Auditing Funds and Cryptocurrency Funds under International Standards on Auditing

1. International Standards on Auditing
with a focus on Cayman Funds
David Walker
Candice Czeremuszkin
Etienne Jensen-Fontaine
22 August 2018
Helping you grow PRECISE. PROVEN. PERFORMANCE.
1

2. DisclaimerStandards on Auditing
CIIPA and the presenters disclaim any responsibility or liability
resulting from the use and application of this presentation.
2

3. 1. Audit Planning Considerations
2. Internal Controls & Risk Assessment
Considerations
3. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
4. Audit Completion, New & Revised Auditor
Reporting Standards
5. Auditing Crypto Funds
Agenda
3

4. 1. Audit Planning Considerations
4

5. Audit Planning Considerations
Engagement
(Re-)
Acceptance
Requirements
& Deliverables
Audit Planning
&
Documentation
5

6. • Fraud/Non-Compliance Risk Assessments
• Accounting Cycles Risk Assessments
• Materiality
• Expected Modification of the Audit Opinion
6
Audit Planning Considerations

7. Audit Planning Considerations
• Prior year audit issues
• Changes in the Fund’s operations
• Estimated values and assumptions
• Errors and restatements
• Going concern assessment
• Communication with Those Charged with
Governance
7

8. Audit Planning Considerations
Laws & Regulations (ISA 250)
RiskResponse
ReportingRiskAssessment
• Is material non-compliance disclosed/reported if required?
• Report to Those Charged with Governance
• Obtain management representations
• Identify any non-compliance
• Discuss with management, if
appropriate
• Evaluate impact
• Legal & regulatory
framework for funds
• How entity is complying?
• Inquire about compliance
• Review regulatory
correspondence
8

9. Audit Planning Considerations
Laws & Regulations
• IAASB Handbook of International Quality Control…
• Companies Law
• Mutual Funds Law & Annual Returns Regulations
• Proceeds of Crime Law
• Anti-Money Laundering Regulations
• Confidential Information Disclosure Law
• www.cima.ky/investment-funds-regulatory-measures
• https://www.ciipa.ky/page-18225
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10. Audit Planning Considerations
Related Parties
RiskResponse
ReportingRiskAssessment
• Has sufficient appropriate evidence been obtained?
• Does a material misstatement exist?
• Is financial statement disclosure adequate?
• Obtain management representations. Report on any findings
• Any indication of undisclosed related
parties?
• Obtain support for management’s
assertions about the nature, extent,
and purpose of transactions
• If consider significance, measurement
and recognition of transactions, as
well as any fraud risk
• Identify related parties, including and
any changes
• Understand nature, extent, & purpose
of transactions
• Consider potential for fraud
• Remain alert for undisclosed related-
party transactions
10

11. Audit Planning Considerations
• Involves different Audit Practitioners at
different locations:
 Cayman “Principal Auditor” signs
audit report, where the Fund is
domiciled;
 “Other Auditor” in different jurisdiction
where management or records based.
• Cayman Practitioner:
 Sign the Engagement Letter
 Supervises Other Auditor
 Review Other Auditor’s work
• Cayman auditor involvement in audit
planning, risk assessment and review:
 Which auditor is responsible for
communication to the Directors?
 Can the auditors effectively
collaborate to meet the client
deadline?
 Does the “Other auditor” have
adequate funds audit experience?
Working with other Auditors
11

12. 1. Audit Planning Considerations
Questions?
12

13. 2. Internal Controls & Risk Assessment
Considerations
13

14. Internal Control & Risk Assessment
If placing reliance on an internal controls assurance report:
• What is the nature of the report?
• Consider the report’s findings
• Are the critical controls being relied upon by the auditor sufficiently
tested and are these free from findings?
• Document the audit risk assessment and resultant audit approach
AND/OR: Perform controls reliance testing.
REMEMBER: Consider prior year audit adjustments and any other
significant deficiencies.
14

