Presentation for the University of Oslo Natural History Museum Science department seminar at Sundvolden hotel on 5th March 2020.

1. Photo from Smithsonian Museum of Natural History Seminar at Sundvolden, 5th March 2020

2. WHAT IS OPEN SCIENCE?
“Open science is the movement to make scientific
research (including publications, data, physical samples,
and software) and its dissemination accessible to all
levels of an inquiring society, amateur or professional”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_science
Woelfle M, Olliaro,P, Todd MH (2011) Open science is a research accelerator. doi:10.1038/nchem.1149

3. Open Access (OA): Research results (often
meaning research articles) distributed online
and free of costs or other barriers.
Open Science: Researchers to share their
methods, materials, computer code,
algorithms, and research data.
Open Data: is freely available to everyone to
use and re-publish as they wish, without
restrictions from copyright, patents or other
mechanisms of control.

4. WHAT IS OPEN SCIENCE?
Open Science can be seen as a continuation of, rather
than a revolution in, practices begun in the 17th century
with the advent of the academic journal
cf. Wikipedia; David 2004
… and arguably also a continuation of the practice of
natural history collections.
David, PA (2004) Understanding the emergence of 'open science' institutions: Functionalist economics in historical context. doi:10.1093/icc/dth023

5. OPEN SCIENCE
OpenMuseumSamples
OpenData
GBIF DiSSCo

6. WHY APPROACH OPEN SCIENCE IN MUSEUMS?

7. WHY APPROACH OPEN SCIENCE IN MUSEUMS?
v We are in the middle of an ongoing paradigm
shift in scientific practice (and impact metrics).
v The open science wave is moving fast!
v Natural History Museums will need to develop
different approaches, than they needed in the
past – to remain relevant.
v Society is quickly gaining Big Data maturity
and will expect new services from museum
collections.

8. The total number of
specimens in natural history
collecZons worldwide is
esZmated to 1.2 - 3 billion.
(Ariño 2010; Duckworth et al. 1993)
GBIF publishes 1,4 billion records
– including 168 million specimens
5% to 10% coverage?
Photo: Botany Collection, Algae, Smithsonian National
Museum of Natural History Museum, by Chip Clark.

9. DIGITIZED SPECIMENS AT UIO NHM OSLO (47%)

10. The Government of
Norway has decided
that the public
sector shall digiZze
Norway to follow the ambition of EU on full open access to publicly funded research by 2020.
Research data must be as open as possible and as
closed as necessary.
Research data should be managed and organized
so that the values in the data can be utilized to
the best possible extent.
Ministry of Education and Research, 2017
digitaliseringsminister
Astrup Helleland

11. Established 1st January 2018, after combining
BIBSYS, Ceres, and parts of Uninett.
Mission statement:
○ An innovative driver for digitisation.
○ Utilize new technology to improve efficiency, improve
quality, and ensure access to knowledge.
Direktoratet for IKT og fellestjenester i
høyere utdanning og forskning

12. The European Open Science Cloud will uncover a “hidden treasure
and untapped opportunities”. A multi-billion euro project to
transform research and add value to vast stores of unused data.
Research data free to use for science including non-EU researchers.
EU President Ursula von der Leyen, in Davos February 2020

13. The European Open Science Cloud – EOSC – a virtual
environment for services for data storage, data management,
data analysis, and reuse of research data across countries and
scientific diciplines.

14. REPRODUCIBILITY CRISIS
Scientific irreproducibility
the inability to repeat others'
experiments and reach the
same conclusion (Nature 2016)
Baker (2016) 1,500 scienZsts lif the lid on reproducibility.
Nature doi:10.1038/533452a

15. "Scientific
irreproducibility — the
inability to repeat others'
experiments and reach
the same conclusion —
is a growing concern”.
Baker (2016) Nature
doi:10.1038/533452a
Open Science solution: researchers to
share their methods, data, computer code
and results in central data repositories.
Note that we also need herbarium specimen
and bio-repositories (eg. museums).

