Conference: Energy Policy and the Spanish Ceramic Tile Sector. Gabaldón-Estevan, D. Monfort-Gimeno, E., Mezquita-Martí, A. and Vaquer-Cañete, E.; Innovation and learning in energy policy: new pathways to sustainability? Trondheim, (Norway) 12-14 December 2012.

1. “Energy Policy and the Spanish
Ceramic Tile Sector”
Daniel Gabaldón Estevan (*)
Eliseo Monfort Gimeno (**)
Ana Mezquita Marti (**)
Eva Vaquer Cañete (**)
(*) University of Valencia
(**) Universitat Jaume I de Castelló

2. Index
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Conclusions

3. Index
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Conclusions 1.1. Why is it relevant?
1.2. What is our theoretical framework?
1.3. Work partially build on previous research

4. 1. Introduction
1.1. Why is it relevant?
There is a current debate on the sustainability of the actual
production model of ‘developed countries’ within globalisation due
to:
o an increased demand of resources
o a limited capacity of the environment to assimilate human
activity
o an increase on public awareness and demands for the
improvement of environment quality
How is the interlink between energy policy
and the evolution of a particular industry?

5. 1. Introduction
1.2. What is our theoretical framework?
[…] “all important economic, social, political,
organizational, institutional and other factors
that influence the development, diffusion and
use of innovations” (Edquist, 2004, pp. 182)
Technological
systems
(Carlsson and Stankiewitz, 1995;
Huges, 1984; Callon, 1992)
Sectorial system
of innovation
Evolutionist
perspective
(Nelson and Winter, 1977 and 1982)
National system
of innovation
(Freeman, 1987;
Lundvall, 1988, 1992; Nelson, 1993)
Regional system
of innovation
(Cooke, 1993 and 2001;
Saxenian, 1985; Jaffe et al., 1993)
Functional approach
(Bergek et al., 2008;
Jacobsson and Johnson, 2000;
Edquist, 1997)
(Breschi and Malerba, 1997;
Distritual
Malerba, 2002)
Innovation system
(Gabaldon-Estevan et al., 2012)
Knowledge Heterogeneity Learning Institutions Interrelations

6. 1. Introduction
1.3. Work partially build on previous research
Gabaldón-Estevan, D.; Monfort Gimeno, E. and Criado Herrero, E. The Green Factor in the European
manufacturing industry. Case study of the Spanish Ceramic Tile Industry - Forthcoming -
Gabaldón-Estevan, D. and Hekkert M.P. How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector
Function? Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio. - Forthcoming -
Gabaldón-Estevan, D.; Fernández de Lucio, I. and Molina Morales, FX. (2012) Sistemas Distrituales de
Innovación. ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura, 188 (753), pp. 63-73
Available at: http://arbor.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arbor/article/download/1448/1457
Gabaldón-Estevan, D. (2011) El sistema distritual de innovación cerámico de Castellón. Universitat de
València. Servei de Publicacions. - Available at:
http://rodrigo.uv.es/bitstream/handle/10550/23431/gabaldon.pdf?sequence=1
Mezquita, A.; Monfort, E. and Zaera V. (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones: reducción de
emisiones de CO2, benchmarking europeo. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 48 (4) pp.
211-222 Available at: http://boletines.secv.es/upload/20090904100231.200948211.pdf
Monfort, E.; Mezquita, A.; Granel, R.; Vaquer, E.; Escrig, A.; Miralles, A. and Zaera, V. (2010) Análisis de
consumos energéticos y emisiones de dióxido de carbono en la fabricación de baldosas cerámicas. Boletín
de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 49 (4), 303-310 - Available at:
http://boletines.secv.es/upload/20100901173134.201049303.pdf
Tortajada Esparza, E.; Gabaldón-Estevan, D. and Fernández de Lucio I. (2008) La evolución tecnológica del
distrito cerámico de Castellón: la contribución de la industria de fritas, colores y esmaltes. Boletín de la
Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio. 47 (2) pp. 57-80 - Available at:
http://boletines.secv.es/upload/20080512114901.47[2]57-80.pdf