15. Internal Control & Risk Assessment
Only rely on documented controls that are evidenced to work
• May we rely on
controls?
• Service
organisation
controls report?
• Risks of fraud?
• Risks of errors?
• Walkthroughs
• Tests of control
• Substantive
procedures
• Confirmations
• Proof-in-total roll-
forward
calculations
• Substantive
analytical review
procedures
• Substantive tests
of detail
15

16. Internal Control & Risk Assessment
Management Override
Procedures to Address Management Override Risk
Examine:
Journal Entries
Estimates
Significant Transactions
Revenue Recognition
Management override and fraudulent revenue recognition are presumed to be
significant risks and as a result, there are certain audit procedures that would be
performed in every audit.
16

17. 2. Internal Controls & Risk Assessment
Considerations
Questions?
17

18. 3. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
18

19. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Investments
19
Valuation techniques
Market approach
Cost approach
Income approach

20. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Investments
20
Valuation techniques
Market approach
Cost approach
Income approach
Uses prices and other relevant information generated by
market transactions involving an identical or comparable
(similar) asset or liability

21. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Investments
21
Valuation techniques
Market approach
Cost approach
Income approach
Reflects the amount that would be required currently to
replace the service capacity of an asset (current replacement
cost)

22. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Investments
22
Valuation techniques
Market approach
Cost approach
Income approach
Converts future amounts (cash flows or income and
expenses) to a single current (discounted) amount

23. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Investments
Level 1 – unadjusted quoted
prices in active markets for
identical assets or liabilities
23

24. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Investments
24

25. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Investments
25
Level 2 – inputs other than
quoted prices include within
Level 1 that are observable for
the asset or liability, either
directly or indirectly

26. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Investments
26
Level 3 – inputs for the assets or
liability that are not based on
observable market data,
including assumptions in
determining the fair value of
investments

27. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Investments
Audit the valuation,
classification, levelling
and risk disclosures
• ?
Obtain sufficient and
appropriate audit
evidence for Level 3
investments especially
• ?
Consider additional
procedures for
significant related party
transactions
• ?
DOCUMENT
WHETHER
ADDITIONAL
WORK IS
REQUIRED
Review post-year end portfolio
• ?
Confirm observable prices
independently
Audit any valuation techniques
• ?
Confirm quantities with custodian
• ?
Review any breaches of
restrictions/policy/strategy
Query any unusual investments or
investment transactions
• ?
Assess any
Management Estimates
for reasonableness and
related FS disclosures
• ?
Perform analytical
review Investment roll
forward calculation
• ?
27

28. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Investments
Auditing the Statement of
comprehensive income
• Interest & dividend income
• Other net changes in FV on
financial assets and
liabilities at FVTPL
• Qualitative & quantitative
risk disclosures
• Management’s methods to
monitor & mitigate risk
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• Offsetting disclosure
requirements

29. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Investments
• Side pockets or other designated investments
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• Document, justify any
reliance on controls
• Reconcile balances to
lead schedules, FS and
audit confirmations
• Investigate reconciling or
unusual items and FX
rates

30. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Agree Review Evaluate
Opening Balances
30

31. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Due from/ to Brokers
Recalculate cash flow
statement workings
• ?
Review post year end
statements
• ?
Review any offsetting
disclosures for validity and
transparency
• ?
DOCUMENT
WHETHER
ADDITIONAL
WORK IS
REQUIRED
Justify any reliance on controls
• ?
Reconcile balances to Lead
schedules, Audit Confirmations and
Financial Statements
• ?
Investigate reconciling or unusual
items
• ?
Verify credit facility limits
Are there any breaches
Look at renewal dates
• ?
Verify FX rates
• ?
Document an understanding
of controls
• ?
31
Evidence any charges
over assets, restricted
balances, collateral &
related Financial
Statement Disclosures
• ?

32. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Sample:
• Subs, Reds & Transfers
• Signed investor
instructions
• Transaction authorisation
• Recalculate using
NAV/share at transaction
date
• Agree bank
receipt/payment/in-kind
transfer
• Verification of investors?
DOCUMENT
WHETHER
ADDITIONAL
WORK IS
REQUIRED
Share capital roll-forward
recalculation:
• Agree opening to prior
year
• Agree movement and
closing amounts to an
audit confirmation
• Agree FS disclosures
Recalculate where applicable:
• NAV/share at Y/E
• Analytical review of
NAV/share per class
• Financial Highlights
Document & test allocation of income/expenses between share classes.
Only rely on documented controls that are evidenced to work.
Review any gates, suspensions, or investor lock-in agreements.
Share Capital
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33. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
NAV-Based Fees
• Recalculate a sample or total based on the service-agreement or prospectus
• Fees payable at year-end might be verified to after date settlement
• Review breakdown of payments during the year and consider analytical techniques
Other Expenses
• Review any significant legal fee invoices
• Directors’ fees to be compared with FS disclosures, OM, directors’ service
agreements
• Consider whether any expenses are contrary to the offering document
Other Payables/Receivables
For significant balances, obtain adequate support, e.g.:
• Any post year end settlement
• Outstanding invoices
• Settlement terms and consider documenting reasons for any undue delay
Disclosure of Related Party Transactions
Expenses & Other Receivables/Payables
33

34. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Going concern basis of accounting
The auditor report’s now includes:
• Description of management’s responsibility and whether the use of the
going concern basis of accounting is appropriate
• The auditor’s responsibilities are to conclude on the appropriateness of
management’s use of the going concern basis of accounting, based
on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists
related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the
entity’s ability to continue as a going concern.
Going Concern – ISA 570 (Revised)
34

35. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Going Concern
RiskResponse
ReportingRiskAssessment
Determine:
• Does a material uncertainty exists in relation to the identified issue?
• Is the going concern basis of accounting appropriate?
• Are the FS disclosures sufficient?
Obtain management representations
For any issues identified:
• Review management’s
assessment
• Remain alert for possible
conditions or events
Consider management’s
assessment of issues that may cast
doubt on the going concern basis
of accounting:
• Review management’s
assessment
• Remain alert for possible
conditions or events
35

36. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Going Concern
Any events that
may cast significant
doubt on entity's
ability to continue
as a going
concern?
Ask management
for a preliminary
assessment of the
entity’s ability to
continue as a going
concern
Conclude if a
material uncertainty
exists or if the going
concern basis of
accounting is
inappropriate
Remain alert throughout
audit for evidence of
events/conditions that
may cast significant doubt
on entity's ability to
continue as a going
concern.
Discuss any issues
with management
and obtain their
response
Evaluate
management’s plan
of action and
supporting
documentation
Identify any events/
conditions and
obtain
management’s
action plans in
response
NO
36

37. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Use of Going Concern
Basis of Accounting
Inappropriate
Express a qualified or
adverse opinion, and
state material
uncertainty exists
Do financial statements
fully describe events/
conditions and disclose
existence of material
uncertainty?
• ?
Determine the impact of identified events/conditions on the audit report and communicate the decision to
management and those charged with governance, where applicable:
Going Concern
Use of Going Concern
Basis of Accounting
Appropriate but a
Material Uncertainty
Exists
• ?
Unmodified opinion
plus “Material
Uncertainty Related to
Going Concern”
• ?
Express an adverse
opinion
37

38. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Risks:
• Erroneous disclosure or missing financial statement disclosures
• Incorrect valuations at year-end
Procedures to include:
• Document the date to which we have identified all material subsequent events
• Review post year end activities
• Obtain Management confirmation of no undisclosed subsequent events
Subsequent Events - Overview
38

39. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Subsequent Events - Timeline
Date of
Financial
Statements
Timeline
Obtain evidence about subsequent events
Respond to new facts that
become known
Date of Management
Approval of Financial
Statements
Date of Auditor’s
Report on Financial
Statements
Date Financial
Statements Are
Issued
39

40. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Document a review of the FS
Test material journal entries, including “top-side” journals
(ISA 330.20)
Perform a final analytical review
(ISA 520.6)
Address any additional risks identified
Discuss findings
Financial Statements Review Process
40

