In recent years, the Catholic Church has been forced to change its attitude towards social communication and mass media. It has had to face not only religious but image challenges.
Worldview matters, contemporary problems regarding the institution of marriage or pedophilia in
the Church are constantly being debated in mass media, thus creating dangers in terms of critical public reception. This situation has also been occurring in Poland in recent years. The observed progress regarding opening the Church to media relations and the use of rich instruments of social
communication have their reasons rooted not only in the history of the social and political events of the past several decades but also in the changes in the sphere of mass media and social communication. This article is an attempt to generate a peculiar typology of determinants regarding the development of social communication within the institutional church in Poland. Within our framework of methodological conditions, a literature query with available statistical analyses and
observations of current events was applied. Our conclusions show the current attitude of the Catholic Church in Poland regarding issues related to the marketization of faith and the medialization of religion.
CATHOLIC CHURCH IN POLAND IN THE FACE OF PAEDOPHILIA ANALYSIS OF IMAGE ACTIONSDariusz Tworzydło
Increasing social interest regarding sexual abuse of minors committed by clergymen
forces Episcopal Conferences of relative countries to take a formal stance on the subject.
Skilful planning of media communicates is a challenge for the Church. Critical analysis
of conference involving clergymen giving an account on the scale of the problem is helpful, especially when the media reception of such a conference was very negative.
This article tackles cases like that.
Donnelly & Inglis Media And Church Maynooth Conf 2008susiedonnelly
Donnelly & Inglis(2008) \'Media Representations of Clerical Child Sex Abuse: Understanding Secularisation in 1990s Ireland\', presented at Researching in the Church in Ireland, Dept of Sociology & Irish Catholic Bishops\' Conference, NUI Maynooth, 22 October 2008.
Many churches and other public places were closed, and social distancing is advocated by the World Health Organization to serve as a means to curtail the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. This has hindered the pastoral ministry of many pastors in Nigeria to their church members. This study explores how pastors are making use of the Internet as an alternative means of pastoral ministry and to what extent Internet ministry is effective in pastoral ministry during the pandemic. Some open-ended questions were sent randomly to some pastors through WhatsApp Messenger. The pastors responded either by WhatsApp or email. There were further correspondences with some of the respondents through WhatsApp and phone calls. The findings of the study revealed that while some of the respondents were using the Internet in their pastoral ministry before the pandemic, most of them started using it during the pandemic, and they agreed that Internet ministry, as an alternative means, is effective to a great extent in their pastoral ministry during the pandemic. Many of them are ready to continue their Internet ministry after the pandemic not only as an alternative means, but also as complementary means to the traditional means of pastoral ministry. Some recommendations and suggestions for further study are made at the end of the paper.
Italian Catholicism in the Face of Contemporary Socio-political Challenges. A...Przegląd Politologiczny
The analysis of the attitude of Italian citizens to social challenges – political and economic,
assessed from the point of view of their own (non)religiousness, is the purpose of this study. Two methods were used during the study. The comparative one, which allows indicating the diversity of views of
socio-religious groups, and the statistical one, including the quantitative and qualitative approach.
The implementation of the chosen goal was based on the adoption of research hypotheses confirmed
by the collected material. First of all: on many issues, the views of believers are consistent with the
opinions of non-believers and distant in relation to the official position of the Church and hierarchy.
Secondly, the views of people declaring themselves as believers differ, which proves that religion is
not the primary reference for assessing changes within the political system. In the field of research, the
change and collapse of the image of a culturally homogenous state can be noticed. The religious homogeneity of Italy does not confirm the growing number of people declaring themselves as non-believers
and non-Catholic religionists. This is also not confirmed by the diversity within the group of Catholics
who, in the assessment of social phenomena and political events, are inclined to follow non-religious
reasons, mainly programs of right-wing parties, often populist and anti-system, which many Italian
Catholics support.
This document provides biographical and professional information about John C. Pollock, a professor of communication studies. It details his educational background, current research interests, teaching experience, publications, awards, and recent book on media coverage and how community characteristics can influence frame-building in news stories. Testimonials are provided from other scholars praising Pollock's book which uses a community structure approach to analyze how inequality in cities can help drive nationwide media coverage of critical issues and events.
Christianity and the Digital Age: Sustaining the Online ChurchPremier Publishers
Reading the signs of time is crucial to a changing world. From its birth on Pentecost Sunday in the year 33 to date, the Church has had her fair share of troubles. In most cases, she has had to either be conservative or progressive – her adherents who pretend to be in the middle often suffer backlash from critics. The conservative or progressive schools of thought signal change in the Church either in ecclesiology or doctrine. Apparently, one of such changes rocking the Church’s boat is the world of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Premised on these challenges, the researcher used the qualitative method to access the matter. The study discovered that given the circumstance, the Church is left with no option than to create and sustain an Online Church for reaching out to millions of Christians who are incapacitated while uniting a fragmented humanity. It was also discovered that New Media platforms are invaluable assets in breaking new grounds for evangelization. The paper discovered that pastors of souls should take advantage of the new media of communication and engage their faithful by not just creating an Online-Church but sustaining it.
The Catholic Church in the Face of the Europeanization of Polish Policy of Eq...Piotr Burgonski
This article shall analyse the attitude of the Catholic Church towards the process of Europeanization of Polish policy of equality and non-discrimination. It shall be an analysis of a single case, i.e. the debate around Poland’s adoption ofthe CAHVIO Convention of the Council of Europe. These analyses shall seek the answer to the question of how the Catholic Church sees the process of Europeanization of equality and anti-discrimination policy in Poland. Whether it supports it or opposes it. What role does it want to play in this process? How is the Church and its attitude towards Europeanization perceived by other participants of the public debate and how does this affect the ability of the Church to control the process of Europeanization? The theoretical approach used in the research shall be the paradigm of the public sphere and Europeanization. Methods and techniques of discourse analysis shall be applied as well.
More Info: Burgoński P., The Catholic Church in the Face of Europeization of the Polish Policy of Equality and Non-discrimination. The Case of CAHVIO Convention, “Politics and Religion Journal (PRJ)” 2015 vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 249-267.
Preaching and Tolerance Amongst Religion: An Analyses From Homiletic PerspectiveSubmissionResearchpa
The document analyzes sermons given at Christian churches in Palangka Raya, Indonesia. It finds that most sermons follow a deductive structure and are expository in type, using appropriate illustrations. The contents focus on strengthening faith in God, restoring moral values like love, and fostering social welfare and tolerance between religious believers. Churchgoers felt the sermons helped them learn and feel ready to practice moral values like tolerance in their lives. However, the inductive model and messages directly promoting tolerance could further strengthen interfaith harmony.
CATHOLIC CHURCH IN POLAND IN THE FACE OF PAEDOPHILIA ANALYSIS OF IMAGE ACTIONSDariusz Tworzydło
Increasing social interest regarding sexual abuse of minors committed by clergymen
forces Episcopal Conferences of relative countries to take a formal stance on the subject.
Skilful planning of media communicates is a challenge for the Church. Critical analysis
of conference involving clergymen giving an account on the scale of the problem is helpful, especially when the media reception of such a conference was very negative.
This article tackles cases like that.
Donnelly & Inglis Media And Church Maynooth Conf 2008susiedonnelly
Donnelly & Inglis(2008) \'Media Representations of Clerical Child Sex Abuse: Understanding Secularisation in 1990s Ireland\', presented at Researching in the Church in Ireland, Dept of Sociology & Irish Catholic Bishops\' Conference, NUI Maynooth, 22 October 2008.
Many churches and other public places were closed, and social distancing is advocated by the World Health Organization to serve as a means to curtail the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. This has hindered the pastoral ministry of many pastors in Nigeria to their church members. This study explores how pastors are making use of the Internet as an alternative means of pastoral ministry and to what extent Internet ministry is effective in pastoral ministry during the pandemic. Some open-ended questions were sent randomly to some pastors through WhatsApp Messenger. The pastors responded either by WhatsApp or email. There were further correspondences with some of the respondents through WhatsApp and phone calls. The findings of the study revealed that while some of the respondents were using the Internet in their pastoral ministry before the pandemic, most of them started using it during the pandemic, and they agreed that Internet ministry, as an alternative means, is effective to a great extent in their pastoral ministry during the pandemic. Many of them are ready to continue their Internet ministry after the pandemic not only as an alternative means, but also as complementary means to the traditional means of pastoral ministry. Some recommendations and suggestions for further study are made at the end of the paper.
Italian Catholicism in the Face of Contemporary Socio-political Challenges. A...Przegląd Politologiczny
The analysis of the attitude of Italian citizens to social challenges – political and economic,
assessed from the point of view of their own (non)religiousness, is the purpose of this study. Two methods were used during the study. The comparative one, which allows indicating the diversity of views of
socio-religious groups, and the statistical one, including the quantitative and qualitative approach.
The implementation of the chosen goal was based on the adoption of research hypotheses confirmed
by the collected material. First of all: on many issues, the views of believers are consistent with the
opinions of non-believers and distant in relation to the official position of the Church and hierarchy.
Secondly, the views of people declaring themselves as believers differ, which proves that religion is
not the primary reference for assessing changes within the political system. In the field of research, the
change and collapse of the image of a culturally homogenous state can be noticed. The religious homogeneity of Italy does not confirm the growing number of people declaring themselves as non-believers
and non-Catholic religionists. This is also not confirmed by the diversity within the group of Catholics
who, in the assessment of social phenomena and political events, are inclined to follow non-religious
reasons, mainly programs of right-wing parties, often populist and anti-system, which many Italian
Catholics support.
This document provides biographical and professional information about John C. Pollock, a professor of communication studies. It details his educational background, current research interests, teaching experience, publications, awards, and recent book on media coverage and how community characteristics can influence frame-building in news stories. Testimonials are provided from other scholars praising Pollock's book which uses a community structure approach to analyze how inequality in cities can help drive nationwide media coverage of critical issues and events.
Christianity and the Digital Age: Sustaining the Online ChurchPremier Publishers
Reading the signs of time is crucial to a changing world. From its birth on Pentecost Sunday in the year 33 to date, the Church has had her fair share of troubles. In most cases, she has had to either be conservative or progressive – her adherents who pretend to be in the middle often suffer backlash from critics. The conservative or progressive schools of thought signal change in the Church either in ecclesiology or doctrine. Apparently, one of such changes rocking the Church’s boat is the world of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Premised on these challenges, the researcher used the qualitative method to access the matter. The study discovered that given the circumstance, the Church is left with no option than to create and sustain an Online Church for reaching out to millions of Christians who are incapacitated while uniting a fragmented humanity. It was also discovered that New Media platforms are invaluable assets in breaking new grounds for evangelization. The paper discovered that pastors of souls should take advantage of the new media of communication and engage their faithful by not just creating an Online-Church but sustaining it.
