Methods of collecting data
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An explanation on methods used when collecting data
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Methods of collecting data
- 1. Methods of collecting data David Mzura-Chima
- 2. PURPOSE OF DATA COLLECTION The purpose of data collection are to obtain information to keep on record to make decisions about important issues to pass information on to others
- 4. What is data? Data are the raw numbers or facts which must be processed to give useful information. Data collection is expensive, so it is sensible to decide what the data will be used for before they are collected. In principle, there is an optimal amount of data which should be collected. These data should be as accurate as possible.
- 5. OBSERVATION METHOD Observation method is a technique in which the behavior of research subjects is watched and recorded without any direct contact.
- 6. CHARACTERISTICS It is the main method of Psychology and serves as the basis of any scientific enquiry. Primary material of any study can be collected by this method. Observational method of research concerns the planned watching, recording and analysis of observed method. This method requires careful preparation and proper training for the observer.
- 7. TYPES OF OBSERVATION Structured Observation Unstructured Observation Participant Observation Non - Participant Observation Controlled Observation Uncontrolled Observation
- 8. STRUCTURED vs UNSTRUCTURED OBSERVATION STRUCTURED OBSERVATION In structured observation, the researcher specifies in detail what is to be observed and how the measurements are to be recorded. It is appropriate when the problem is clearly defined and the information needed is specified. UNSTRUCTURED OBSERVATION In unstructured observation, theresearcher monitors all aspects of the phenomenon that seem relevant. It is appropriate when the problem has yet to be formulated precisely and flexibility is needed in observation to identify key components of the problem and to develop hypotheses.
- 9. PARTICIPANT vs NON PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION If the observer observes by making himself, more or less, a member of the group he is observing so that he can experience what the members of the group experience, then the observation is called participant observation. NON PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION When the observer observes as a detached emissary without any attempt on his part to experience through participation what others feel, the observation of this type is known as non-participant observation.
- 10. CONTROLLED vs UNCONTROLLED OBSERVATION CONTROLLED OBSERVATION If the observation takes place according to definite pre-arranged plans, involving experimental procedure, the same is termed as controlled observation. UNCONTROLLED OBSERVATION If the observation takes place in the natural setting, it may be termed as uncontrolled observation..
- 11. OBSERVATIONS ADVANTAGES Most direct measure of behaviour Provides direct information Easy to complete, saves time Can be used in natural or experimental settings DISADVANTAGES May require training Observer’s presence may create artificial situation Potential to overlook meaningful aspects Potential for misinterpretation Difficult to analyse
- 12. FIELD INVESTIGATION Any activity aimed at collecting primary (original or otherwise unavailable) data, using methods such as face-to-face interviewing, surveys and case study method is termed as field investigation.
- 13. SURVEY The survey is a non-experimental, descriptive research method. Surveys can be useful when a researcher wants to collect data on phenomena that cannot be directly observed (such as opinions on library services). In a survey, researchers sample a population.
- 14. METHOD OF SURVEY The Survey method is the technique of gathering data by asking questions to people who are thought to have desired information. A formal list of questionnaire is prepared. Generally a non disguised approach is used. The respondents are asked questions on their demographic interest opinion.
- 15. CASE STUDY METHOD Case study method is a common technique used in research to test theoretical propositions or questions in relation to qualitative inquiry. The strength of the case study approach is that it facilitates simultaneous analysis and comparison of individual cases for the purpose of identifying particular phenomena among those cases, and for the purpose of more general theory testing, development or construction.
- 16. WHAT IS IT? A case study is a form of research defined by an interest in individual cases. It is not a methodology per se, but rather a useful technique or strategy for conducting qualitative research. The more the object of study is a specific, unique, bounded system, the more likely that it can be characterized as a case study. Once the case is chosen, it can be investigated by whatever method is deemed appropriate to the aims of the study.
- 17. INTERVIEWS Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research. It is possible to use the interview technique as one of the data collection methods for the research. It makes the researcher to feel that the data what he collected is true and honest and original by nature because of the face to face interaction.