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Management Information
System
Lecturer: Muhammad Farhan
Telecommunication implies the transmission of
information from one point to another through
communication medium.
Telecommunication
 Analog Signals
 Digital Signals
Types of Signals
 These signal are continuous waves with no discontinuity
or break in between.
 For Example: Sound, pressure, temperature etc.
 An important feature of analog signals is that they can
travel long distances but they can distorted by noise.
 Signal strength is increased with the help of booster.
Analog Signals
 Digital signals are discrete on-off pulses. i.e. they represent
information in terms of only two states of signals, either one
or zero.
 Digital signals are less affected by disturbances or noise and
they can be repeatedly strengthened for long distance
transmission without accumulating noise.
 Amplifier first absorb and then regenerate them at regular
intervals.
Digital Signal
 Communication channels, known as lines, are used in
data communication to transport data from one
location to another.
Communication Channels
Guided
Unguided
Types of Communication Channel
 Guided transmission media means the data signals
are guided along the path like cabling system.
They don't have any other way to go, they have
to pass through the given cable or wire.
Guided
Types Of Guided Media
 A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires arranged in
a regular spiral pattern.
 Twisted pair may be used to transmit both analog and digital
transmission.
 Twisted pair is limited in distance, bandwidth, and data rate.
Twisted Pair
Twisted Pair Types
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
 Ordinary telephone wire
 Cheapest
 Easiest to install
 Suffers from external interference
Con..
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
 Metal protected that reduces interference
 More expensive
 Easiest to install
 Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable is a copper or aluminum wire wrapped
with spacers to insulate
 The copper conductor
 Insulation layer of plastic foam
 Second conductor or shield of wire mesh tube or metallic foil
 Outer jacket of tough plastic
Con…
 Coaxial cable can be used over longer distances and
support more stations on a shared line than twisted
pair.
 Coaxial cable is used in a wide variety of applications.
Fiber Optics
 Fiber optic cable consist of thousands of very thin filaments of glass.
 Through this cable data transmission is done through « Light ray
signal transmission» rather than electrical signal transmission.
 It has inner core of glass that conducts light. This inner core is
surrounded by cladding.
 Each fiber is then surrounded by plastic sheath
Unguided Media
 It refers to those channels that transmit data and
information in the form of Waves.
 Data is transmitted through the air instead of cable
 There is no physical path between two devices for
transmission of data.
Con..
 Data signals are not bounded to cabling media
therefore it is also know as unbounded media.
Unguided Media
Microwave Satellite Mobile
Microwave
 These are the communication channels in which data
is transmitted through air instead of cables.
Con..
 Microwave is the high frequency waves that can only be
traveled in straight lines.
 These waves cannot bend or pass through obstacles.
 It is limited to particular city community.
 The transmitter and receiver are mounted on a very high
tower should be in a line of sight.
Con..
 This may be not possible for long distance
transmission.
 Repeater on antennas are mounted at very high
towers usually 20 to 30 miles apart to overcome the
problem of weakening signals and line of sight.
 Satellite serve as relay stations for communication
signals transmitted from earth station.
 Satellites are lunched by rockets to an orbit around
the earth at a distance of approximately 35000 km.
Satellite Communication
Satellite Communication
 Main problem with microwave communication is that the
curvature of earth and mountains and other structure often
blocks the line of sight.
 Instead of antenna, satellite can also be used to transmit
data.
Con…
 Earth station can both receive and send the message.
 The transmission from earth station to satellite is
called uplink and transmission from satellite to earth
is called downlink.
Advantages of Satellite
Communication
 A large volume of data can be transmitted at a very high speed.
 Transmission and reception costs are independent of the
distance between two points.
 Different communication satellites are used to carry different
kinds of information.
 Telephone calls, TV Channels, Internet, military communication,
weather and radio station use these satellite for broadcasting.
Disadvantages Satellite
 The bad weather can severely affect the quality of
transmission
 Satellite transmission causes security problems because
it is easy to intercept the travels though the air.
 Its cost of transmission is very high.
 Satellite delay is still present in all our satellite
communication.
Radio
 No microwave or satellite links, especially for short
ranges, are required for this channel of data
communication.
 It is used to connect computer and peripheral
equipment or computers and local area network.
 Network Topology is the schematic description of a
network arrangement, connecting various
nodes(sender and receiver) through lines of
connection.