The Catholic Church in the Face of the Europeanization of Polish Policy of Eq...Piotr Burgonski
This article shall analyse the attitude of the Catholic Church towards the process of Europeanization of Polish policy of equality and non-discrimination. It shall be an analysis of a single case, i.e. the debate around Poland’s adoption ofthe CAHVIO Convention of the Council of Europe. These analyses shall seek the answer to the question of how the Catholic Church sees the process of Europeanization of equality and anti-discrimination policy in Poland. Whether it supports it or opposes it. What role does it want to play in this process? How is the Church and its attitude towards Europeanization perceived by other participants of the public debate and how does this affect the ability of the Church to control the process of Europeanization? The theoretical approach used in the research shall be the paradigm of the public sphere and Europeanization. Methods and techniques of discourse analysis shall be applied as well.
More Info: Burgoński P., The Catholic Church in the Face of Europeization of the Polish Policy of Equality and Non-discrimination. The Case of CAHVIO Convention, “Politics and Religion Journal (PRJ)” 2015 vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 249-267.
Preaching and Tolerance Amongst Religion: An Analyses From Homiletic PerspectiveSubmissionResearchpa
The document analyzes sermons given at Christian churches in Palangka Raya, Indonesia. It finds that most sermons follow a deductive structure and are expository in type, using appropriate illustrations. The contents focus on strengthening faith in God, restoring moral values like love, and fostering social welfare and tolerance between religious believers. Churchgoers felt the sermons helped them learn and feel ready to practice moral values like tolerance in their lives. However, the inductive model and messages directly promoting tolerance could further strengthen interfaith harmony.
This document is a pastoral instruction titled "Aetatis Novae" issued by the Pontifical Council for Social Communications on the 20th anniversary of the document "Communio et Progressio". It summarizes the objectives of "Aetatis Novae" which are to apply previous Church documents to new communications realities, provide guidance to Church leaders, and encourage understanding of communications issues and their practical application. It outlines the instruction's content which examines the social and cultural context of communications, the role of media, current challenges, and priorities for pastoral responses.
The advent of COVID-19 pandemic and its resultant lockdown of many public places including churches have made people to seek alternative ways of doing things without violating the laid down guidelines of concerned authorities in order to curtail the spread of the pandemic. Many church pastors and other church leaders in Nigeria adapted to the use of the Internet and other technological tools in ministering to their church members and other people, that is, Internet ministry. However, there are some limitations to this in pastoral ministry. A research was carried out in which a semistructured questionnaire was served to some randomly selected pastors through WhatsApp Messenger. The respondents
answered through WhatsApp Messenger, email and phone calls. It was discovered through the research that Internet ministry to some great extent has become an alternative ministry opportunity during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Nevertheless, some other limitations to effective use of Internet ministry are also discovered. This paper (a follow up to other papers based on the research) attempts to identify the limitations of Internet ministry as an alternative means of performing pastoral ministry in churches in Nigeria during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and proffers possible solutions to the limitations. It also presents some themes for further studies.
Digital theology is the use of digital technologies to communicate, mediate, or teach theology. It is a discipline situated within the field of practical theology. It essentially explores the mutual relationship between theology and digital technologies. The digitalization of religion transforms the way we practice, experience, worship, and reshape our faiths. Our beliefs are products of the technology and information to which we have access. The media or channels we choose to communicate a message alters the message. Society has a role in governing and adapting technology for human use. The Church has the option to change the way it does “media.” It has been claimed that the media are today the most credible sources of social and cultural information. This paper provides an overview on the relationship and challenges of digital technology on church and faith. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "Digital Theology: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52243.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/52243/digital-theology-an-overview/matthew-n-o-sadiku
The document discusses how the internet has impacted religious authority. It argues that the internet has shifted authority away from solely religious officials and given laypeople more autonomy in what they believe and practice. It examines how the internet has affected hierarchy, structure, ideology, and sacred texts - the four main aspects of religious authority. While traditional religious authorities still influence popular opinion, the internet has allowed new spaces for people to explore their faith without established authorities. The internet also enables new forms of worship, rituals, and even new religions to emerge online. Overall, the internet has challenged religious authority but traditions have also adapted online to maintain relevance.
This article argues that critical international relations theory could benefit from greater engagement with religious and spiritual perspectives in order to more fully address global issues. It notes that critical theory has generally viewed religion negatively and been limited by Eurocentric assumptions. However, for most people globally, struggles for justice and emancipation cannot be separated from struggles to "live faithfully." The article examines how critical theory could open up to engage with theological insights from Christianity and Judaism on topics like social justice. It maintains that critical theory has a transformative vision for international relations that could be strengthened through this type of engagement, especially for relevance in the increasingly religious global South.
1. The document summarizes various events and activities from the past year at Seton Hall University's Center for Catholic Studies. It discusses the election of Msgr. Richard Liddy as the president of the Newman Association of America, highlights of the Department of Catholic Studies, and faculty development programs including the annual summer seminar and a retreat in Rome.
2. It provides details on lectures and conferences held throughout the year related to Catholic studies. These included talks on healthcare, the internet, women in the church, physics and religion, Catholic education, China's Catholic history, marriage, and the global church.
3. The newsletter aims to showcase the breadth of programming at the Center for Catholic Studies and its focus
The document summarizes a podcast from the journal New Media & Society on scholarly publishing. It includes introductions from the editor and five authors/experts. The authors discuss their recent articles in the issue on challenges to open sharing of scholarly work online, the transition from analog to digital scholarly publishing, the historical role of patronage in supporting scholarship, and how digital tools are transforming scholarly labor and communication. The full podcast is available on the New Media & Society website.
How does one develop the dialogue between Christian theology and the domain of Economics? What are the options, process, desired outcomes? This is a presentattion in the course on Community Economics that is part of he MA in Transformational Urban Leadership and the Graduate Certificate (=Post-grad Diploma) in Social Entrepreneurship at William Carey Internaitonal University (www.wciu.edu/matul) See also www.matul.org. The video may be found at https://vimeo.com/731250415
This document provides an overview of evangelization and digital culture. It defines evangelization as bringing the good news of Jesus into every situation and seeking to convert individuals and society through the power of the Gospel. The goals of evangelization include enflaming Catholics in their faith, inviting others to join, and transforming society. The document discusses how the Church can communicate the Gospel message in today's digital world, where many use social media and the internet. It emphasizes using new media to reach more people, while maintaining the authentic Catholic message. Skills in technology, communications, and educational technology are important for evangelization in digital culture.
This paper presents a framework informed by two disciplines, Social Innovation and Applied Ethics, to be used in an on-going analysis of territorial democratic systems. The time frame chosen for the case studies is the period before and after the 2008 global crisis. In Iceland the crisis had an economic and political aspect
affecting the self-understanding of the territory as a whole. In the Basque Country it also deals with the current peace process to settle down political violence and its causes. In both cases there are deep underlying value issues, but this paper introduces the results obtained in Iceland. While its democratic system has proven to be able to contest the causes of the crisis, there is no definitive evidence that the re-examination process that was opened on 6th October 2008 is resolved yet.
Zavala, E. - Sociologies and the discursive power of religions [2020].pdffrank0071
This document provides an introduction to a book that analyzes the influence of Catholicism on sociologies in Mexico. It is based on empirical research conducted with sociologists and social scientists in Mexico. The introduction notes that while secularism is strong in Mexico, the book aims to empirically study the religious influences on sociological fields in an impartial manner. It outlines the book's two-part structure, with Part I providing historical and institutional context for sociologies in Mexico and Part II analyzing the specific religious causal mechanisms at play. The introduction emphasizes the book takes a non-normative, causal approach to understand influences, rather than evaluate them as desirable or not.
1. The document summarizes an international conference that addressed ongoing crises challenging humanitarian values and international solidarity.
2. The conference included panels on values and crises, values and society, freedom and security, and values and religions. It was organized under the patronage of UNESCO.
3. The conference outcomes included identifying uniting themes to strengthen peace through 2020, recommendations to counter violent extremism, and expanding an international network to diffuse messages on religious tolerance and solidarity.
This bulletin from the Higher Education staff at Church House provides information to support Anglican Higher Education chaplains in England. It includes notices about upcoming interfaith events, a speech by Vince Cable on higher education issues, upcoming chaplaincy conferences and training opportunities, and research on multi-faith spaces at universities. Contact information is provided for the staff producing the bulletin to be added to the mailing list or submit items for inclusion.
The Condition of the Public Relations Industry in Poland: Current Situation a...Dariusz Tworzydło
Purpose: The most important research objective of the project described in this article is to examine the condition of the public relations (PR) industry in Poland in the context of changes taking place in the economy in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The research referred to a study conducted with the use of an auditorium survey in April 2019. The research sample consisted of 253 PR consultants, from various companies and organizations operating in Poland. The second project was a study aimed at understanding the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the PR industry. 242 PR industry specialists were examined in this project.
Findings: PR specialists in Poland are aware of the challenges and understand how to support companies and institutions affected by the crisis and operating in a changed reality. In our research, six areas have been defined, which may provide a new direction for the PR agency when preparing the service offer. Most of the respondents believe that a PR agency's potential clients will seek external help in communication services like media relations, digital PR, crisis management, lobbying, public affairs, event management, and influencer relations.
Practical Implications: The article presents real and representative opinions of the public relations community expressing concerns and defining the directions of changes caused by the COVID pandemic.
Originality/Value: The article presents the most recent and up-to-date research results on the condition of the PR industry in Poland, which is an important element of the European public relations market. The obtained research results are representative for Poland.
The society we live in cannot avoid conflict. The church in particular is not devoid of conflict of all kinds. Church leaders and other stakeholders in the church have not only to resolve these conflicts, they have to also transform the conflicts and ensure that people live in peaceful co-existence as much as it is possible. The advent of the Internet in general and social media in particular has affected the way people are doing things tremendously. This includes conflict transformation in the church as well. This paper gives a brief introduction to conflict transformation in general and conflict transformation specifically in the church. It gives a brief biblical basis on conflict transformation. Furthermore, it delves extensively on the biblical basis for conflict transformation in churches through social media. It concludes that stakeholders in the church should blend theology together with technology, especially the social media, in transforming conflicts that are arising within the church.
