Shoots
 Stage 4: Hardening and Acclimatization of Tissue Culture Plantlets

6. Stage 0: Pre-propagation Stage The pre-propagation stage requires proper maintenance of the mother plants in the
greenhouse under disease and insect free conditions with minimal dust.
 Clean enclosed areas, glasshouses, plastic tunnels and net covered tunnels, and also
preparation of mother plants to provide quality explants for better establishment of aseptic
cultures in stage 1.
 Collection of explants for clonal propagation should be done after appropriate pre-
treatment of the mother plants with fungicides and pesticides to minimize contamination
in the in vitro cultures.
 The control of contamination begins with the pretreatment of the donor plants. To reduce
the contamination problem in the subsequent stages, mother plant should be grown in a
glasshouse and watered so as to avoid overhead irrigation. This will also reduce the need
for a harsh sterilization treatment.
 Stage 0 also includes exposing the stock plants to suitable light, temperature and growth
regulator treatments to improve the quality of explants. In the case of photosensitive
plants it may be possible to obtain suitable explants throughout the year by controlling
photoperiod in the glasshouse.
 For example, red-light treated plants of Petunia provided leaf explants which produced up
to three times as many shoots as did the explants from untreated plants.

7. Stage 1: Initiation of Culture
 In this stage sterilization of explants and establishment of explants were done.
 The plant organ used to initiate a culture is called explant.
 The choice of explant depends on the method of shoot multiplication to be follow.
 Cultures are initiated from various kind of explants such as meristem shoot tips, nodal
buds, internodal segments leaves, young inflorescence etc. but meristem, shoot tips
and nodal buds are most prefer for commercial micro propagation.
 Meristems < 0.2mm (or) 0.2-0.4mm are devoid of pathogens and thus result in the
production of disease, virus free plants through micro propagation.
 Selected explants are surface sterilized and asptecally cultured on a suitable medium.
During this stage a simple medium without harmones and with low levels of both
auxins and cytokinins is used.
 In general the explants taken from Juvinile plants respond better. Cultures are
incubated in a room maintained at 25+ 1 oC temperature 16/8hr light/dark 3000-5000
lux light intensity and 50-70% Relative humidity. After 2-4 weeks of incubation, the
effective cultures resume their growth.

8. Stage 2: Multiplication of Culture
 This is the most crucial stage since it is the point at which most of failures in
micropropagation occur.
 Broadly three approaches have been followed to achieve in vitro multiplication of culture.
Multiplication by through Callusing (Callus) :
 Plant cells are totipotent. In tissue culture, the mass of differentiated cells commonly
known as callus. This method is used when aim is to induce variability especially in self-
pollinating species with narrow genetic base. A large number of plantlets can be obtained
from callus either through shoot and root formation (or) somatic embryogenesis. Mass
production of callus followed by shoot regeneration would be ideal method for large scale
propagation of desired plants but there are two serious drawbacks
 i) Due to repeated subculturing the capacity of mass calli to form the regenerable shoots is
diminished (or) even lost.
 ii) Degree of aneuploidy, polyploidy and development of genetically aberrant cells
increased progressively resulting the regeneration of plant that differ from parent type.
 Therefore multiplication of shoots through callusing is less preferred method. This
approach was successively used in citrus and oil palms.

9. Multiplication by apical and axillary shoots
 Apical shoots are those that occupy growing tip of shoots where as axillary
shoots are those that develop from their normal positions on the plant in a
axil of each leaf.
 Every bud has got potentiality to develop into a shoot. Apical dominance
plays an important role in the development of axillary buds and is governed
by the growth regulators.
 In the species where the apical dominance is very strong removal or injury
of terminal bud is necessary for the growth of axillary bud.
 To initiate culture, shoot tips are placed on the medium containing low
levels of cytokinins (0.05 to 0.5 mg/lit BAP) and auxin (0.01 to 0.1mg/lit,
IBA), the level of cytokinins is progressively raised at each subculture, until
the desirable rate of proliferation is achieved, In cultures, the rate of shoot
multiplication can be enhanced by culturing the shot tips on the medium
containing cytokinins.
 The enhanced axillary branching method of shoot multiplication may be
initially slower than the other two methods. But each passage, the number
of shoots increased. This method is popular for clonal propagation of crop
plants because the cells of shoot apex are uniformly diploid and are least
susceptible to genetic changes.

10. Multiplication by adventitious shoots
• Adventitious shoots are stem and leaf structures which develop naturally on plant at places
other than normal leaf axil regions. These structures include stems, buds, tubers, corms,
Rhizomes etc.
• In many horticultural crops, vegetative propagation through adventitious bud formation is
in commercial practice for eg:- In nature shoots develope on of leaves of Begonia and some
other ornamental plants.
• In culture also similar type of adventitious shoot formation can be induced by using
appropriate combination of growth regulators in media.
• Adventitious buds can also be induced on the leaf and stem cuttings of even those species
which are normally not propagated vegetative Eg:- flax, Brassica species.
• Development of adventitious shoots directly from excised organs is preferred for clonal
propagation as compared to callus formation method because in the former diploid
individuals are formed but in the later often cytologically abnormal plants are produced.
However in varieties which are genetic chimeras multiplication through adventitious bud
formation may lead to splitting the chimeras to pure type plants.