16. WILL ANYBODY
TRUST CLOSED
SCIENCE AGAIN?
Recent studies indicates that p-hacking is a significant problem
– sometimes without the scientist even being aware of doing so.
p-hacking, occurs when researchers collect or select data or statistical analyses until nonsignificant results become significant.
Pre-registered (open) data & material samples provides an insurance
against suspicion of data dredging (and plain data falsification).
Ioannidis (2005) Why Most Published Research Findings Are False. PLoS Med. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124.
Head et al. (2015) The Extent and Consequences of P-Hacking in Science. PLoS Biol. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002106

18. CREDIT FOR DATA REUSE
To incentivize the sharing
of useful data, the scientific
enterprise needs a well-
defined system that links
individuals with reuse of
data sets they generate
Pierce et al. Credit data generators for data
reuse, Nature 6 June 2019

19. DATA CITATION AS A NEW CURRENCY OF SCIENCE
● Peer-reviewed scholarly papers in high impact journals
maintain considerable weight for impact metrics.
● A movement is under way to build similar status for open
data, open metadata, open material samples, and other open
scientific research products…

20. DATA CITATION PRINCIPLES
1. Data to be legitimate citable products of research.
2. Data citations giving scholarly credit and attribution.
3. In scholarly literature, whenever claims are based on data, data should always
be cited.
4. Persistent method for identification of data, that is machine actionable, globally
unique, universal.
5. Data citation facilitate access to data or at least to metadata.
6. Unique identifiers that persist even beyond the lifespan of the data.
7. Data citation identify and access the specific data that support verification of
the claim (provenance, time-slice, version).
8. Flexible, but attention to interoperability of practices across communities.
Data Citation Synthesis Group: Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles. Martone M. (ed.) San Diego CA: FORCE11; 2014

21. OPEN RESEARCH DATA POLICIES
● Scientific journals is starting to provide guidelines for availability of
research data to accompany published research papers.
● GBIF is here recommended as a data repository for biology.
● Museum collections could provide a similar function for open
availability to biological material samples…
http://www.springernature.com/gp/group/data-policy/policy-types

22. Barend Mons (2020) Invest 5% of research
funds in ensuring data are reusable. Nature
578: 491 doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00505-7
27 February 2020

23. OPEN RESEARCH DATAThe Research Council of Norway expects all research data from projects
funded by the Research Council to be made freely available as open data.
(For some situaGons there can be valid and jusGfied reasons for excepGons).
(2014, updated 2017, 2020)

24. It is irresponsible to support research but not data
stewardship. Huge sums of taxpayer funds go to waste
because such data cannot be reused.
On average, 5% of overall research costs
should go towards data stewardship.
If data are treated properly, researchers
will have significantly more time to do
research.
INVEST 5% OF RESEARCH FUNDS IN
ENSURING DATA ARE REUSABLE
Barend Mons, Nature 578: 491, 27 February 2020
Barend Mons co-leads GO FAIR and is the co-author of the FAIR principles (2016)

25. Promotes maximum (re)use of research data
Researchers need to do more than simply
post their data on the web for it to be useful
Wilkinson et al. (2016) The FAIR guiding principles for data management and stewardship.
doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.18

26. GBIF | CERTIFIED FAIR DATA
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) provides certified
FAIR data sharing for all biological datasets
Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo) will
implement FAIR data principles for natural history collections

27. GBIF enables free & open access
to biodiversity data online
We are an international government-initiated and -funded initiative focused on
making biodiversity data available to all and anyone, for scientific research,
conservation and sustainable development

28. Map updated 10th March 2019
M
ostdataarefrom
morerecentdates

29. More than 700 – about 2 papers a day
Peer-reviewed publications using GBIF-mediated data

30. Total # of peer-reviewed papers by country
1 United States 70
2 United Kingdom 35
3 China 31
4 Brazil 28
5 Spain 24
6 Mexico 23
7 Canada 21
8 Germany 18
9 Italy 15
10 Australia 14
19 Sweden 9
… Norway 8
PEER-REVIEWED USES BY COUNTRY AND REGION
STATUS JAN-FEB 2020 – TWO MONTHS (281 CITATIONS)

31. Open science provides possibilities for new & curiosity-driven research
Open science
Traditional science
Modern museums

32. FAIR and open
biodiversity collecFon
data management
5th March 2020, NHMO Science seminar, Sundvolden