Non governmental organizations have been active in Moldova since 1989, but a civil society started its today’s formation as a result of radical reforms in economic and political areas only after the country became independent in 1991. Since that time the establishment of a transitional civil society in Moldova is under way. However, starting from 2001, when the Communist Party won the general elections, development of the nongovernmental sector has become slower. Although several positive patterns evident at the end of the nineties indicate progress in the development of Moldovan non-governmental sector, there is a number of sensitive issues (e.g., freedom of media, human rights protection) in relation to which certain regress has been observed especially in the last two years. Media market in Moldova is far from being free, and protection of human rights remains to be a problem (in all respects, situation of non-governmental sector in Transnistria is much worse than in Moldova). Finally, it needs to be emphasized that critical socio-economic situation seems to be the main threat to democracy and the rule of law in the country. This is because further significant economic decline can provide fertile ground for non-democratic political forces and extremists. Economic collapse could be a real threat to the achievements in the area of democratization and civil society development. Thus, only results of a successful economic reform process may reverse undesirable patterns and change socio-economic situation in Moldova, increase income of population, decrease poverty, guarantee stability and irreversibility of Moldovan achievements in democratization and development of civil society.
Authored by: Jacek Cukrowski, Radzislawa Gortat, Piotr Kazmierkiewicz
Published in 2003
This chapter discusses how the sociology of religion remains relevant in late modern society despite classical theories predicting religion's decline. While an economic-technological rationality dominates, non-strategic action and contexts where rationality and other factors coexist still exist. Religion continues providing meaning and intersecting with social, economic, and political life. The sociology of religion's inattention to religion partly reflects overemphasis on rationality and relegating religion as nonrational in modern thought.
The document discusses the relationship between weblogs (blogs) and journalism. It notes that blogs provide a space for journalistic thinking not found in traditional corporate media. Blogs are seen as challenging institutional journalism and creating a more democratic and interactive space. The document also presents a case study of the Guardian Weblog and suggests blogs may provide glimpses into mainstream journalism through different relationships with readers and emphasis on making connections over authority. It concludes by discussing possible futures where online journalism focuses more on communication than just information transmission.
The document discusses how religious communities respond to and negotiate the use of new media technologies. It explores how online religious communities can supplement but not replace offline gatherings. Religious groups undergo unique belief-based processes to evaluate technological choices. The document also examines Catholics' views of the internet, including their history of responding to media as gifts from God, but with theological and structural constraints. Religious communities' technological choices are shaped by their specific values and traditions.
Power,corruption and salvation in early modern europeGretel Diluca
The document discusses the role of the Catholic Church in 14th and 15th century Europe. It explains that [1] the Church had immense power over daily life, controlling aspects like taxes and business. [2] Religion dictated social norms and participation in rituals like weekly Mass was expected. [3] The seven sacraments from baptism to last rites structured life events and reinforced the Church's authority.
SUCCESS FACTORS AND LIMITATIONS OF EFFICIENT INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONDariusz Tworzydło
The article covers the key issues of internal communication within an organization. It highlights the benefits
of implementation of transparent communication principles for a company. It identifies objectives and
presents selected communication tools. In the article, also guidelines for carrying out research in the
context of development of an internal communication strategy can be found. Selected research areas of
the process of planning and implementation of strategic assumptions have been presented. Factors limiting
effective implementation of an internal communication strategy have been discussed.
Praca dziennikarza w czasie koronawirusa i lockdownDariusz Tworzydło
Zrealizowany przez Polską Agencję Prasową oraz Instytut Rozwoju Społeczeństwa Informacyjnego projekt badawczy jest pierwszym tak szerokim badaniem, które objęło dziennikarzy i media w kontekście zmian jakie zaszły w związku z koronawirusem. Pozyskane dane mogą stanowić ważny wkład w zakresie poszerzania wiedzy niezbędnej zarówno dziennikarzom, jak i innym podmiotom, które dokonują oceny wpływu zjawisk związanych z COVID-19 na poszczególne branże i sektory gospodarki. Zebrane przez nas dane i wnioski dotyczące m.in. pracy dziennikarzy w dobie koronawirusa, oceny takich aspektów jak wykorzystywane
narzędzia, zmiany w ich zakresie czy w końcu przejście na tryb on-line w pracy, mogą
wzmocnić zakres dotychczas istniejącej wiedzy w tym zakresie, ale także określić co nas czeka
w najbliższej przyszłości.
Jednym z tematów poddanych przez nas badaniom była kwestia współpracy na linii dziennikarze-
public relations. Tu także zaszły zmiany. Ocenialiśmy w jakich obszarach relacje te były
kluczowe, ale także czy pandemia spowodowała, że stały się trudniejsze. Zweryfikowaliśmy
na czym te trudności polegały. Sporo uwagi w badaniu poświęciliśmy także tematowi fake newsów. Poszukiwaliśmy odpowiedzi na pytanie w jaki sposób dziennikarze radzili sobie
z problemami nieprawdziwych informacji. Zweryfikowaliśmy jak dziennikarze podchodzą
do fake newsów, czy sprawdzają uzyskiwane informacje, a także czy korzystają ze stron fact-
-checking’owych. Bardzo dużo wagi w badaniach poświęciliśmy identyfikacji trwałych skutków
pandemii odnośnie korzystania z wybranych form komunikacji.
Dziękujemy wszystkim dziennikarzom, którzy zechcieli podzielić się z nami swoją wiedzą
i doświadczeniem. Jesteśmy przekonani, że zrealizowany przez nas projekt może stanowić
podstawę w pogłębianiu wybranych wątków, które przeanalizowaliśmy. Jednak przede wszystkim
powinien on stanowić pole analizy w kontekście stanu branży dziennikarskiej oraz perspektyw
jakie stoją przed mediami.
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Semelhante a Determinants for the Development of the Activity of the Catholic Church in Poland in the Field of Social Communication
This document is a pastoral instruction titled "Aetatis Novae" issued by the Pontifical Council for Social Communications on the 20th anniversary of the document "Communio et Progressio". It summarizes the objectives of "Aetatis Novae" which are to apply previous Church documents to new communications realities, provide guidance to Church leaders, and encourage understanding of communications issues and their practical application. It outlines the instruction's content which examines the social and cultural context of communications, the role of media, current challenges, and priorities for pastoral responses.
The advent of COVID-19 pandemic and its resultant lockdown of many public places including churches have made people to seek alternative ways of doing things without violating the laid down guidelines of concerned authorities in order to curtail the spread of the pandemic. Many church pastors and other church leaders in Nigeria adapted to the use of the Internet and other technological tools in ministering to their church members and other people, that is, Internet ministry. However, there are some limitations to this in pastoral ministry. A research was carried out in which a semistructured questionnaire was served to some randomly selected pastors through WhatsApp Messenger. The respondents
answered through WhatsApp Messenger, email and phone calls. It was discovered through the research that Internet ministry to some great extent has become an alternative ministry opportunity during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Nevertheless, some other limitations to effective use of Internet ministry are also discovered. This paper (a follow up to other papers based on the research) attempts to identify the limitations of Internet ministry as an alternative means of performing pastoral ministry in churches in Nigeria during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and proffers possible solutions to the limitations. It also presents some themes for further studies.
Digital theology is the use of digital technologies to communicate, mediate, or teach theology. It is a discipline situated within the field of practical theology. It essentially explores the mutual relationship between theology and digital technologies. The digitalization of religion transforms the way we practice, experience, worship, and reshape our faiths. Our beliefs are products of the technology and information to which we have access. The media or channels we choose to communicate a message alters the message. Society has a role in governing and adapting technology for human use. The Church has the option to change the way it does “media.” It has been claimed that the media are today the most credible sources of social and cultural information. This paper provides an overview on the relationship and challenges of digital technology on church and faith. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "Digital Theology: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52243.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/52243/digital-theology-an-overview/matthew-n-o-sadiku
The document discusses how the internet has impacted religious authority. It argues that the internet has shifted authority away from solely religious officials and given laypeople more autonomy in what they believe and practice. It examines how the internet has affected hierarchy, structure, ideology, and sacred texts - the four main aspects of religious authority. While traditional religious authorities still influence popular opinion, the internet has allowed new spaces for people to explore their faith without established authorities. The internet also enables new forms of worship, rituals, and even new religions to emerge online. Overall, the internet has challenged religious authority but traditions have also adapted online to maintain relevance.
This article argues that critical international relations theory could benefit from greater engagement with religious and spiritual perspectives in order to more fully address global issues. It notes that critical theory has generally viewed religion negatively and been limited by Eurocentric assumptions. However, for most people globally, struggles for justice and emancipation cannot be separated from struggles to "live faithfully." The article examines how critical theory could open up to engage with theological insights from Christianity and Judaism on topics like social justice. It maintains that critical theory has a transformative vision for international relations that could be strengthened through this type of engagement, especially for relevance in the increasingly religious global South.
1. The document summarizes various events and activities from the past year at Seton Hall University's Center for Catholic Studies. It discusses the election of Msgr. Richard Liddy as the president of the Newman Association of America, highlights of the Department of Catholic Studies, and faculty development programs including the annual summer seminar and a retreat in Rome.
2. It provides details on lectures and conferences held throughout the year related to Catholic studies. These included talks on healthcare, the internet, women in the church, physics and religion, Catholic education, China's Catholic history, marriage, and the global church.
3. The newsletter aims to showcase the breadth of programming at the Center for Catholic Studies and its focus
The document summarizes a podcast from the journal New Media & Society on scholarly publishing. It includes introductions from the editor and five authors/experts. The authors discuss their recent articles in the issue on challenges to open sharing of scholarly work online, the transition from analog to digital scholarly publishing, the historical role of patronage in supporting scholarship, and how digital tools are transforming scholarly labor and communication. The full podcast is available on the New Media & Society website.
How does one develop the dialogue between Christian theology and the domain of Economics? What are the options, process, desired outcomes? This is a presentattion in the course on Community Economics that is part of he MA in Transformational Urban Leadership and the Graduate Certificate (=Post-grad Diploma) in Social Entrepreneurship at William Carey Internaitonal University (www.wciu.edu/matul) See also www.matul.org. The video may be found at https://vimeo.com/731250415
This document provides an overview of evangelization and digital culture. It defines evangelization as bringing the good news of Jesus into every situation and seeking to convert individuals and society through the power of the Gospel. The goals of evangelization include enflaming Catholics in their faith, inviting others to join, and transforming society. The document discusses how the Church can communicate the Gospel message in today's digital world, where many use social media and the internet. It emphasizes using new media to reach more people, while maintaining the authentic Catholic message. Skills in technology, communications, and educational technology are important for evangelization in digital culture.