7. Index
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Conclusions

8. 2. Methods
Analysis on energy and environmental policies (especially on
emissions) at:
• European level,
• Spanish national level, and
• Valencian Community regional level
At the sectorial level an analysis
• Its innovation system (structure and functioning)
• The evolution of its energy uses and consumptions

9. Index
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Conclusions
3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system
3.2. Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU
3.3. Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain
3.4. Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia
3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry

10. 3. Results
3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system (1/4): production process

11. 3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system (2/4): value chain
Clay, silica, etc.
extraction
Format design
Texture design
Printing design
Catalogue design
Clay milling
Press
Drying (& 1st firing if double firing*)
Glazing and decoration
Firing (2nd firing if double firing*)
Sorting and packing
Storage and logistics
Department Stores Retailers
Construction firms
Grinding and spray
draying
Pressing
Drying
Glazing
Maintenance
Auxiliary machine
management
Environmental management
Architects and interior Tile installers
designers
End user (consumer & institutions)
Frit, glaze and ceramic
colour production
Firing
Sorting
Frit and glaze preparation
3. Results

12. 3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system (3/4): the DIS
Legal &
Institutional
environment
Public administrations: EU, state, regional and local governments and legislations
Producers associations: ASCER, ANFFECC, ASEBEC, AFPE
Other associations: ATC, ANDIMAC, SECV, professional colleges
Trade fairs and promoting instruments: CEVISAMA & QUALICER
Chamber of Commerce of Castellón
Frits, glaze and ceramic
pigments producers
Machinery and equipment
fabrication and repairs
Design, CAD/CAM & printing
systems companies
Other services for companies:
consulting, informatics,…
IPC
Technological & advanced
services environment
Productive environment
Diverse semi elaborates
producers:
University departments, CSIC & ITC - ALICER
Scientific environment
ITC - ALICER
Ceramic tile producers
Spray dried powder producers
Tile biscuit producers
Special pieces
Distribution
3. Results

13. 3. Results
3.1. The Spanish tile innovation system (4/4): a profile
o Schumpeter Mark II scenario
o Competition is forcing a move from physics, chemistry and engineering to marketing (from
product to brand)
o Increasing competition is forcing ceramic tile enterprises to externalize R&D
o Globalization force two strategies: brand or price (none seems to leave space for R&D)
o Difficulties for the final user to value the properties of the product (push strategy) brand
o Home market is reducing new construction -> reposition, facades, sidewalks
o Threat to the legitimation of the industry stems from environmental pressures on the region
o Energy saving and climate protection are part of the tile industry agenda
o Environmental laws demands new technologies to be adopted, but in the short run is only
of an additive nature
o Demanded developments are those that will significantly reduce the consumption of
energy, materials and water
o The strategy has to be production of ‘green’ tiles and emergence of synergies with the
different actors involved

14. 3. Results
3.2. Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (1/3)
Energy and environmental policies are inextricably linked
All energy production and consumption has environmental impacts
The benefits of saving energy are:
o can help avoid impacts associated with extractive industries and with
energy generation, transformation, distribution and consumption in general
o reducing the GHG emissions, air pollution, impacts to surface and ground
waters
Measures to increase the share of sustainable renewable energy sources
in the mix can lower overall environmental and climatic pressures
compared to other forms of energy
Measures aiming at using resources in a more efficient way also
contribute to reducing energy demand

15. 3. Results
3.2. Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (2/3)
o Directive 2004/8/EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11
February 2004 on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand
in the internal energy market
o Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April
2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the
greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community.
o Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the
Energy Performance of Buildings
o Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of
24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention
and control)
o Directive 2011/91/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13
December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private
projects on the environment.