41. 3. Auditing Specific Accounting Cycles
Questions?
41

42. 4. Audit Completion, New & Revised
Auditor Reporting Standards
42

43. Audit Finalisation Considerations
The Directors Should Review and When Satisfied, Approve the
Audited Financial Statements (SoG 6.16) & Representation Letter
• Responsibilities
• Appropriate books &
records, minutes &
resolutions made
available
• Material transactions
properly recorded
• Responsibility for
establishing and
maintaining adequate
internal controls
• Responsibility for
assessing fraud risk
Seek General
Representations of:
• FS presented fairly
• Reflect ownership
• Investments, other
assets & liabilities,
valued per
prospectus, FS
disclosures and
accounting policies
complete and correct
• Subsequent events
are disclosed /
adjusted for
• All related party
transactions disclosed
Seek FS
Representations that:
• Breaches of law,
regulation, investment
restriction or
prospectus
• Investor complaints
• Contingent events and
or assets / liabilities
• Significant
deficiencies identified
• Internal control
weaknesses
• Adjusted & unadjusted
audit differences
• “Other Information” to
be appended to the FS
Seek Management
Representations of any:
43

44. New & Revised Auditor
Reporting Standards
• ISA 260 (Revised) Communication with Those Charged with Governance
• ISA 570 (Revised) Going Concern
• ISA 700 (Revised) Forming an Opinion and Reporting on Financial
Statements
• ISA 701 Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent
Auditor’s Report
• ISA 705 (Revised) Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent
Auditor’s Report
• ISA 706 (Revised) Emphasis of Matter Paragraphs and Other Matter
Paragraphs in the Independent Auditor’s Report
• ISA 720 (Revised) The Auditor’s Responsibilities Relating to Other
Information
• ISA 810 (Revised) Engagements to Report on Summary FS
• Conforming amendments to other ISA
ISA effective for periods ending on/after 15 December 2016
44

45. New & Revised Auditor
Reporting Standards
• The Auditor’s Responsibilities
• Overview of the planned scope, timing and significant risks
identified
• Qualitative Aspects of Accounting Practices
• Significant Difficulties Encountered
• Significant Matters Arising Relevant to Financial Reporting
• Written Representations
• Circumstances Affecting the Audit Report
• Key Audit Matters, if any
• Auditor Independence
ISA 260 (Revised) Communication with Those Charged With
Governance
45

46. New & Revised Auditor
Reporting Standards
• Audit opinion is at the start of the report.
• More explicit statement on independence, other ethical responsibilities, and
which standards or code were followed by the auditor.
• New section in the audit report when a material uncertainty over going concern
exists which refers to adequate disclosure in the FS.
• New section to cover the auditor’s work in relation to other information in the
annual report (ISA 720 (Revised))
• Going concern explanation wording clarified, referencing the going concern
“basis of accounting” concept (as separate from a “solvency” definition).
• Enhanced description of the responsibilities of management and the auditor,
(with an option to move text on certain responsibilities to an appendix or
website).
ISA 700 (Revised) Forming an Opinion and Reporting on Financial
Statements
46

47. New & Revised Auditor
Reporting Standards
Applies to Listed Entities or Voluntary Adopters
• A section in the audit report to explain key audit matters (KAM).
• A succinct description of the matter being included as a KAM, and a meaningful
summary of the audit procedures undertaken to address the matter.
• KAM are those of most significance in the audit, which are a subset of matters
communicated to TCWG:
 With a higher risk of material misstatement
 Requiring significant judgement, including accounting estimates
 Where there was a significant event or transaction in the year
 Required for any reason to have modified the Opinion
 Replaces any Emphasis of Matter / Other Matter paragraph except the new
“Material Uncertainty Related to Going Concern” paragraph, if applicable
• Wording must not imply discrete opinions on separate elements of the FS.
ISA 701 Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent
Auditor’s Report
47

48. Audit Finalisation Considerations
ISA 705 (Rev) Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent
Auditor’s Report
QUALIFIED:
Material Misstatement
QUALIFIED:
Material Inability to Obtain Audit
Evidence
ADVERSE:
Material & Pervasive Misstatement
DISCLAIMER:
Material & Pervasive Inability to
Obtain Audit Evidence
TYPES OF
MODIFICATIONS
48