This paper presents a framework informed by two disciplines, Social Innovation and Applied Ethics, to be used in an on-going analysis of territorial democratic systems. The time frame chosen for the case studies is the period before and after the 2008 global crisis. In Iceland the crisis had an economic and political aspect
affecting the self-understanding of the territory as a whole. In the Basque Country it also deals with the current peace process to settle down political violence and its causes. In both cases there are deep underlying value issues, but this paper introduces the results obtained in Iceland. While its democratic system has proven to be able to contest the causes of the crisis, there is no definitive evidence that the re-examination process that was opened on 6th October 2008 is resolved yet.
Zavala, E. - Sociologies and the discursive power of religions [2020].pdffrank0071
This document provides an introduction to a book that analyzes the influence of Catholicism on sociologies in Mexico. It is based on empirical research conducted with sociologists and social scientists in Mexico. The introduction notes that while secularism is strong in Mexico, the book aims to empirically study the religious influences on sociological fields in an impartial manner. It outlines the book's two-part structure, with Part I providing historical and institutional context for sociologies in Mexico and Part II analyzing the specific religious causal mechanisms at play. The introduction emphasizes the book takes a non-normative, causal approach to understand influences, rather than evaluate them as desirable or not.
1. The document summarizes an international conference that addressed ongoing crises challenging humanitarian values and international solidarity.
2. The conference included panels on values and crises, values and society, freedom and security, and values and religions. It was organized under the patronage of UNESCO.
3. The conference outcomes included identifying uniting themes to strengthen peace through 2020, recommendations to counter violent extremism, and expanding an international network to diffuse messages on religious tolerance and solidarity.
This bulletin from the Higher Education staff at Church House provides information to support Anglican Higher Education chaplains in England. It includes notices about upcoming interfaith events, a speech by Vince Cable on higher education issues, upcoming chaplaincy conferences and training opportunities, and research on multi-faith spaces at universities. Contact information is provided for the staff producing the bulletin to be added to the mailing list or submit items for inclusion.
The Condition of the Public Relations Industry in Poland: Current Situation a...Dariusz Tworzydło
Purpose: The most important research objective of the project described in this article is to examine the condition of the public relations (PR) industry in Poland in the context of changes taking place in the economy in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The research referred to a study conducted with the use of an auditorium survey in April 2019. The research sample consisted of 253 PR consultants, from various companies and organizations operating in Poland. The second project was a study aimed at understanding the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the PR industry. 242 PR industry specialists were examined in this project.
Findings: PR specialists in Poland are aware of the challenges and understand how to support companies and institutions affected by the crisis and operating in a changed reality. In our research, six areas have been defined, which may provide a new direction for the PR agency when preparing the service offer. Most of the respondents believe that a PR agency's potential clients will seek external help in communication services like media relations, digital PR, crisis management, lobbying, public affairs, event management, and influencer relations.
Practical Implications: The article presents real and representative opinions of the public relations community expressing concerns and defining the directions of changes caused by the COVID pandemic.
Originality/Value: The article presents the most recent and up-to-date research results on the condition of the PR industry in Poland, which is an important element of the European public relations market. The obtained research results are representative for Poland.
The society we live in cannot avoid conflict. The church in particular is not devoid of conflict of all kinds. Church leaders and other stakeholders in the church have not only to resolve these conflicts, they have to also transform the conflicts and ensure that people live in peaceful co-existence as much as it is possible. The advent of the Internet in general and social media in particular has affected the way people are doing things tremendously. This includes conflict transformation in the church as well. This paper gives a brief introduction to conflict transformation in general and conflict transformation specifically in the church. It gives a brief biblical basis on conflict transformation. Furthermore, it delves extensively on the biblical basis for conflict transformation in churches through social media. It concludes that stakeholders in the church should blend theology together with technology, especially the social media, in transforming conflicts that are arising within the church.
Non governmental organizations have been active in Moldova since 1989, but a civil society started its today’s formation as a result of radical reforms in economic and political areas only after the country became independent in 1991. Since that time the establishment of a transitional civil society in Moldova is under way. However, starting from 2001, when the Communist Party won the general elections, development of the nongovernmental sector has become slower. Although several positive patterns evident at the end of the nineties indicate progress in the development of Moldovan non-governmental sector, there is a number of sensitive issues (e.g., freedom of media, human rights protection) in relation to which certain regress has been observed especially in the last two years. Media market in Moldova is far from being free, and protection of human rights remains to be a problem (in all respects, situation of non-governmental sector in Transnistria is much worse than in Moldova). Finally, it needs to be emphasized that critical socio-economic situation seems to be the main threat to democracy and the rule of law in the country. This is because further significant economic decline can provide fertile ground for non-democratic political forces and extremists. Economic collapse could be a real threat to the achievements in the area of democratization and civil society development. Thus, only results of a successful economic reform process may reverse undesirable patterns and change socio-economic situation in Moldova, increase income of population, decrease poverty, guarantee stability and irreversibility of Moldovan achievements in democratization and development of civil society.
Authored by: Jacek Cukrowski, Radzislawa Gortat, Piotr Kazmierkiewicz
Published in 2003
This chapter discusses how the sociology of religion remains relevant in late modern society despite classical theories predicting religion's decline. While an economic-technological rationality dominates, non-strategic action and contexts where rationality and other factors coexist still exist. Religion continues providing meaning and intersecting with social, economic, and political life. The sociology of religion's inattention to religion partly reflects overemphasis on rationality and relegating religion as nonrational in modern thought.
The document discusses the relationship between weblogs (blogs) and journalism. It notes that blogs provide a space for journalistic thinking not found in traditional corporate media. Blogs are seen as challenging institutional journalism and creating a more democratic and interactive space. The document also presents a case study of the Guardian Weblog and suggests blogs may provide glimpses into mainstream journalism through different relationships with readers and emphasis on making connections over authority. It concludes by discussing possible futures where online journalism focuses more on communication than just information transmission.
The document discusses how religious communities respond to and negotiate the use of new media technologies. It explores how online religious communities can supplement but not replace offline gatherings. Religious groups undergo unique belief-based processes to evaluate technological choices. The document also examines Catholics' views of the internet, including their history of responding to media as gifts from God, but with theological and structural constraints. Religious communities' technological choices are shaped by their specific values and traditions.
Power,corruption and salvation in early modern europeGretel Diluca
The document discusses the role of the Catholic Church in 14th and 15th century Europe. It explains that [1] the Church had immense power over daily life, controlling aspects like taxes and business. [2] Religion dictated social norms and participation in rituals like weekly Mass was expected. [3] The seven sacraments from baptism to last rites structured life events and reinforced the Church's authority.
Semelhante a Determinants for the Development of the Activity of the Catholic Church in Poland in the Field of Social Communication (20)
SUCCESS FACTORS AND LIMITATIONS OF EFFICIENT INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONDariusz Tworzydło
The article covers the key issues of internal communication within an organization. It highlights the benefits
of implementation of transparent communication principles for a company. It identifies objectives and
presents selected communication tools. In the article, also guidelines for carrying out research in the
context of development of an internal communication strategy can be found. Selected research areas of
the process of planning and implementation of strategic assumptions have been presented. Factors limiting
effective implementation of an internal communication strategy have been discussed.
Praca dziennikarza w czasie koronawirusa i lockdownDariusz Tworzydło
Zrealizowany przez Polską Agencję Prasową oraz Instytut Rozwoju Społeczeństwa Informacyjnego projekt badawczy jest pierwszym tak szerokim badaniem, które objęło dziennikarzy i media w kontekście zmian jakie zaszły w związku z koronawirusem. Pozyskane dane mogą stanowić ważny wkład w zakresie poszerzania wiedzy niezbędnej zarówno dziennikarzom, jak i innym podmiotom, które dokonują oceny wpływu zjawisk związanych z COVID-19 na poszczególne branże i sektory gospodarki. Zebrane przez nas dane i wnioski dotyczące m.in. pracy dziennikarzy w dobie koronawirusa, oceny takich aspektów jak wykorzystywane
narzędzia, zmiany w ich zakresie czy w końcu przejście na tryb on-line w pracy, mogą
wzmocnić zakres dotychczas istniejącej wiedzy w tym zakresie, ale także określić co nas czeka
w najbliższej przyszłości.
Jednym z tematów poddanych przez nas badaniom była kwestia współpracy na linii dziennikarze-
public relations. Tu także zaszły zmiany. Ocenialiśmy w jakich obszarach relacje te były
kluczowe, ale także czy pandemia spowodowała, że stały się trudniejsze. Zweryfikowaliśmy
na czym te trudności polegały. Sporo uwagi w badaniu poświęciliśmy także tematowi fake newsów. Poszukiwaliśmy odpowiedzi na pytanie w jaki sposób dziennikarze radzili sobie
z problemami nieprawdziwych informacji. Zweryfikowaliśmy jak dziennikarze podchodzą
do fake newsów, czy sprawdzają uzyskiwane informacje, a także czy korzystają ze stron fact-
-checking’owych. Bardzo dużo wagi w badaniach poświęciliśmy identyfikacji trwałych skutków
pandemii odnośnie korzystania z wybranych form komunikacji.
Dziękujemy wszystkim dziennikarzom, którzy zechcieli podzielić się z nami swoją wiedzą
i doświadczeniem. Jesteśmy przekonani, że zrealizowany przez nas projekt może stanowić
podstawę w pogłębianiu wybranych wątków, które przeanalizowaliśmy. Jednak przede wszystkim
powinien on stanowić pole analizy w kontekście stanu branży dziennikarskiej oraz perspektyw
jakie stoją przed mediami.
THE ROLE OF CRISIS PREVENTION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE BIGGEST POLISH COMP...Dariusz Tworzydło
The article constitutes a presentation of the results of research devoted to the current trends in crisis PR. The authors of
the work made an attempt to diagnose crisis prevention in a cross-section of two dimensions. On the one hand the perspective of business (survey of companies) was presented and on the other hand experts' opinions (survey of the leaders of public relations agencies) were shown. As a result of analyses a point model of an immune system, which takes into consideration the key instruments of crisis methodology (developed procedures in form of communication management book, dedicated anti-crisis structures in an organization, crisis team with a fixed membership and a system
of communication trainings) was designed. Diagnosis of prevention measures of the leaders of Polish business — based on the years 2007–2017 showed major deficiencies in the degree of companies' preparation for the risk of crisis.