Network Topology
 Bus Topology
 Ring Topology
 Star Topology
 Mesh Topology
Types of Topology
 Bus topology is a network type in which every
computer and network device is connected to single
cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is
called Linear Bus topology.
Bus Topology
 It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as
each computer is connected to another computer,
with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two
neighbors for each device.
Ring Topology
 In this type of topology all the computers are
connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is
the central node and all others nodes are connected
to the central node.
Star Topology
 It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or
devices. All the network nodes are connected to each
other.
Mesh Topology
 Local Area Networks(LAN)
 Campus area network (CAN)
 Metropolitan area network (MAN)
 Wide area network (WAN)
Types of Networks
 A local area network (LAN) is designed to connect
personal computers and other digital devices
within a half-mile or 500-meter radius.
 LANs also are used to link to long-distance wide area
networks and other networks around the world using
the Internet.
Local Area Networks(LAN)
 Ethernet is the most widely used local area network
protocol.
 It is used in contrast with WAN (wide area network) which
spans for much larger geographical areas. Ethernet is a
network protocol that controls how data is transmitted
over a LAN.
 Ethernet supported a data transfer rate of 10 megabits per
second (Mbps).
Ethernet
 Fast Ethernet is backward-compatible with Standard
Ethernet, but it can transmit data 10 times faster at a
rate of 100 Mbps.
Fast Ethernet
 Gigabit Ethernet is part of the Ethernet family of
computer networking and communication standards.
 The Gigabit Ethernet standard supports a theoretical
maximum data rate of 1 gigabit per second (Gbps).
Gigabit Ethernet
 A peer-to-peer network treats all processors equally
and is used primarily in small networks with 10 or
fewer users.
 The various computers on the network can exchange
data by direct access and can share peripheral devices
without going through a separate server.
Peer-to-peer
 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that
spans a metropolitan area, usually a city and its major
suburbs. Its geographic scope falls between a WAN
and a LAN.
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
 Wide area networks (WANs) span broad geographical
distances, entire regions, states, continents, or the
entire globe.
 The most universal and powerful WAN is the Internet.
 Computers connect to a WAN through public
networks, such as the telephone system or private
cable systems, or through leased lines or satellites.
Wide area networks (WANs

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Lecture 5.pptx

  • 2. Telecommunication implies the transmission of information from one point to another through communication medium. Telecommunication
  • 3.  Analog Signals  Digital Signals Types of Signals
  • 4.  These signal are continuous waves with no discontinuity or break in between.  For Example: Sound, pressure, temperature etc.  An important feature of analog signals is that they can travel long distances but they can distorted by noise.  Signal strength is increased with the help of booster. Analog Signals
  • 5.  Digital signals are discrete on-off pulses. i.e. they represent information in terms of only two states of signals, either one or zero.  Digital signals are less affected by disturbances or noise and they can be repeatedly strengthened for long distance transmission without accumulating noise.  Amplifier first absorb and then regenerate them at regular intervals. Digital Signal
  • 6.  Communication channels, known as lines, are used in data communication to transport data from one location to another. Communication Channels
  • 8.  Guided transmission media means the data signals are guided along the path like cabling system. They don't have any other way to go, they have to pass through the given cable or wire. Guided
  • 10.  A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires arranged in a regular spiral pattern.  Twisted pair may be used to transmit both analog and digital transmission.  Twisted pair is limited in distance, bandwidth, and data rate. Twisted Pair
  • 11. Twisted Pair Types  Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)  Ordinary telephone wire  Cheapest  Easiest to install  Suffers from external interference
  • 12. Con.. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)  Metal protected that reduces interference  More expensive  Easiest to install  Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
  • 13. Coaxial Cable Coaxial cable is a copper or aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to insulate  The copper conductor  Insulation layer of plastic foam  Second conductor or shield of wire mesh tube or metallic foil  Outer jacket of tough plastic
  • 14. Con…  Coaxial cable can be used over longer distances and support more stations on a shared line than twisted pair.  Coaxial cable is used in a wide variety of applications.
  • 15. Fiber Optics  Fiber optic cable consist of thousands of very thin filaments of glass.  Through this cable data transmission is done through « Light ray signal transmission» rather than electrical signal transmission.  It has inner core of glass that conducts light. This inner core is surrounded by cladding.
