chapter 5.pptx: drainage and irrigation engineering
Colloquim presentation
1. COMPARITIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT NANO PARTICLES USED
IN NANOFLUIDS
PRESENTED BY
DEVANAND S
1628005
S2 MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
M-TECH SEMINAR PRESENTATION
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
Dr .B.SHIVAMURTHY
(PROGRAM COORDINATOR & ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR)
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
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2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Literature review based on car radiator
Literature review based on cutting fluids
Literature review based on Refrigerant
Results and discussions
Conclusion
References
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3. Introduction
Nano fluids are defined as suspension of nanoparticles in a base fluids
Recent development of nanotechnology brings out a new heat transfer
coolant called ‘Nano fluids’
Nano fluids are relatively new class of fluids which consist of a basefluid
with nano sized particles (1-100nm)suspended with it
These fluids exhibit larger Thermal properties than conventional coolants
[1]
The much larger relative surface area of nanoparticles, compared to those
of conventional particles, not only significantly improves heat transfer
capabilities, but also increases the stability of the suspension
Nano fluids are potential heat transfer fluids with enhanced thermophysical
properties
N
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4. Preparation method of Nano fluids
1. SINGLE STEP METHOD
• To reduce the agglomeration of nanoparticles they developed a one-
step physical vapor condensation method to prepare Cu/ethylene
glycol Nano fluids . The one-step process consists of simultaneously
making and dispersing the particles in the fluid.
• In this method, the processes of drying, storage are avoided, so the
agglomeration of nanoparticles is minimized, and the stability of
fluids is increased . The one-step processes can prepare uniformly
dispersed nanoparticles, and the particles can be stably suspended in
the base fluid.
• However, there are some disadvantages for one-step method. The
most important one is that the residual reactants are left in the Nano
fluids due to incomplete reaction or stabilization.
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2. TWO-STEP METHOD
• Two-step method is the most widely used method for preparing Nano
fluids.
• Nanoparticles, Nanofibers, nanotubes or other nano materials used in
this method are first produced as dry Powders by chemical or physical
methods.
• Then the nano sized powder will be dispersed into a fluid in the second
processing step with the help of intensive magnetic force agitation,
Ultrasonic agitation, high-shear mixing, homogenizing and ball
milling.
• Due to the high surface area and surface activity, nanoparticles have
the tendency to aggregate.
• The important technique to enhance the stability of nanoparticles in
fluids is the use of surfactants.
6. Thermal conductivity of Nano fluids
• The conventional fluids that have been used for heat transfer applications
have a rather low thermal conductivity.
• Taking into account the rising demands of modern technology, it has been
recently proposed that dispersion of small amounts of nanometres-sized
solids in the fluid called Nano fluids can enhance the thermal conductivity
of the fluids.
• Nano fluids showing the thermal properties because of the following
-Brownian motion
-Interfacial layer
- Volume fraction of particles
• This increase in the thermal conductivity is predicted to be because of the following
reasons:
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7. 1. Brownian motion
• The enhancement in the effective thermal conductivity of Nano fluids is mainly due
to the localized convection caused by the Brownian movement of the nanoparticles.
• Brownian motion which produces micro-mixing.
• This effect is additive to the thermal conductivity of a static dilute suspension.
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8. 2. Interfacial layer
2. Interfacial layer
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• It is assumed that the solid-like Nano layer acts as a thermal bridge between a
solid nanoparticle and a bulk liquid and so is key to Enhancing thermal
conductivity.
• From this thermally bridging Nano layer idea, a structural model of Nano fluids
that consists of solid was suggested. Nanoparticles, bulk liquid and solid-like
Nano layers.
• Conventional pictures of solid/liquid suspensions do not have this Nano layer.
9. u3. Volume fraction
me fraction
fcxgf
• Highly conductive nanoparticles of very low volume fractions distributed in
nanofluids may measurably increase the effective thermal conductivity of the
suspension when compared to the pure liquid.
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Figure shows the thermal conductivity with volume fraction, R.Saidur,(2011) [4]
10. Comparison of the thermal conductivity of common liquids and
solids [3]
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11. Materials Materials used for Nano particles and base fluids
base fluids:
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13. Literature review I
Nano fluids for the cooling performance of automobile radiator
• Heat transfer of coolant flow through the automobile radiator is of great importance for the
optimization of fuel consumption [4]
• An ethylene glycol and water mixture is commonly used automotive coolant
• The use of nanofluids as coolants would allow for smaller size and better positioning of the
radiators.
• Benefits are :- 1) High fuel consumption
2) Coolant pumps could be shrunk
3) Truck engines could be operated at higher temperatures
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15. CuO/Water and Fe2O3/water
• CuO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles into the water at three different concentration(0.15 ,0.4,0.65 vol
%)
• Liquid flow rate of 0.05,0.08,0.11,0.14 l/s
• Inlet temparature 50,65,80○C
• Ultimately at the concentration of 0.65 % ,the heat transfer enhancement is about 9% is
obtained for Fe2O3 /Water Nano fluids
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(Peyghambarzadeh, (2013) [5])
Figure shows the Percentage of heat transfer enhancement with different
nano fluids [5]
16. MWCNT dispersed in distilled water
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• Experimental investigation focusing on the thermal performance of
MWCNT/water nano fluids inside an automotive radiator.