Skuteczne zarządzanie w kryzysie wizerunkowym na przykładzie marki TigerDariusz Tworzydło
Artykuł zawiera analizę wizerunkowej sytuacji kryzysowej, jaka dotknęła markę Tiger w roku
2017. Cel: Ocena skuteczności działań komunikacyjnych badanego podmiotu w zakresie
komunikacji kryzysowej. Metody badań: Analiza materiałów pozyskanych z monitoringu
mediów, a także desk research od analizowanej fi rmy. Wyniki i wnioski: Opracowanie pokazuje
metody reagowania i działania podjęte przez firmę w analizowanym kryzysie. Wskazane
zostały kluczowe determinanty kryzysu, a także czynniki, które przyczyniły się do właściwego
rozwiązania sytuacji kryzysowej. Jednym z istotnych elementów składowych artykułu jest
także analiza działań podjętych przez fi rmę po zakończeniu sytuacji kryzysowej. Opisane
zostały również błędy popełnione przez fi rmę w zakresie zarządzania kryzysowego. Wartość
poznawcza: Materiał zawiera spójny opis wydarzeń kryzysowych, które dotknęły markę, stanowi obiektywne spojrzenie na kryzys wizerunkowy, wraz z oceną zastosowanych metod i narzędzi.
Public relations, to używany coraz częściej termin, którego interpretacja i rozumienie jest tak często błędne
jak i poprawne. Wielu polityków i niektórzy dziennikarze używają tej definicji, aby ukryć w niej działania
nieetyczne, nieuczciwe, kłamstwa, manipulację i oszczerstwa. Wielu z nich nawet nie zdaje sobie sprawy
z tego, jak ważna jest w prawidłowym rozumieniu public relations właściwa interpretacja intencji oraz
kwestia etyki. PR bowiem to budowanie relacji i skuteczne komunikowanie. Takie pojmowanie public relations
jest prawdziwe, chociaż w pełni nie wyczerpuje znaczenia tego terminu. Z pewnością jednak ukierunkowuje myślenie na właściwy tor, o którym tak wielu i tak często, nawet praktyków public relations, zapomina.
Public relations w szkolnictwie wyższym niepaństwowymDariusz Tworzydło
This 3-sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
The document discusses public relations in non-public higher education in Poland and is part of a larger work published in January 2001, with the authors also working on related projects about the work of journalists during crises and lockdowns as well as the condition of the public relations industry in Poland. The publication has been cited 0 times and read 5 times since being uploaded to ResearchGate by one of the authors, Dariusz Tworzydło from the University of Warsaw, who has authored 60 publications.
ROLA PROFILAKTYKI ANTYKRYZYSOWEJ Z PERSPEKTYWY NAJWIĘKSZYCH POLSKICH PRZEDSIĘ...Dariusz Tworzydło
Artykuł stanowi prezentację wyników badań, które są poświęcone aktualnym trendom PR-kryzysowego. Autorzy
opracowania podjęli próbę diagnozy profilaktyki antykryzysowej w przekroju dwóch wymiarów. Z jednej
strony przedstawiono stanowisko biznesowe (badanie przedsiębiorstw), z drugiej przywołano głos ekspertów
(badanie liderów agencji public relations). W toku analiz zaprojektowany został model punktowy systemu odpornościowego, który uwzględnia kluczowe narzędzia metodologii kryzysowej (opracowane procedury
w formie księgi zarządzania komunikacją, dedykowane struktury antykryzysowe w organizacji, sztab kryzysowy o ustalonym składzie oraz system szkoleń komunikacyjnych). Diagnoza profilaktyki liderów polskiego biznesu — bazująca na latach 2007–2017 — wykazała znaczące niedobory w stopniu przygotowania przedsiębiorstw na ryzyko kryzysu.
This document provides information about a book published in January 2010 titled "Relacje z mediami w samorządach" which discusses media relations in local governments. The book has two authors, Dariusz Tworzydło from the University of Warsaw and Paweł Kuca from Rzeszów University, who have authored other related projects on crisis management in Poland and the work of journalists during times of crisis. The document includes publication details, citation counts, readership counts and author profiles for this media relations book focused on local governments.
PROCEDURY I NARZĘDZIA ZARZĄDZANIA W SYTUACJACH KRYZYSOWYCH NA PODSTAWIE BADAŃ...Dariusz Tworzydło
W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowane zostaną wybrane procedury, ale także narzędzia, jakie stosuje się w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Prezentacja zostanie dokonana w oparciu o wyniki badań jakościowych, ale także analizę zapisów zawartych w wybranych pozycjach literaturowych, w których temat przygotowania do kryzysu, a także zarządzania nim jest poruszany. Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na to, iż możliwe jest ograniczone ale przy tym skuteczne zarządzanie kryzysem, gdy nadejdzie, ale zdecydowanie lepszym podejściem jest przygotowanie organizacji na wypadek zaistnienia sytuacji kryzysowej w sposób ułatwiający reakcję. Skuteczność jednak należy rozpatrywać w tym przypadku dwojako, po pierwsze jako niedopuszczenie do eskalacji kryzysu czy też wyjścia poza mury firmy czy biura zarządu, lub ograniczenie jego negatywnych skutków.
SELECTED ASPECTS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS ACTIVITY ORGANISATION IN POLISH ENTERPRISESDariusz Tworzydło
Public relations activity is treated as an element ensuring the desired reception of the company with the public.
Against a general background on public relations, the article presents selected aspects of organising activities within that
scope by the largest Polish enterprises. The analysed entities mostly conduct public relations activities basing on their
own services. Every fifth one, however, uses the assistance of external PR agencies. It is still puzzling that representatives
of almost every third company claim they do not conduct regular activity such as could be viewed as public relations.
From the point of view of organising PR activities important is also the place taken by PR departments or units in corporate
structure. The necessity of conducting current communication policy requiring very quick reactions indicates
clearly that PR department should be directly subordinated to the highest management level. This subordination model
dominates in Polish companies and concerns nearly 68% of the analysed subjects. Sometimes there occurs a not fully
realised distinction between PR and marketing. The activities in both these spheres should complement each other, which
in turn would increase the effectiveness of corporate communication. Good cooperation of the two departments should
allow to benefit from synergy effects and lead to cost reduction in communication activity. In almost half of the analysed
Polish companies, the distinction between marketing and PR is visible in their organisational structure, for there are independent
marketing and PR departments/units. In every third analysed company there is only a marketing department,
performing also activities assumed to belong to public relations. In three out of four companies no conflicts are noted
between the departments. The conflicts which do appear result from marketing and PR departments/units competing for
financial means and sometimes from competence overlap.
PUBLIC RELATIONS — NARZĘDZIA JEDNOSTRONNEGO KOMUNIKOWANIA I DIALOGU W INTERNECIEDariusz Tworzydło
Rozwój technologii oraz narzędzi informatycznych spowodował niezwykłe przyśpieszenie w branży public relations
na całym świecie. Żyjemy w czasach rewolucji komunikacyjnej, w której jeden rok to cała wieczność. Zmieniają
się komunikaty, szybkość ich transmisji, narzędzia. Zmieniają się także nadawca i odbiorca, którzy przywykli do
dynamiki przekazu, ale także do tego, że informacja jest i będzie dystrybułowana bez ograniczeń czasowych i przestrzennych.
Przeglądarka Netscape, portal wp.pl, era Wikipedii, Facebooka, dynamicznie rozwijającego się
YouTube’a czy Nasza Klasa, Twitter i szereg innych narzędzi z zakresu social media, a także systemy monitorujące1
— to tylko wybrane etapy, lub jak uważają niektórzy kamienie milowe pościgu za nowościami i nowymi formami
dystrybucji informacji. W takich właśnie czasach przychodzi profesjonalistom public relations tworzyć, wysyłać
i odbierać przekaz. Jeszcze w końcu lat dziewięćdziesiątych mało kto przypuszczał, iż takie zmiany nastąpią.
Trudno także przewidywać czego świadkami będziemy za następne kilka, kilkanaście lat. Jedno jest pewne, a mianowicie
to, że zmiany będą i to dokonywane w tempie jeszcze szybszym niż ma to miejsce obecnie.
Jako że współcześnie nowoczesne media mają już istotny wpływ na decyzje wyborcze, czy przemiany społeczne,
proces ten jest bardzo dogłębnie analizowany i badany. Oprócz tego badaniom podlega inny aspekt jakim
jest podejmowanie decyzji dotyczących tego, czy komunikacja w internecie powinna opierać się na komunikowaniu
masowym czy też można mówić o podejściu indywidualnym. Osoby prywatne same podejmują
decyzje w oparciu o własne potrzeby, firmy jednak muszą analizować wiele czynników które mają wpływ
na ostateczne decyzje w zakresie wyboru narzędzi czy też samej decyzji w zakresie komunikowania. Wśród
tych czynników znajdują się: zasięg, dostępność narzędzi, a nawet branża w jakiej firma działa.
Niniejszy artykuł zawiera prezentację wybranych narzędzi wykorzystywanych w procesie jednostronnego komunikowania
do otoczenia, ale także narzędzi służących i wykorzystywanych do dialogu. Komunikacja jednostronna
o której mowa w niniejszym artykule nie zakłada odpowiedzi ze strony odbiorcy, oprócz ewentualnej decyzji
„action” w postaci zakupu lub „kliknięcia”. Dialog natomiast daje możliwość interakcji, porozumiewania, wymiany
myśli i poglądów, bezpośredniej oceny. Oprócz tego zaprezentowane zostaną korzyści jakie odnosi się
w procesie prowadzenia dialogu w sieci, a także bariery które utrudniają jego prowadzenie. Przedstawione zostaną
również kierunki zmian jakie będą się dokonywały w związku z dynamicznym rozwojem narzędzi i procesów komunikacyjnych w sieci.
Podatność kryzysowa wiodących branż polskiej gospodarkiDariusz Tworzydło
Perspektywa podziału na branże daje możliwość zrealizowania bardziej zaawansowanych analiz
dotyczących rodzaju oraz częstotliwości występowania kryzysów wizerunkowych. Cel: Prezentacja przykładowego sposobu wyselekcjonowania branż opresyjnych na podstawie modelu odnoszącego się do wiodących gałęzi polskiej gospodarki. Metody badań: Badania ilościowe za pomocą ankiety audytoryjnej przeprowadzone wśród specjalistów PR oraz analiza desk research, m.in. Listy 500 dziennika Rzeczpospolita. Wyniki i wnioski: Badania wykazały, że na rynku funkcjonuje
pewna grupa branż, które są szczególnie narażone na występowanie komunikacyjnych sytuacji kryzysowych. Wyniki pokazują, że przedsiębiorstwa wchodzące w ich skład (np. reprezentujące sektor publiczny, spożywczy, farmaceutyczny czy telekomunikacyjny) silniej przyciągają do siebie
kryzysy wizerunkowe i częściej są zmuszone nimi zarządzać. Dlatego działalność badanych firm
została zanalizowana na zasadzie działania magnesu kryzysowego, który przyciąga wiele niekorzystnych zjawisk z otoczenia wewnętrznego i zewnętrznego organizacji. Wartość poznawcza:
Zaprezentowane wyniki mogą stanowić wsparcie zarówno dla oceny efektów public relaions, jak i dla technik medioznawczych (np. analizy przekazu medialnego).