11. Stage 3: In Vitro Rooting of Shoots
 In-vitro grown shoots lack root system. For induction of roots they were transferred to
rooting medium. For rooting half strength MS medium supplemented with 1.0mg/l auxin
was transferred to a rooting medium. In general rooting medium has low salt. All
cytokinins inhibit rooting.
 Eg:- half (or) even 1/4th salts of M.S medium and reduced sugar levels.
 In most species 0.1 – mg/lit NAA.
 IBA is required for rooting. The availability of IBA induces primary / secondary roots.
Where as NAA induces root hairs.
 Generally individual shoots are approximately 2cm are transferred to rooting medium
plantlets with 0.5 –1cm roots are usually transplanted into pots since longer roots tend to
get damaged during the transfer.
 They require an additional step of maturation to acquire the capability for normal
germination.
 Adventitious and axillary shoots developed in cultures in the presence of a cytokinin
generally lack roots.
 To obtain full plants the shoots must be transferred to a rooting medium which is
different from the shoot multiplication medium, particularly in its hormonal and salt
compositions. For rooting, individual shoots measuring 2 cm in length are excised and
transferred to the rooting medium.

12. Stage 4: Hardening and Acclimatization of Tissue Culture
Plantlets
 Transfer of plantlets to soil is the most critical step in micropropagation. The plantlets
are maintained under highly protected conditions in in vitro i.e. high humidity, low
irradiance, low CO2 levels and high sugar content.
 This is the final stage and requires careful handling of plants. The transplantation from
completely controlled conditions should be gradual.
 This process of gradually preparing the plants to survive in the field conditions is called
acclimatization.
 The plants produced in tissue culture, although green in color; do not prepare sufficient
food for their own survival. Also inside the culture vessels humidity is very high and thus
the natural protective covering of cuticle is not fully developed. Therefore immediately
after transfer plants were maintained under high humidity. Optimum conditions were
provided to plants in green house.

13. Advantages of micropropagation:- Micropropagation has a number of
advantages over traditional plant propagation techniques:
 Clonal mass propagation - extremely large numbers of plants can be produced. Rather than
getting 10000 plants per year from an initial cutting in vegetative propagation, one can
obtain more than 1,000,000 plants per year from one initial explant through
micropropagation.
 Culture is initialized from small parts of plants – so no need of much space: from 1 m2
space in culture room, 20000 - 100000 plants can be produced per year.
 Production of disease and virus free plantlets. This leads to simplification of international
exchange of plants.
 Micropropagation enables growers to increase the production of plants that normally
propagate very slowly such as Narcissus and other bulbous crops.
 Introduction of disease free new cultivars is possible through micropropagation
 Vegetative propagation of sterile hybrids can be used as parent plants for seed production.
Eg. Cabbage.
 In vitro cultures can be stored for long time through cryopreservation.
 Breeding cycle can be shortened.
 In dioecious species plants of one sex is more desirable than those of other sex
 Eg:- Male asparagus and Female papaya, In such cases plants of desired sex can be
selectively multiplied by this technique
 This technique is carried out through out the year independent of seasons.

14. Disadvantages of micropropagation
Micropropagation is not always the perfect means of multiplying plants, conditions that limits its use
include:
 Expensive laboratory equipment and service
 At each stage the technique has to be standardized
 No possibility of using mechanization
 Plants are not autotrophic
 Poor Acclimatization to the field is a common problem (hyperhydricity).
 Mass propagation cannot be done with all crops to date. In cereals much less success is achieved.
 Regeneration is often not possible, especially with adult woody plant material.
 More problems in inducing rooting
 May not get uniform growth of original plant from tissue culture. Each explant has different in vitro
growth rates and maturation. Thus cannot be used for floriculture crop production where uniformity
is critical.
 The plantlets are susceptible to water losses in external environment and they have to
 be hardened to the external atmosphere
 Aclamatisation is difficult process to get high percentage of suruvial of plants
 Continuous propagation from same material for many generations may lead to many off types in
culture
 This is available for lab scale not for commercial scale
 Inspite of great care taken during culture there are chances of contamination by various pathogens
which could cause vary high losses in a short time

15. Applications:-
 Micro propagation of a hybrid has the greatest multiplication advantage since it can be
result in large number of elite plants from a very small tissue clump taken from the hybrid
plant.
 Maintainance of inbred lines for producing F1 hybrids
 Maintainance of male sterile genotypes of wheat and onion are useful in hybridization.
 Selective propagation of dioecious plants Eg:- female plants of papaya, male plants of
Asparagus
 Multiplication of particular heterozygous superior genotype with increased productivity
Eg:- oil palm
 Shoot cultures of some species are maintained as slow growth culture for germ plasm
conservation.
 Rapid production of disease free material
 Tissue culture can be used to minimise the growing space in commercial nurseries for
maintenance of shoot plant