• MWCNT nanoparticles into the distilled water at three
different concentration(0.05 ,0.08,0.16 vol %)
• Inlet temparature 25,50,60,70,80○C
Viscosity
• The experimental results for the viscosity showed a significant
increase for Nanofluid, compared to conventional fluids, and
also an increase with nanoparticle concentration
(Oliveira,2017, [6])
18. Thermal conductivity
• Thermal conductivity was about 5% at 50◦C, for the concentrations 0.08 and
0.16wt%. For the temperature of 25◦C the enhancement was lower, 1.6 % for
0.16wt% concentration.
Experimental results of thermal conductivity of distilled water and MWCNT Nano
fluids according to the temperature [6]
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19. Thermal performance
• Nano fluids were tested at different MWCNT concentrations 0.05, 0.08 and
0.16 wt%, and mass flow rates varying from 30 up to 70 g/s.
Comparison of the heat transfer rate obtained for distilled water and Nano fluid
with concentration of 0.05wt% in relation to the mass flow rate [6]
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20. Comparison of the heat transfer rate obtained for distilled water and nanofluid with
concentration of 0.08wt% in relation to the mass flow rate [6]
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22. Literature review II
Performance of Nano fluids as cutting fluids
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• Cutting fluids play an important role in retaining the cutting edge or
enhancing the tool life
• This is mainly achieved through cooling and lubrication actions of the
fluids
• Nano cutting fluids are the mixtures of conventional cutting fluid and
nanoparticles
• Nano particles can alter the thermo physical properties of the cutting fluids
• For a good cutting fluid
– Higher thermal conductivity and
– lower contact angle or higher wettability
– High pH value
23. Experimental set up
Experimental set up images by Roja Abraham Raju (2016) [7]
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• SDS was used as a dispersant to obtain Nano fluid from MWCNT and
water.
• The solution was then subjected to two hours of ultra-sonication in an
ultrasonic water bath having 8 minutes cycles
• Four different solutions of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 volume %
concentration of MWCNT’s with 0.5 % volume of SDS and a sample
conventional cutting fluid were prepared.
• The conventional fluid was a mixture of distilled water and 5 %
Blasocut 4000 Strong oil
Measurements taken
Thermal conductivity
Viscosity of the Nano fluids
Wettability of Nano fluids
pHvalue
25. Thermal conductivity
• High thermal conductivity is one of the most desirable properties of cutting fluids
• KD 2 pro was used to measure the thermal conductivity of cutting fluids
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Samples Temperature ◦c Thermal
conductivity
(W/m.K)
0.2volume
% MWCNT
33 0.701
40 0.8
50 1.07
0.3 volume
% MWCNT
33 0.6
40 1.13
50 1.15
0.1volume
% MWCNT
33 0.73
40 0.99
50 1.03
0.05volume
% MWCNT
33 0.71
40 0.74
50 0.75
Coolant
(cutting
fluid)
33 0.57
40 0.62
50 0.66
Comparison of thermal conductivities of
different fluid samples [6]
26. Viscosity
• Brooke field viscometer analyse the viscosity of nanofluids
• For an efficent cutting fluids low viscosity is preferred
Viscosity curves for all fluid samples
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Wettability
• Wetting is the ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface,
resulting from intermolecular interactions when they are brought together
• The degree of wetting is called wettability
• In order to get the contact angle values of a small droplet of nanofluid, a
Contact Angle Analyser
Images of contact angle measurement of
each fluid droplet
Variation of contact angle of nanofluid droplet
with change in concentration
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pHvalue
• The pH value is very important, as it affects the corrosion of steel when
cutting fluid is applied in the cutting zone.
• The pH value of the fluid should be more than 8 for machining ,so that
material surface dose not corrode [8].
pH report of cutting fluid and Nano fluid.
29. Literature review III
Performance of Nano fluids as Refrigerant
Cooling of an object and maintenance of its temperature below
that of surroundings is called refrigeration system
A refrigerator is a reversed heat engine or heat pump which takes
heat from cold body and deliver it to a hot body.
Nanorefrigerants are a class of nanofluids ,which consist of
suspended nanoparticles in a base refrigerant
Refrigerants is heat carrying medium which during their cycle in
refrigeration system absorbs heat from low temperature system
and deliver it to high temperature system.
Examples:-
Chloroflourocarbons.
Ammonia (R-717).
Sulfur dioxide.
Tetraflouroethane (R-134a).
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30. Influence of Nano refrigerant
• Studies shows that nano refrigerant has higher heat transfer coefficient than the host
refrigerant and it can be used to improve the performance of refrigeration systems.
• The heat transfer coefficient of a fluid with higher thermal conductivity is larger
than that of a fluid with lower thermal conductivity if the Nusselt numbers of them
are the same.
• There are two methods to improve the thermal conductivity of a Nano refrigerant.