Political communication in local elections: a comparative analysis of France ...Dariusz Tworzydło
This article is the result of a research study aimed at comparing the degree of maturity
of political communication in local government elections between France and Poland. The authors’ objective is to reveal the specificity of the subsystems of electoral communication between these countries mainly by presenting the diversity of
the communication tools used and the degree of professionalisation of communication management by local government politicians. The undertaking of a comparative
analysis of these two countries was dictated by the countries’ similarities in terms of
the three-tier division of local government. In addition, it compares the experience
of France’s mature democracy and Poland’s democracy, which is in its early stages.
A survey conducted on a representative sample could be extrapolated from the entire
population studied in France and Poland. The scope of the study concerned local
government elections from 2015 in France, and 2014 and 2018 in Poland. The article
presents conclusions of the research that focus on the manner and scope of application
of political communication in the selected countries.
Procedura zarządzania w kryzysie wizerunkowym w mediach – przeciwdziałanie, r...Dariusz Tworzydło
Kryzys wizerunkowy jest zjawiskiem obrazującym
zmiany w firmie, zakłócającym
normalny rytm jej funkcjonowania, mającym
istotny wpływ na całokształt procesów, jakie w niej zachodzą. Jest on także ściśle powiązany ze specyficzną cechą gospodarki rynkowej, jaką jest niepewność oraz ryzyko1. Już w XIX wieku francuskie słowo oznaczające kryzys tłumaczono jako ‘sytuację trudną’, ‘rozstrzygającą’. W słowniku synonimów słowo „kryzys” znajduje się wśród najbliższych znaczeniowo haseł takich jak: przejście, zwrot, zakręt, moment zwrotny, kamień milowy, przełom, wyłom, czy przesilenie.
Zmiany w obszarze relacji, jakie zachodzą pomiędzy mediami a public relations...Dariusz Tworzydło
Zespół badawczy Exacto przeprowadził badanie, którego celem było poznanie wpływu pandemii koronawirusa na branżę PR oraz zebranie opinii w zakresie przyszłości branży PR po opanowaniu sytuacji związanej z COVID-19.
Do udziału zaproszono specjalistów zajmujących się public relations, zarówno freelancerów, pracowników agencji PR, jak i specjalistów zajmujących się public relations w przedsiębiorstwach prywatnych, państwowych czy NGO. Badanie było prowadzone z użyciem techniki CAWI.
Dobór próby miał charakter celowy i był prowadzony w oparciu o metodę kuli śniegowej. Dane były zbierane w okresie przełomu kwietnia i maja 2020 roku. W badaniu udział wzięło 242 specjalistów branży PR.
VERIFYING AN IMAGE OBJECTIVES MATRIX FOR MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF PUBLIC RELA...Dariusz Tworzydło
Summary. This article presents the results of comprehensive research on image in the
internal and external environments of an organization. During the research, the method of
measuring the effect of public relations activities, i.e. the image objectives matrix, was also
verified. The above tool is used to determine the image position of an economic entity, and
to identify possible problems the entity must address in the range of its internal and external
communications. The main conclusion is: The research project, completed in three phases
(external, internal, image assessment), enabled us to optimize the dedicated tools for subsequent image studies, making it easy to see the changes closely, taking into account their
direction. ZETO’s management board has received extensive material that, if appropriately
used, will have a direct impact on showing the direction in which the company should be headed in the coming years. The opinions of institutional clients and employees will help to
determine the strategy for future activities.
PUBLIC RELATIONS — THE TOOLS FOR UNILATERAL COMMUNICATION AND DIALOGUE ON THE...Dariusz Tworzydło
The development of technology and IT tools have brought about an extraordinary acceleration of the public relations branch around the whole world. We live in the times of revolution in communication, in which one year is whole eternity. Messages, the speed of their publication, the tools are changing. The sender and the recipient, who have become used to the dynamics of the message and the fact that it is and will be distributed without spatial and temporal limitations, are changing too. Netscape browser, wp.pl, the era of Wikipedia, Facebook, dynamically developing YouTube, or Nasza Klasa, Twitter and a whole range of other tools from the scope of social media, as well as monitoring systems — these are just chosen stages, or as others think, milestones in the pursuit of novelty and new forms of distribution of information. It is in times like these that
public relations experts have to create, send and receive messages. Back at the end of 1990's hardly anyone
expected that such changes could take place. It is also hard to predict what we will see in a few, or a dozen years. One thing is certain, namely, that changes will be taking place and will be even faster than now. As the currently modern media already have a significant impact on voting decisions, or social
transformation, the process is analysed and studied in detail. Moreover, what is subject to research is the question whether communication on the Internet should be based on mass communication, or rather on an individual approach. Private individuals make decisions based on their own needs, but companies have to analyse many factors that influence final decisions concerning the choice of tools, or the very decision concerning communication. Among these factors there are: scope, availability of tools, even the branch in which a company is active. This article includes a presentation of chosen tools used in the process of unilateral communication with
the environment, but also tools used for dialogue. Unilateral communication discussed in this article doesn't assume a response from the recipient, apart from a possible decision to take action in form of purchase, or clicking. At the same time dialogue gives the opportunity to interact, exchange thoughts and ideas, direct assessment. Moreover, the benefits from the process of conducting dialogue online, as well as the barriers hampering the dialogue will be presented. Also, the directions of changes taking place in association with the dynamic development of online communication tools and processes will be presented.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Determinants for the Development of the Activity of the Catholic Church in Poland in the Field of Social Communication
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355154752
Determinants for the Development of the Activity of the Catholic Church in
Poland in the Field of Social Communication
Article in Religions · October 2021
DOI: 10.3390/rel12100845
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3. Religions 2021, 12, 845 2 of 11
deepening of mass media activity. Karol Wojtyła’s reflections, expressing full approval of
the media, were filled with wise, critical attitude, including his meetings with journalists,
speeches to various media groups and associations. His television activity was also contin-
ued by Benedict XVI (Laskowska and Marcyński 2016) and by Pope Francis (Maibach 2015;
Narbona 2016; Slatinek 2017).
Additionally, the current media activity of Pope Francis emphasizes the role of mass
media in the life of the Church; thus the last three pontificates can be regarded as media
friendly (Valentan 2019; Berger 1997). Media evangelization is only technically different
from traditional forms of proclaiming the word of God because, despite its impersonal
message, it is intended to help listeners see reality and themselves in a Christian and
evangelical manner (Edwards 1990; Nielsen and Johansen 2019). In the ecclesial and
liturgical space itself, reality is increasingly associated with media reality; for instance,
during the transmission of the funeral liturgy of John Paul II, priests distributed Holy
Communion to those gathered in front of TV screens and telebims (Draguła 2009).
The main goal of this article is an attempt to capture the factors and variables that
result in an increased interest in social communication by the Catholic Church in Poland
and the need to professionalize this communication. Additionally, this paper seeks not
only to contribute to the theory by generating a specific typology of determinants of the
development of social communication of traditional institutional churches but also to create
a catalogue of problems and directions for further activities for the communication of the
Church in Poland.
Social communication is understood by the authors as a social process of communi-
cation between individuals, groups or institutions (Dobek-Ostrowska 2002). Its purpose
is to exchange thoughts and share knowledge, information and ideas. This process takes
place at various levels (McQuail 2010) with the use of various means and produces specific
effects (Goban-Klas 2004; Gawroński and Jakubowski 2018). The authors of this article,
having analyzed the literature on the issues discussed, form hypotheses that the basic
channels activating the Catholic Church in Poland (in order to undertake greater activity in
the field of social communication) include:
• Mediatization of social life.
• The need to manage communication as a result of emerging crises that threaten the
good name of the Church and its hierarchs.
The applied methodology is primarily an analysis of the existing data, including
internal documents of church institutions, statistics and a literature review. With the usage
of typical classifications (Cooper 1988; Randolph 2019), the adopted method is aimed at
identifying key issues, concentrating on research results through a presentation focused on
support. The characteristics of the determinants of the communicative activity of the Polish
Catholic Church constitute a specific case study that provides the opportunity to explain
the specificity of the described entity. Moreover, they provide an area for comparison
between Poland and other countries and communities. The selected case study method is
treated as a research method containing a broad description of a given phenomenon, which
is aimed at its in-depth analysis and evaluation. Thus, this is qualitative research which,
through the use of data collection and analysis techniques, allows us to solve scientific and
practical problems (Stake 1978; George and Bennett 2005).
2. The Specific Role of the Catholic Church in Poland
The Catholic Church in Poland still seems to be the Church with the greatest political
influence on the Christian world. It has achieved most of its political goals, including
an effective ban on abortion, the introduction of religion to schools, and has influenced
restrictions on access regarding some conceptual notions. The Church is therefore an
important political entity in Poland. Poland is one of those European countries in which
religiosity is manifested in a special way. The high religiousness of Poles in the period of
political transformations that took place in the country after 1989 refutes the widespread
myth that a developed society must be accompanied by a process of secularization (Borowik
4. Religions 2021, 12, 845 3 of 11
2002). The specificity of the presence of the Catholic Church in social life in today’s Poland
is represented by the interpenetrating relations between the state and the Church. Polish
society is characterized by one of the highest rates of religiosity in Europe. More than
90% of Polish people are believed to be believers. In Poland, in comparison with other
European countries, the rates of religiosity are slowly dropping, which sociologists define
as “creeping secularization”. In 1990, 50.3% of believers participated in Sunday Mass;
in 2013, this decreased to 39.1%, in 2016 to 36.7%, in 2018 to 38.2% and in 2019 to 36.9%.
According to the data of the Institute of Statistics of the Catholic Church, the percentage
of people declaring themselves as deeply religious is approximately 11%. Women believe
more often; among them, 14.4% declare being deeply religious, 70.3% claim to be religious
and only 2.1% are unbelievers. Among men, these numbers are, respectively: 7.6%—deeply
religious; 68.8%—believers; 4%—non-believers. The number of those declaring moral
attitudes consistent with the teaching of the Church, especially in the sphere of sexual
ethics, is decreasing. For example, only about 20% of believers deem sexual intercourse
unacceptable before marriage. This particular issue is visible especially in young people,
whose level of religious practice has dropped by half over 30 years (Przeciszewski and
Ł ˛
aczny 2021). Churches in Poland are still full of the faithful; even during the COVID-19
pandemic, they were visited much more often than in many western European countries.