16. 3. Results
3.2. Energy (and environmental) policies in the EU (3/3)
o COM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European
Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee
of the Regions of 8 March 2011 – Energy Efficiency Plan 2011
o COM(2011) 112 final. Communication From The Commission To The European
Parliament, The Council, The European Economic And Social Committee And
The Committee Of The Regions. A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low
carbon economy in 2050
o Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25
October 2012 on energy efficiency
o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation

17. 3. Results
3.3. Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain (1/4)
The objectives of the environmental and energy polices in Spain are:
o The security of the energy supply
o Competitiveness of energy markets
o Environmental protection
The Spanish energy landscape is characterised by:
o A high weight of hydrocarbons in the energy mix (2/3 of primary energy)
o An extraordinary dependence on imports (around 70%)
o And high rates of growth in energy demand in the last four years

18. 3. Results
3.3. Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain (2/4)
Final energy consumption in Spain (2011)
1,5% 0,4%
51,0%
14,8%
25,2%
7,2%
Coal
Coal derived gas
Petroleum
products
Gas
Electricity
Renewables

19. 3. Results
3.3. Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain (3/4)
Nowadays is being develop a very active policy on the environmental
aspects of energy with:
o The interweaving of the environmental protection in the Electricity sector
law and the hydrocarbons law
o The creation of specific bodies, such as the National Climate Council to
analyze and define the Spanish strategy for the commitments made by the
signing of the Kyoto Protocol
o The approval of the Development Plan for Renewable Energy, that aims to
raise in 2020 the renewable participation to 20% of total supply

20. 3. Results
3.3. Energy (and environmental) policies in Spain (4/4)
o Spanish sustainable development strategy (2007)
o Law 13/2010. Application in Spain of the European greenhouse gas emission
allowance trading scheme
o National action plan on renewable energy (PANER) 2011-2020
o National action plan on energy efficiency 2011-2020
o Law 16/2002, de 24 de September, on the integrated prevention and control
pollution (IPPC)

21. 3. Results
3.4. Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia (1/2)
Valencian Regional Agency of Energy (AVEN)
Is a public body belonging to the Regional Government of Valencia. Its
purpose is the development of performances in energy field in the scope of the
Valencian region, in accordance with the Regional Government’s guidelines and
in the framework of the European Union energy polices
AVEN has as objectives:
o Energy diversification and energy savings
o Efficiency and energy quality
o Self-sufficiency energy supply in the Region
o Promotion of the renewable energy
o Promotion of infrastructures
o Use of new technologies
o Environment respect

22. 3. Results
3.4. Energy (and environmental) policies in Valencia (2/2)
o Savings and efficiency energy plan in the Valencian Region (2010)
o Valencia Strategy on Climate Change
o AVEN grants:
o energy audits,
o investment in energy efficiency measures,
o industrial equipment replacement by more efficient new

23. 3. Results
3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (1/5)
Evolution of the tile production (1985 - 2011)
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Production (miles of m2)

24. 3. Results
3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (2/5)
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Energy consumption (GWh/year) 1985 to 2011
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Energy consumption (GWh/year)
Natural Gas Other fuels Electricity

25. 3. Results
3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (3/5)
Energy consumption of the Spanish tile industry (2011)
m2)
kWh/(consumption 90 ,3 %
Energy 9,3 %
Thermal energy consumption Electricity energy consumption 30
25
20
15
10
5
0

26. 3. Results
3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (4/5)
Thermal specific consumption (kWh/m2)
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Thermal specific consumption (kWh/m2)

27. 3. Results
3.5. Energy and the Spanish tile industry (5/5)
Mandatory:
Companies affected by IPPC normative: Integrated Environmental Authorization
(around 130)
Companies affected by ETS normative: great majority (more than 120)
Volunteer:
ISO 14001, Environmental management systems: widespread in the district
Implementation of energy saving actions: widespread in the district
Ecolabelling for products: emerging and a current issue

28. Index
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Conclusions

29. 4. Conclusions
• The vast majority of the companies at the DIS are using the Best
Available Techniques in terms of energy efficiency
• The increasing concern in EU about the carbon dioxide emissions may
pose an important hurdle to the sector at short term, but also some
opportunities
• In the last years EU environmental legislation has mainly look upon
energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions and air quality control
• The EPBD is seen as an opportunity to promote their recent
developments into the building sector
• IPPC (now IED) is seen by most interviewees as beneficial because it
promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy
use
• Kyoto protocol and carbon dioxide emissions is more controvesial
because the DIS is exposed to competitors located in countries with non
or few requirements in greenhouse gas emissions. There is a hope,
however, that this process, as the IED, will force the use of the best
available technologies.

30. Thank you very much for your attention
Daniel Gabaldón-Estevan
Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Valencia
daniel.gabaldon@uv.es