  • 16.  Each fiber is then surrounded by plastic sheath
  • 17. Unguided Media  It refers to those channels that transmit data and information in the form of Waves.  Data is transmitted through the air instead of cable  There is no physical path between two devices for transmission of data.
  • 18. Con..  Data signals are not bounded to cabling media therefore it is also know as unbounded media. Unguided Media Microwave Satellite Mobile
  • 19. Microwave  These are the communication channels in which data is transmitted through air instead of cables.
  • 20. Con..  Microwave is the high frequency waves that can only be traveled in straight lines.  These waves cannot bend or pass through obstacles.  It is limited to particular city community.  The transmitter and receiver are mounted on a very high tower should be in a line of sight.
  • 21. Con..  This may be not possible for long distance transmission.  Repeater on antennas are mounted at very high towers usually 20 to 30 miles apart to overcome the problem of weakening signals and line of sight.
  • 22.  Satellite serve as relay stations for communication signals transmitted from earth station.  Satellites are lunched by rockets to an orbit around the earth at a distance of approximately 35000 km. Satellite Communication
  • 23. Satellite Communication  Main problem with microwave communication is that the curvature of earth and mountains and other structure often blocks the line of sight.  Instead of antenna, satellite can also be used to transmit data.
  • 24. Con…  Earth station can both receive and send the message.  The transmission from earth station to satellite is called uplink and transmission from satellite to earth is called downlink.
  • 25. Advantages of Satellite Communication  A large volume of data can be transmitted at a very high speed.  Transmission and reception costs are independent of the distance between two points.  Different communication satellites are used to carry different kinds of information.  Telephone calls, TV Channels, Internet, military communication, weather and radio station use these satellite for broadcasting.
  • 26. Disadvantages Satellite  The bad weather can severely affect the quality of transmission  Satellite transmission causes security problems because it is easy to intercept the travels though the air.  Its cost of transmission is very high.  Satellite delay is still present in all our satellite communication.
  • 27. Radio  No microwave or satellite links, especially for short ranges, are required for this channel of data communication.  It is used to connect computer and peripheral equipment or computers and local area network.
  • 28.  Network Topology is the schematic description of a network arrangement, connecting various nodes(sender and receiver) through lines of connection. Network Topology
  • 29.  Bus Topology  Ring Topology  Star Topology  Mesh Topology Types of Topology
  • 30.  Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology. Bus Topology
  • 31.  It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbors for each device. Ring Topology
  • 32.  In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node. Star Topology
  • 33.  It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected to each other. Mesh Topology
  • 34.  Local Area Networks(LAN)  Campus area network (CAN)  Metropolitan area network (MAN)  Wide area network (WAN) Types of Networks
  • 35.  A local area network (LAN) is designed to connect personal computers and other digital devices within a half-mile or 500-meter radius.  LANs also are used to link to long-distance wide area networks and other networks around the world using the Internet. Local Area Networks(LAN)
  • 36.  Ethernet is the most widely used local area network protocol.  It is used in contrast with WAN (wide area network) which spans for much larger geographical areas. Ethernet is a network protocol that controls how data is transmitted over a LAN.  Ethernet supported a data transfer rate of 10 megabits per second (Mbps). Ethernet
  • 37.  Fast Ethernet is backward-compatible with Standard Ethernet, but it can transmit data 10 times faster at a rate of 100 Mbps. Fast Ethernet
  • 38.  Gigabit Ethernet is part of the Ethernet family of computer networking and communication standards.  The Gigabit Ethernet standard supports a theoretical maximum data rate of 1 gigabit per second (Gbps). Gigabit Ethernet
  • 39.  A peer-to-peer network treats all processors equally and is used primarily in small networks with 10 or fewer users.  The various computers on the network can exchange data by direct access and can share peripheral devices without going through a separate server. Peer-to-peer
  • 40.  A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that spans a metropolitan area, usually a city and its major suburbs. Its geographic scope falls between a WAN and a LAN. Metropolitan area network (MAN)
  • 41.  Wide area networks (WANs) span broad geographical distances, entire regions, states, continents, or the entire globe.  The most universal and powerful WAN is the Internet.  Computers connect to a WAN through public networks, such as the telephone system or private cable systems, or through leased lines or satellites. Wide area networks (WANs