Nevertheless, the Catholic Church in Poland does not play the role it used to play in
communist times, when participation in services was treated by many Poles as an act of
opposition to totalitarian rule. However, today's Poland is becoming more and more secular.
Polish society is changing; traditional values play a smaller role than before. In recent
years, high-profile protests against the new, more restrictive anti-abortion law have been
organized. The death of the Polish Pope John Paul II in 2005 was probably of importance
(Gowin 1995), as the majority of Poles identified with him. Moreover, dissatisfaction with
still unexplained cases of paedophilia and other forms of sexual harassment by clergy
plays a large role in Poland. Another factor contributing to the reduction in the role of the
Catholic Church in Poland is the fact that it is referred to by the ruling right-wing parties,
which are not liked and accepted by a significant part of the young generations of Poles.
3. Mediatization of Social Life and the Activity of the Polish Church
Mediatization of social life appears as a relatively new concept of understanding
alongside the theorizing of transformations in everyday life, culture and society in the
context of the progressive transformation of the media. In addition to globalization,
individualization and commercialization, it is placed among the main social processes that
have changed contemporary culture and communication (Hjarvard 2011, 2013). The term
mediation will soon be 100 years old, as it was coined in 1933 by Ernst Manheim (1993).
The term was initially used to describe changes in social relations in modernity, changes
that were caused by the emergence of mass communication.
In the 1990s, mediation was combined with political issues, thanks to which it was
reduced to the phenomenon of mediation in politics (Mazzoleni and Winfried 1999). This
concept was based on the theories and research of M. McLuhan (1964), J. Merowitz (Flayhan
2001) and Altheide and Snow (1979).
It is true that modern humans derive most of the information about the world around
them from media reports. This opinion can be based, for example, on statistical data
referring to the time people spend on the consumption of media messages. According to
Nielsen Audience, in 2019, an average Polish person devoted 4 h and 16 min each day to
watching television (Nielsen Audience Raport 2020), while they used the Internet for 2 h
and 6 min per day (Gemius Raport 2020).
In most European countries, even well-established Christian denominations have
lost importance in recent decades. To prevent this, various remedial techniques have
been used, including communication strategies, adapting churches to the changing world
and the requirements of the faithful. On the one hand, sociologists of religion emphasize
the importance of direct communication in this area, while other media and communica-
5. Religions 2021, 12, 845 4 of 11
tion researchers emphasize the possibilities that can be found in indirect communication
(Wiesenberg 2020). The presence of mass communication in terms of the evangelizing
activity of the Church is a separate sphere of mediatization of social life (Hjarvard 2011;
Loevheim 2011; Loevheim and Lynch 2011). Although it may seem that the relationship
between the Church and mass media is an effect of interactions revealed only in recent
decades, the ecclesial acceptance of the means of mass communication and the progressing
symbiosis between them and the Church have their source at the dawn of radio and televi-
sion history (Hoover 2006; Stolow 2005). A. Draguła, analyzing the issue of the historical
and contemporary presence of the transmission of holy mass in these media, comes to the
conclusion that, while radio transmission met with initial reserve on the part of the Church,
television transmission very quickly gained the approval of the church hierarchy, which
was reflected in the appreciation of the value of the ‘mediated Eucharist’ in the official
documents of the Church (Draguła 2009).
Contemporary missionary activity by the Church takes full advantage of the richness
of the possibilities offered by mass communication. This results in appreciating the fact
that evangelization by means of television (and other mass media) is, in practice, reaching
for a more effective tool, enabling access to wide masses of people and effectively speaking
to them with a simple, suggestive language of pictures and sounds (Baczyński 1998). For
obvious reasons, mass media and new media (Leonowicz-Bukała et al. 2021) cannot replace
the evangelizing mission of the Church; however, based on the statement by K. Nycz, it
can perform an important pre-evangelizing function (Nycz 2011).
Mass communication means—by performing numerous social functions—not only
provide information about events that take place in reality but also create these events,
shape public opinion and influence human attitudes. They have a significant impact on
individual decisions and social behavior, and can activate audiences or shape passive
auditoriums. Most of all, they build the image of brands, institutions, organizations and
people, because recipients of media messages are looking for confirmation or denial of
subjective judgments of reality in the media. For any organization, (regardless of whether it
is an enterprise, public institution, political party, social organization or church community),
giving up cooperation with mass media means weakening the ability to communicate with
an environment and influence the opinions, attitudes and behavior of people who are the
target group of their interactions. It also means reducing the ability to learn about people’s
needs, habits and expectations (Gawroński 2013).
The institutional Catholic Church in Poland has not developed any strategic docu-
ments similar to corporate communication strategies. In this approach, the communication
strategy would constitute a specific catalogue of formal goals, defining target groups,
shaping official content distribution channels and organizing the course of communication
processes (Przybysz 2013). The Church in Poland is a kind of a “corporation” of indepen-
dent entities, which consists of the Polish Bishops’ Conference, archdioceses and dioceses,
as well as religious orders and congregations. In addition, the non-institutional church
and its communication activities are also active; they are inspired and led by lay faithful,
non-profit organizations, foundations and associations. This form of activity cannot be
included in any organizational framework or any strategic documents.
Observing the practice of the communicative activity of the Polish Church, it is difficult
to say whether the Episcopal Conference plays a superior role because it neither coordinates
communication activities nor influences the regional or local methods of the bishops’ way
of communicating. Nevertheless, it is the Episcopal Conference that constitutes the most
general and loudest voice of the Polish Church as an institution. A special role in the field of
influencing mass media is played by the Presidium of the Episcopal Conference, including,
first of all, the chairman, the deputy and the secretary. The secretary, as the direct superior of
the press spokesman, supervising the press office, has real possibilities to influence the shape
of communication policies (Art. 40 of the Statute of the Polish Bishops’ Conference 2021).
The Secretary-General is responsible for the Press Office, headed by the Conference
Spokesperson, elected by the Plenary Assembly, who maintains contacts with the media.
6. Religions 2021, 12, 845 5 of 11
The press office is issued by the official organ of the Conference. The advisory body is
the Council for Social Communications within the structure of the Bishops’ Conference.
Its purpose is defined as providing proper pastoral care to people of the Catholic media
and the media in general. This includes taking care of media positions established in the
dioceses, either within existing pastoral care protocols or separate communities. One of the
tasks of the Council is to deal with the postulate of the Catholic Association of Journalists
regarding the organization of a pilgrimage of media people to Jasna Góra Monastery (the
most important place of pilgrimage for Catholics in Poland). The establishment and activity
of the Council for Social Communications at the Polish Bishops’ Conference is a response
to the teaching of the Church after the Second Vatican Council.
The basis for the functioning of the Council is the activity of the Pontifical Council for
Social Communications, which develops, takes and presents the position of the Church on
important issues related to the broadly understood means of social communication, their
achievements and threats (Statute and Regulations of the Polish Episcopal Conference).
The press spokesperson of the Conference is a real “tool” of communication between
the institution of the Church and the mass media. Article 71 of the Regulations of the
Polish Bishops’ Conference states that the spokesperson is elected by a plenary meeting
for a period of five years. He may perform his function for subsequent terms. The same
document regulates that the tasks of the Spokesperson include, in particular: presenting the
position of the Polish Bishops’ Conference; maintaining ongoing contacts with journalists;
assisting journalists in accessing information about the activities of the Conference and its
activities as well as the statutory bodies; supporting the Conference in contacts with the
media; managing the work of the Press Office. The Spokesperson carries out the above
tasks, inter alia, through: issuing announcements and statements; organizing briefings
and press conferences; giving interviews and statements for domestic and foreign media;
cooperation with the media as well as church and secular institutions.
There are two other institutions supporting the Church’s communication activities:
the Catholic Information Agency (CIA) and the “Opoka” Foundation. The CIA realizes
communication goals through: preparation of information services and problem materials
regarding religious events; transferring collected information, opinions and other materials
to the media; organizing foreign correspondence; press service for the Polish Bishops’
Conference; conducting, organizing and financing propagation, information and publishing
activities (Przeciszewski and Ł ˛
aczny 2021).
The goal of the “Opoka” Foundation is to develop, cooperate and coordinate Internet
activities of the Catholic Church in Poland for local, national and global use. According to P.
Siuda (2010, 2012), we can distinguish four dimensions of religious places on the Internet—
innovative religion (e.g., new religious movements), traditional religion (large “traditional”
religions, such as Christianity), religion on the Internet (information on various religions)
and network religion (religious activities undertaken in cyberspace) The Internet activity
of the Church in Poland is essentially focused on the last three and is treated as e-pastoral
work.
Although the indicated description of the structure of church communication institu-
tions may seem clear, and even suggests an activity based on strategic conditions, it is a
dispersed system and is not coordinated by a single decision-making center. Additionally,
within local churches, there is complete freedom in shaping communication policies by
bishops. They are completely independent in shaping communication policies in their
area. Thus, in Poland, each of the more than 40 dioceses has a media policy defined,
which is neither correlated between dioceses but nor does it take into account the priority
of communication of the Bishops’ Conference. The only initiative that brings together
several dozen press spokesmen of church units is the annual workshop meeting for press
spokesmen. The spokesmen of religious orders training was organized for the first time in
2007. Since 2009, due to the initiative of the spokesperson of the Polish Bishops’ Conference,
they were joined by the spokesmen of the diocese; three years later, they were joined by the
7. Religions 2021, 12, 845 6 of 11
spokesmen of other church institutions, chancellors of the curia and higher superiors of
orders and congregations (Kloch 2013).
The participants of the meetings listen to lectures, take part in practical exercises and
exchange their own experiences. Lay Catholics, nuns and priests come to the meetings.
Almost all of them have completed university studies or courses in journalism, PR, media
relations or theology of the media. Some have doctorates in these fields. Workshops are
usually over 20 h of classes conducted by academics, journalists and lawyers. However,
the initiative of annual meetings does not stimulate an atmosphere of cooperation in the
creation of a uniform communication policy of the Church.
Taking into account the above information, it should be stated that the missing com-
munication strategy is a concept that still needs to be developed by the Church in Poland. It
will not be easy, mainly due to the difficulties in coordinating the activities of local churches
and the multitude of entities shaping the actual image of the Church's institutions.
