4. ACROMEGALY
Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
cause acromegaly.
The bones become abnormally thick & also
thickening of soft tissues.
These changes are notified in the facial
features like excess growth of lower jaw,
enlarged tongue & excess large hand & feet
5. GIGANTISM
Hypersecretion of GH during
childhood cause gigantism. It is
abnormal increase in length of bones.
The affected individuals may grow to
heights of 2.1 to 2.4m yet body
proportions remain normal
.
7. SIMMOND’S DISEASE-
It is commonly due to
tumour in the anterior
lobe of the pituitary gland.
Generally blood supply &
function is affected.
Hyperprolactinemia –
It is caused by a tumour that
secrete large amount of
prolactin. It causes
galactorrhoea i.e. inappropriate
milk secretion.
8. DISORDER OF POSTERIOR
PITUITARY
Diabetes insipidus-
it is rare condition usually caused
by hypo secretion of ADH due to
damage to the hypothalamus.
Damage is generally occur due to
brain tumour, trauma &
encephalitis.
It also occur when water
reabsorption by renal tubules is
impaired. It causes excretion of
excess amount of dilute urine
causing dehydration & extreme
thirst( polydipsia).
9. DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND
These fall in to 2 main category-
Abnormal secretion of thyroid hormone-
Hyperthyroidism- grave’s disease
Hypothyroidism- cretinism, myxoedema
Goitre- enlargement of thyroid gland
10. HYPERTHYROIDISM
ALSO K/A THYROTOXICOSIS. THE BODY TISSUE
EXPOSED TO EXCESSIVE LEVEL OF T3 & T4.
Grave’s disease- it affect women more than
men & most common b/w the age of 30 &50
years.it is an autoimmune disorder in which
an antibody mimic the effect of TSH. It
cause-
increased release of T3 & T4 and produce
signs of hyperthyroidism.
Goitre
Exophthalmos ( protrusion of eye ball due
to deposition of excess fat & fibrous tissue
beyond the eye).
11. HYPOTHYROIDISM
DECREASED T3 & T4 SECRETION.
Cretinism- It is caused by
deficiency of thyroid hormones in
infants.it produce slow body growth
& mental development. Other
symptoms include slow heart rate,
lower BP, decrease body
temperature, protruding tongue &
retarded sexual development.
12. MYXOEDEMA-
It is caused by deficiency
of thyroid hormones in
adults.
It is 5 times more
prevalent in women than
men. the patient lack
alertness, intelligence &
initiative. Also suffer
from slow heart beat,
low body temperature &
retarded sexual
development
13. SIMPLE GOITRE-
It is an enlargement of thyroid gland.
It is caused by relative lack of T3 & T4
& low level of TSH. Other causes are-
Persistent iodine deficiency, genetic
abnormality affecting synthesis of T3
& T4.
14. DISORDER OF PARATHYROID
GLAND
Hyperparathyroidism- excess secretion of PTH due to tumour of
one of the parathyroid gland.it causes-
excess reabsorption of cal. Ion from bone matrix.
Raising the blood level of cal. & phosphate ions
Formation of renal calculi(stone) due to high blood cal. Level
General fatigue & muscle weakness.
15. Hypoparathyroidism-
due to deficiency of PTH. It cause deficiency of blood Cal.
Ions(hypocalcaemia). There is reduced absorption of cal. From small
intestine & less reabsorption from bones & glomerular filtrate. The low
blood cal. Level causes-
Tetany of skeletal muscle
Anxiety
Paraestheia ( rigidness in leg & hand)
Grandma seizures
Development of cataract, brittle nails.
16. DISORDER OF ADRENAL CORTEX
Cushing’s syndrome-hypersecretion of glucocorticoids
Hyper Aldosteronism- hypersecretion of
mineralocorticoids
Addison’s disease- hypo secretion of glucocorticoids &
mineralocorticoids
Adrenal crisis
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
17. It is caused by excess secretion of cortisol which may be due
to followings reasons
Abnormal secretion of ACTH due to tumour in pituitary
gland.
Hypersecretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary.
Prolonged therapeutic uses of systemic ACTH or
glucocorticoids.
CUSHING’S SYNDROME-
18. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
CUSHING'S SYNDROME-
Fat deposition in upper abdomen, face (moon face)
with thin hands.
Excessive tissue protein breakdown
Osteoporosis
Atrophy of lymphoid tissue
Hypertension, Hyperglycaemia
19. HYPERALDOSTERONISM
It is excess secretion of aldosterone. It is of
2 types-
primary aldosteronism- it is due to excess
secretion of mineralocorticoids caused by
a tumour affecting only one adrenal gland.
Secondary aldosteronism- it is caused by
excess high blood level of renin &
angiotensin & cirrhosis of liver.
Symptoms –
hypertension due to
increase blood volume.
Severe depletion of K
ions which cause renal
damage, kidney failure,
muscle weakness.
20. ADDISON’S DISEASE
It is also known as chronic adrenocortical
insufficiency.
It is due to destruction of adrenal cortex
that result in hypo secretion of
glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids.
It is an auto immune disorder in which
adrenal cortex destroy or block binding of
ACTH to its receptor
22. DISORDER OF PANCREATIC ISLETS-
Diabetes mellitus(DM)-
It is caused by complete absence of or
relative deficiency of insulin hormone.
It is of 2 types-
Type I (IDDM) insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus
Type2 (NIDDM)Non Insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus
Type I (IDDM) –
It occur due to deficiency of
insulin caused by absence or
disorder of β-cells.
It may be associated with
acidosis & ketosis.it can
occur at any age of life but
usually before 40 year of age.
If it occur in infants due to
congenital disorder or in
childhood k/a juvenile
diabetes
23. Type 2 (NIDDM) –
It is most common form of disease,
occurs after 40 year of age.
So it is called maturity onset diabetes.
In this type the structure , function of
β-cells & insulin blood level is normal.
The causes are obesity, sedentary
lifestyle & genetic factors.
Sign & symptoms-
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Weakness, fatigue
Increased blood sugar level i.e. 300 to 400
mg/dl due to reduce utilization by tissues.
Deposition of fats in the wall of artery &
development of atherosclerosis
Depletion of proteins from tissues.