– increase the volume fraction of Nano-scale materials in the Nano refrigerant
– use Nano scale materials with high thermal conductivity
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31. Thermal conductivity in nano refrigerant
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Figure shows the ratio of effective thermal
conductivity of the nanofluid to the thermal
conductivity of the base fluid of Al2O3 /R-
134[17]
Figure shows the thermal conductivity ratio ofAl2O3
/R-134 as function of temperature[17]
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Figure shows Comparison of keff/kf values of Nano refrigerants for different types of nanoparticles,
base fluids, and particle concentrations [18]
• It is observed that the thermal conductivity of a nanorefrigerant is higher than that
of the base fluid andthe thermal conductivity increases with the volume
concentration/mass fraction of nanoparticles in the working fluid.
• As CNT (carbon nano tube) has exceptionally high thermal conductivity, the thermal
conductivity of CNT-based nanorefrigerants was found to be higher as compared to
other nanorefrigerants.
• When the nanoparticle size is increased, the thermal conductivity is found to
decrease, although the surface area increased on account of the larger size of the
nanoparticles
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Influence of viscosity in nano refrigerant
• Viscosity is an important factor to be consider in the case of nano refrigerants
as a variation in viscosity affects the pressure drop and affects the pumping
capacity
• Viscosity increased with higher volume concentration of nano particles and
decreased as temperature was increased
Fig shows the effect of temperature on viscosity of
nanorefrigerants of Al2O3 /R-134[18]
34. Effects of C.O.P in nano refrigerant
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The COP increases with the increase in the temperature. The highest rise of
15% in the COP was found at higher temperatures because of higher thermal
conductivity.
Figure shows the effect of thermal conductivity on the COP of a system with
Al2O3/R134 nanorefrigerant and a system with a base fluid [17]
For investigating the effect of viscosity on the COP, the authors considered the 134a
refrigerant and Al2O3/R134a Nano refrigerant with 5 vol% concentration.
35. Performance of graphene nano particles in nano fluids
• Graphene is a single-atom-thick sheet of hexagonally arrayed sp2-bonded carbon
atoms, having honeycomb like structure
• Importance of graphene nanoparticles and their benefits compared to other
nanoparticles have been investigated and it could be stated that the graphene
nanoparticles possess the following advantages
– 1. Easy to synthesis and longer suspension time (More stable)
– 2. Larger surface area/volume ratio (1000 times larger)
– 3. Higher thermal conductivity
– 4. Lower erosion, corrosion and clogging
– 5. Lower demand for pumping power
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Figure shows the Comparison of
spherical (metals and metal oxide), rod
(CNT) and flat sheet (grapheme) Nano
fluids in their thermal conductivity
enhancement [19]
Figure shows the Comparison with the thermal
conductivity results on graphene Nano fluids
with other base fluids[19]
Thermal conductivity of graphene
37. Results and Discussions
Nano fluids in car radiator
• Overall heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate increased with the
usage of nano fluids in engine cooling compared to conventional fluids
• Increasing the concentration of nano particles in Fe2O3/water Enhanced the
overall heat transfer coefficient
• Heat transfer enhancements of Nano fluids are strongly depends on the
concentration
• Automobile radiators can be made energy efficient and compact ,increase
the fuel economy and reduce the weight of vehicle.
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38. Nano fluids as cutting fluids
• Thermal Conductivity of Nano fluid with MWCNT is higher than
conventional cutting fluid and maximum thermal conductivity is achieved
at 0.3 % volume concentration
• There is 30 % reduction in tool wear with the use of MWCNT as nano fluid
as compared to conventional fluid.
• Cutting force and surface roughness value can be reduced by MWCNT
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39. Nano fluids used in refrigerant
• Thermal conductivity of nanorefrigerant is higher than that of the base
fluids
• Viscosity of Nano refrigerants was found to increase with the increase in
particle volume fraction and decrease with the increase in temperature
• The highest rise in the COP of 15% in an Al2O3/R134a system was found at
higher temperatures because of enhanced thermal conductivity.
• The results show that the thermal conductivity of graphene nanofluid is
influenced by nanoparticle concentration;
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40. CONCLUSION
• Improved thermal conductivity of nano fluids is one of the
driving factors for improved performance in different
applications
• As the concentration of nano particle increased with the base
fluids it will enhance the overall heat transfer properties but it
also leads to agglomeration and effects on continuous flow at
high volume content
• use of nano fluids in radiator can increase the fuel efficency
and can reduce the size of radiator
• Nano fluids can increase the heat transfer coefficient of the
radiator
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41. • Use of nano fluid as cutting fluid can perform faster cooling ,
enhance the tool life and can reduce wear
• Wettability property of nano fluids as a cutting fluid is very
high
• Due to the enhanced properties and better performance of
refrigerant based nano fluids have proven to be a promising
option for efficient refrigeration system
• It can be noted that the graphene is a quiet promising material
to be used as heat exchanging fluid.
• Nano fluids stability and its production cost are major factors
that affects the commercialization of nano fluids ,By solving
these challenges it is expected that nanofluids can make
substantial impact as coolant in heat exchanging devices
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