4. Church Crisis Communication
Skillful communication with the environment plays a special role in the event of a
crisis situation, which may result in the organization suffering both serious image losses
and loss of trust, as well as legal and economic problems. Depending on the type, nature
and scale of the crisis, the organization is obliged to skillfully conduct a dialogue with
various subjects from both the internal and the external environment. Crisis communication
is therefore an evident example of the multi-level use of social communication for the needs
of effective management. At the same time, it is a marketing communication subsystem
because its goals are mainly oriented on the image of the organization—its protection or the
minimization of image loss (Moedinger 2001). Numerous authors dealing with the issues
of crisis management and crisis communication list the catalog of principles that should
apply in the event of crises. These focus on determining the stages of crisis management
(Iwankiewicz-Rak 2004), categorizing key messages (Tworzydło 2019) and establishing
rules of cooperation with various groups of interested people (Anthonissen 2010).
Churches experience a crisis when the number of members decreases, which results in
financial difficulties (Dreyer 2015). In this regard, the crisis is limited to the disadvantage
experienced by the Church as an institution, when its structures, finances and traditions
are under pressure and require remedial action. Increasingly, however, crises that affect the
Catholic Church relate to irregularities in its functioning. Crisis situations arise when the
church becomes what should be a contradiction (Fox-Genovese 2003). The last time this
occurred was in relation to the ineffective management of communication in connection
with sexual abuse and paedophilia (O’Brien 2021; Tworzydło et al. 2020; Wirenius 2015).
These crises do not only concern the Catholic Church, although it is most often the subject
of media and public interest in the context of moral scandals (Hiilamo 2021). Recently,
crisis situations have happened in the Catholic Church in Poland. Their basis is most
often financial and refers to a lack of transparency within the church’s financing system.
That said, image attacks on the institutional church and the clergy regarding the immoral
behavior of some clergy representatives (revealed by and through mass media) are equally
frequent. The decline in trust in the Church in Poland was also influenced by the fact that,
along with the change in the political system, the Church became one of many institutions
in the emerging political situation without its own identity and mission, as well as its own
interests (Rychard 1991). According to J. Marianski, criticism of the Church in Polish society
that has existed since the political transformation has recently been taking on much more
serious proportions.
The catalogue of accusations, present in society for over twenty years, has not changed
and includes: excessive attachment of priests to material goods (Roguska 2012, p. 4),
concern for regaining the privileges lost during communist times, excessive influence in
society and actively participating with politics (Hipsz 2011), conservative morality and
attempts to impose it on the whole society, as well as scandals involving some bishops
and priests, publicized by the mass media (Marianski 2011). However, it is not only these
8. Religions 2021, 12, 845 7 of 11
factors that are triggering crisis situations. According to M. Przybysz (2009), the Church
is characterized by persistence in a state of permanent crisis because “it is a permanent
sign of opposition to the civilization of death, anti-culture, armaments and aggression,
against communism and imposing anthropology without God, the lifestyle of etsi Deus
non daretur, and in this sense the crisis is inscribed permanently in its life”.
This permanent crisis seems to be a phenomenon that is increasing in nature, which
is confirmed by Fr. K. Sowa, who states that: “The church has become a whipping boy,
and some of the media have only now noticed and started shouting that the church has
ceased to be a holy cow. This subject has always been present in the media, but now it
has been promoted to the mainstream”. (Rutkowska 2012). Therefore, it indicates that the
Church in Poland must face crisis situations like never before, especially those related to
media coverage, which should force efforts to change the approach of the church hierarchy
in matters of openness to the media and public opinion, as well as professionalization of
communication activities.
Based on research by the Public Opinion Research Center on the social assessment
of public institutions, including the Catholic Church, several important stages can be
distinguished that change the attitude of the public in this matter (Figure 1).
The catalogue of accusations, present in society for over twenty years, has not
changed and includes: excessive attachment of priests to material goods (Roguska 2012,
p. 4), concern for regaining the privileges lost during communist times, excessive influ-
ence in society and actively participating with politics (Hipsz 2011), conservative morality
and attempts to impose it on the whole society, as well as scandals involving some bishops
and priests, publicized by the mass media (Marianski 2011). However, it is not only these
factors that are triggering crisis situations. According to M. Przybysz (2009), the Church
is characterized by persistence in a state of permanent crisis because “it is a permanent
sign of opposition to the civilization of death, anti-culture, armaments and aggression,
against communism and imposing anthropology without God, the lifestyle of etsi Deus
non daretur, and in this sense the crisis is inscribed permanently in its life”.
This permanent crisis seems to be a phenomenon that is increasing in nature, which
is confirmed by Fr. K. Sowa, who states that: “The church has become a whipping boy,
and some of the media have only now noticed and started shouting that the church has
ceased to be a holy cow. This subject has always been present in the media, but now it has
been promoted to the mainstream”. (Rutkowska 2012). Therefore, it indicates that the
Church in Poland must face crisis situations like never before, especially those related to
media coverage, which should force efforts to change the approach of the church hierar-
chy in matters of openness to the media and public opinion, as well as professionalization
of communication activities.
Based on research by the Public Opinion Research Center on the social assessment of
public institutions, including the Catholic Church, several important stages can be distin-
guished that change the attitude of the public in this matter (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Assessment of the Catholic Church in Poland in the years 1990–2020. Source: Authors’
research based on CBOS reports on opinions on public institutions in the years 1990–2020.
http://www.cbos.pl (accessed on 11 December 2020) and Sadłoń and Organek (2019).
The beginning of the 1990s was characterized by a sharp decline in public support
for the Church. According to Z. Nosowski (2011), three key factors played an important
role in this respect:
• Errors by the Church itself, manifested in the behavior of many bishops, allowing the
public to suppose that they were seeking direct influence on the state authority;
• Involvement of the Church in discussions on legal regulations in unpopular and so-
cially controversial matters, mainly abortion;
• The transition of religion and the church from the pattern established during the
Polish People's Republic to a model of more active participation in public life (i.e.,
88
46
66 68
54 53
48
12
46
24
20
35 33
38
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Positive Negative
Figure 1. Assessment of the Catholic Church in Poland in the years 1990–2020. Source: Authors’
research based on CBOS reports on opinions on public institutions in the years 1990–2020. http:
//www.cbos.pl (accessed on 11 December 2020) and Sadłoń and Organek (2019).
The beginning of the 1990s was characterized by a sharp decline in public support for
the Church. According to Z. Nosowski (2011), three key factors played an important role
in this respect:
• Errors by the Church itself, manifested in the behavior of many bishops, allowing the
public to suppose that they were seeking direct influence on the state authority;
• Involvement of the Church in discussions on legal regulations in unpopular and
socially controversial matters, mainly abortion;
• The transition of religion and the church from the pattern established during the
Polish People’s Republic to a model of more active participation in public life (i.e., the
return of religion lessons to schools, chaplains in prisons and military units), which
caused a discussion on the threat of building a religious state.
Interesting data representing a myth concerning the involvement of the Church in
politics is provided the CBOS-Agency report, which is devoted exclusively to this topic.
While the political involvement of clergy is critically assessed, and the view on the apolitical
9. Religions 2021, 12, 845 8 of 11
position of the Church is universally applicable, in colloquial opinions, there is a scheme
assessing the Church as an active participant in the political life of Poland. Meanwhile, the
majority of respondents declare that they do not notice the political involvement of church
structures (Hipsz 2011).
Another factor negatively affecting the image of the Church is the issue of the co-
financing of churches from the state budget and the demand for transparency of church
finances (Roguska 2012).
Crisis management in the Church is arduously becoming a topic that is addressed
more frequently. As Nosowski (2012) rightly observes, the Polish Church is characterized
by the inability to formulate a clear strategy of action. The Church adopts a defensive
attitude that is limited to responding to emerging problems without being involved in
creating media information and topics relevant to public debate. Reactions are often not
adequate to the required needs. They are fast and violent when balanced and calm words
are needed instead. At the beginning of the 21st century, the Catholic Church in Poland
has been forced to deal with image problems in an intensified way.
In Poland, the problem of pedophilia in the Church is complex and has many aspects.
To some extent, it reflects the global trend revealing the scale of pedophilia in the Catholic
Church in the wider world but, as this issue is not limited only to church institutions, it
requires separate and wider considerations (Tworzydło et al. 2020). Image and communica-
tion crises are usually rooted in various areas of the Church’s social and political activity.
Incompetent management of communication in this regard may constitute an additional
contribution to negative consequences in terms of social perceptions.
5. Conclusions
The persistent critical opinions of a significant part of Polish society towards the
Catholic Church provides clear evidence that information policy, communication strategies
and image activities (including those that fall within the sphere of church marketing and
the use of marketing communication) have not been conducted skillfully. The Church
in Poland has been losing confidence in its image and its good name almost at its own
request by making basic mistakes related to inefficient communication. Of course, there
are arguments that the Church has been called to preach the good news and to show the
border between good and evil, so it does not have to be liked. However, is this true? Does
“pleasing” not facilitate the ministry defined in this way?
In the creation-dominated world of the image-related impact of marketing communi-
cation—substantively focused on results and based on the results of empirical research—
opinion polls are a fragment of marketing activity (Zaidman 2007). They provide in-
complete information that is not always representative but that can sometimes create
reservations regarding credibility. However, they can also provide a measurable effect of
interactions that, some time ago, should have been treated as completely immeasurable.
From the point of view of the Polish Catholic Church, there are at least three factors
still relevant and important for public opinion with which the institutional church still
cannot cope and that require special care in the field of social communication management:
• Excessive involvement in political affairs;
• Transparency of church finances and rules for the financing of the Church by the state;
• Difficulties in managing crisis situations, in particular media crises.
An important aspect, going beyond the catalog of presented postulates, is the necessity
of even greater openness by the Church. This is especially so of its representatives responsi-
ble for social communication in the sphere of mass media functioning. The encouragement
of Benedict XVI (2009, p. 25), directed towards church spokesmen, spoke of a greater
commitment to new technologies and new media: “I would like to encourage those who
are active in the field of communication in the Church and are responsible for pastoral
care to take on the challenges they face with evangelization new technologies. (...) It is the
properties of the new media that enable, on a wide scale and on a global scale, consultation,
sharing and coordination, which not only increases the effectiveness of proclaiming the
10. Religions 2021, 12, 845 9 of 11
Gospel message, but also avoids unnecessary waste of resources and resources.” In respect
to this issue, this is of great significance.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, S.G.; methodology, S.G. and D.T.; software, K.B.; valida-
tion, S.G., K.B. and D.T.; formal analysis, S.G.; investigation, S.G. and D.T.; resources, S.G., K.B. and
D.T.; data curation, S.G.; writing—original draft preparation, S.G., K.B. and D.T.; writing—review and
editing, S.G., K.B. and D.T.; visualization, D.T.; supervision, S.G.; project administration, S.G. funding
acquisition, S.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Data sharing not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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