49. New & Revised Auditor
Reporting Standards
Qualified Opinion [Illustrative Extract as an Example]
We have audited the financial statements…
In our opinion, except for the incomplete disclosure of the information referred to in the
Basis for Qualified Opinion section of our report, the accompanying financial
statements present fairly (or do give a true and fair view of), the financial position of the
Company as at December 31, 2018, and of its financial performance and its cash flows
for the year then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards
(IFRSs).
Basis for Qualified Opinion
As discussed in Note YY, the Company’s financing arrangements expire and the
amounts outstanding are payable on December 31, 2018. The Company has been
unable to conclude re-negotiations or obtain replacement financing. This situation
indicates that a material uncertainty exists that may cast significant doubt on the
Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not
adequately disclose this matter.
ISA 705 (Revised) & ISA 570 (Revised)
49

50. Audit Finalisation Considerations
ISA 705 (Rev) Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent
Auditor’s Report
QUALIFIED:
Material Misstatement
QUALIFIED:
Material Inability to Obtain Audit
Evidence
ADVERSE:
Material & Pervasive Misstatement
DISCLAIMER:
Material & Pervasive Inability to
Obtain Audit Evidence
TYPES OF
MODIFICATIONS
50

51. New & Revised Auditor
Reporting Standards
Adverse Opinion [Illustrative Extract as an Example]
We have audited the financial statements…
In our opinion, because of the omission of the information mentioned in the Basis for
Adverse Opinion section of our report, the accompanying financial statements do not
present fairly (or do not give a true and fair view of), the financial position of the
Company as at December 31, 2018, and of its financial performance and its cash flows
for the year then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards
(IFRSs).
Basis for Adverse Opinion
The Company’s financing arrangements expired and the amount outstanding was
payable on December 31, 2018. The Company has been unable to conclude re-
negotiations or obtain replacement financing and is considering filing for bankruptcy.
This situation indicates that a material uncertainty exists that may cast significant doubt
on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do
not adequately disclose this fact.
ISA 705 (Revised) & ISA 570 (Revised)
51

52. Audit Finalisation Considerations
ISA 705 (Rev) Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent
Auditor’s Report
QUALIFIED:
Material Misstatement
QUALIFIED:
Material Inability to Obtain Audit
Evidence
ADVERSE:
Material & Pervasive Misstatement
DISCLAIMER:
Material & Pervasive Inability to
Obtain Audit Evidence
TYPES OF
MODIFICATIONS
52

53. New & Revised Auditor
Reporting Standards
Disclaimer of Opinion [Illustrative Extract as an Example]
We were engaged to audit the financial statements of ABC Fund…
We do not express an opinion on the accompanying financial statements of the Fund.
Because of the significance of the matter described in the Basis for Disclaimer of
Opinion section of our report, we have not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate
audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion on these financial statements.
Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion…
Responsibilities of Management and TCWG for the FS…
Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements
Our responsibility is to conduct an audit of the Fund’s financial statements in
accordance with International Standards on Auditing and to issue an auditor’s report.
However, because of the matter described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion section
of our report, we were not able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide
a basis for an audit opinion on these financial statements.
We are independent…
ISA 705 (Rev) Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent
Auditor’s Report
53

54. Audit Finalisation Considerations
ISA 705 (Rev) Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent
Auditor’s Report
QUALIFIED:
Material Misstatement
QUALIFIED:
Material Inability to Obtain Audit
Evidence
ADVERSE:
Material & Pervasive Misstatement
DISCLAIMER:
Material & Pervasive Inability to
Obtain Audit Evidence
TYPES OF
MODIFICATIONS
54

55. New & Revised Auditor
Reporting Standards
EoM can also be required by:
• ISA 210, Agreeing the Terms of Audit Engagements – paragraph 19(b)
• ISA 560, Subsequent Events – paragraph 12 (b) and 16
• ISA 800, Special Considerations – Audits of Financial Statements Prepared in
Accordance with Special Purpose Frameworks – paragraph 14
Other Matter paragraph can also be required by:
• ISA 560, Subsequent Events – paragraphs 12 (b) and 16
• ISA 710, Comparative Information – Corresponding Figures and Comparative
Financial Statements – paragraphs 13-14, 16-17 and 19
• ISA 720, The Auditor’s Responsibilities Related to Other Information in Documents
Containing Audited Financial Statements – paragraph 10 (a)
ISA 706 (Revised) Emphasis of Matter Paragraphs and Other Matter
Paragraphs in the Independent Auditor’s Report
55

56. New & Revised Auditor
Reporting Standards
• Updated to reflect IESBA’s Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants addressing
Non-Compliance with Laws and Regulations (NOCLAR)
• Effective for audit periods beginning on/after 15 December 2017
• Pathway for auditors/professional accountants to disclose potential non-compliance
situations to appropriate public authorities without constraints of the ethical duty of
confidentiality.
• Promoting compliance, preventing of non-compliance
ISA 250 (Revised) Consideration of Laws and Regulations in an Audit
of FS
56

57. 4. Audit Completion, New & Revised
Auditor Reporting Standards
Questions?
57

58. 5. Auditing Crypto Funds
58

59. Auditing Crypto Funds
BACKGROUND
500 crypto funds are already known to exist
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO)
Blockchain – distributed ledger technology; immutable log of data/transactions
Smart Contract – self-executing coded agreements existing across a distributed
ledger technology. Could be used to offer investment and insurance products
Cryptocurrencies – digital assets that function as currency “coins”
Asset-Backed Tokens – define their value from a claim on an asset
Utility Tokens – tokens for specific use applications
Security Tokens – passive investment opportunities
ICOs / token generation / token distribution events – like crowd financing
Cloud Mining Contracts – an interest in the output of crypto mining power from
remote datacentres mining in the cloud
59

60. Auditing Crypto Funds
CRYPTOCURRENCY / DIGITAL CURRENCY
Disintermediation
Anonymous transactions are possible
Fraud could be concealed more easily, like cash transactions
Not legal tender (not backed by state)
Not widely accepted in any single jurisdiction (not yet)
Processing times are not instant, but much faster than wires
Scalability limited (currently)
Volatile (mainly)
Intrinsic value (depends)
Known quantity of coins/tokens limits risks of inflation/deflation
Smart contracts (evolving)
60

61. Auditing Crypto Funds
ACCOUNTING FOR CRYPTOCURRENCIES
Varying approaches, no crypto guidance offered by IFRS
• Not a Cash Equivalent if significant risk of fluctuations in value
• Not a Financial Asset (no contract, except Bitcoin derivatives)
• Accounting for Intangible Assets
• At FVTPL for Investment Entities, if there is an Active Market
• Otherwise Changes in FV go through OCI
• Clear disclosure of the accounting policies & nature of transactions is
key
61

62. Auditing Crypto Funds
Additional audit procedures to consider:
• Is the fund issuing Tokens or Redeemable Shares? Review the offering.
• What are the KYC/AML checks for investor transactions (and in-kind
transactions) and who performs and reviews this?
• Consider source of funds for transactions outside of regulated exchange
• Review and consider testing controls and systems plus any substantive
procedures over digital wallet, cold storage, broker/custodian
• Test ownership and access controls over any corporate digital wallets
• Audit confirmations from (independent?) custodians
• Review pricing methodology, consider using the most active market price,
and look at the timing/cut-off of pricing on 24/7 markets
• Detailed review investment transactions during the year include a
comprehensive analytical review of trading performance in each
cryptocurrency
62

63. Auditing Crypto Funds
Background information:
• bitcoin.org/en
• blockchain.com/explorer
• bitnodes.earn.com
• coindesk.com
• coinmarketcap.com
• cointelegraph.com
• onlinemd5.com
• bitbonkers.com
• CPA Canada: Audit Considerations Related to Cryptocurrency Assets and
Transactions
63

64. 5. Auditing Crypto Funds
64
Questions?

65. Thank you!
65