DRI Foundation Forum on Water, Nevada and Economic Devleopment

1. ‘Global Water Supplies and
Sustainability in the Face of Climate
Change and Competing Uses"
DRI Foundation Board of Trustees Meeting
February 24, 2012
Las Vegas
Braimah Apambire

2. Outline of Presentation
Water Supplies in countries
• Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
(WASH)
• Scope of The problem globally
• Benefits of WASH
• Progress in the Sector
• Solutions to the Problem

3. Why Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)?
• Safe Water Access
– Water been analyzed
for bacteria and
chemicals and meet
drinking water quality
guidelines/standards
– 20 liters/person/day
– Source within 1 km
and 30 minutes
– Sustainable
• Improved water
source

4. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)?
• Sanitation includes all
aspects of environmental
cleanliness from safe excreta
disposal to solid waste
management.
– The construction of barriers to
disrupt the transmission of
disease
• Hygiene promotion involves
encouraging existing good
practices, promoting new
practices, and changing key
behaviors.

5. WASH
Establishing and maintaining a source
of safe, clean water is the first essential
step in breaking the cycle of poverty.
 “The first and best medicine”
Without access to this critical
resource, people in developing nations
have virtually no chance of leading
healthy, productive lives.

6. Scope of the Problem: Access to Water
 Nearly 844 million people (14% of the world population) do not have safe
water
 Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the greatest percentage of people in need of
improved drinking water sources (328 million, 42% of SSA’s population).
Water coverage
2006 Improved Water Coverage. Source, WHO & UNICEF (2008)

7. Scope of the Problem: Access to Water
Urban Water
Rural Water
Drinking water coverage, 2006
Less than 50%
50 – 75%
76 - 90%
91 - 100%
No or Insufficient data

8. Scope of the Problem: Access to Sanitation
 More than 2.6 billion people (38% of the world population) live without basic sanitation.
 In Sub-Saharan Africa, an estimated 544 million people (69% of SSA’s population) are
without basic sanitation.
 South Asia has the lowest levels of sanitation 1.079 billion
Sanitation coverage
2006 Improved Sanitation Coverage. Source, WHO & UNICEF (2008)

9. Global Funding For WASH Falls Far of the Needs to Needs
Global Funding For WASH Falls Far Short Short of the Meet
the MDGs
Annual
Commitments and
Disbursements
Gap
$b 120
120 High
Estimate
100
80
93b 75 Base
Estimate
62 Low
60
Estimate
35b
40
$27b
6
20
20
0
2008 Funding
UN-GLAAS 2008 AnnualNeed
2008 Need
Estimates to meet MDG 7
International Private Sector
International Donors - Private Foundations
International Donors - Bilaterals, Multi-laterals
Domestic Public Sector + National Government
Foundations are estimated to be
spending ~250m year

10. A Detailed Look into the External Funding Shows that a Majority is
Spent on Infrastructure
Only 20% of the funding goes to
individual/community based WASH projects
Bi-Lateral Donors 2004-2006 • Very few funders focus
100% = $4.1b on individual WASH
100% 118
12 1
projects
4 19
80% ~80% of the funding
985 goes to water resources
management and large-
60%
scale infrastructure
projects
• Some USAID, DFID and
France funding seem to
40% 2 0 12
be focusing on hygiene
~20% of the funding
20% 30 going to individual promotion and sanitation
854
WASH projects
0%
Water resources protect ion
Wast e management/ disposal • The rest focus on IWRM
River development
Water resources policy/admininistrat ive management projects and large scale
Water supply and sanit at ion - large syst ems
Educat ion and training on wat er supply sanitation infrastructure
Basic drinking wat er supply and sanitation
provisioning projects
Source: Measuring Aid to Water Supply and Sanitation, OECD-DAC, February 2009

11. Impact of the Problem
Health, HIV/AIDS and Nutrition
 More than 5,000 children die every day from poor hygiene
practices, contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation
 88% of diarrheal deaths are from poor hygiene practices,
contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation
 Episodes of diarrhea and worm infestations has impact on
nutritional status
 New evidence linking hand-washing and Acute Respiratory
Infections
 WASH linked to guinea worm, fluorosis, arsenicosis
 WASH important in home-based care of AIDS patients in
reducing opportunistic infections

12. Impact of the Problem
Poverty
 WASH critical for reducing poverty :
5.5 billion productive days per year
lost due to diarrhoea alone and
burden of fetching water
 household water required for small-
scale productive activities
Gender
 Women and girls bear the brunt of
fetching water, and benefit the most
when distances are reduced.
Education
 improving WASH in schools has an
impact on enrolment levels,
particularly for girls

13. Guinea Worm

14. Trachoma

15. Diarrheal Diseases

16. Water Quality Problems
– Bacteriological
Contamination-Total
coli forms-fecal, E. Coli
– F, As and Fe in certain
areas
– Potential: NO3, Mn,
Cu, Pb Zn, Se
– Salinity/TDS is also
high in certain areas

17. F: Fluorosis
Mild
Moderate
Severe

18. Arsenic

19. Benefits of safe water supplies, basic
sanitation and hygiene
 Eradication of guinea
worm, elimination of
trachoma, Arsenic and
fluoride
 Several other benefits
(poverty, time savings,
economic activities,
improved schooling for
girls, higher status for
women, etc.)

20. Progress in WASH Sector
• The world is on track to meet the Millennium
Development Goal (MDG) drinking water target
– But not on track in Sub-Saharan Africa
– Even if MDGs are met, 800 million people will still lack
access to safe water
• Increased partnerships, information sharing and
coordination e.g., West Africa Water Initiative, Water
for the World Act, Global Framework for Action,
African Minister's Council on Water (AMCOW)

22. Outline of Presentation
Global Water Sustainability
• The Problem
• Sustainability of Water Resources
– Develop of Integrated Water Resources Management
Frameworks
– Groundwater Sustainability Modeling and Construction of
Recharge Systems
– Stopping bush burning, promoting agro-forestry and
improving soil fertility and preventing erosion
– Promotion of Water Efficient technologies and Use
– Adaptation strategies to climate change
Conclusions

23. The Problem
• Water use has been growing at more than twice
the rate of population increase in the last century
• World water demand doubles every 20 years.
• By 2025, more than 2.8 billion people—35
percent of the world’s projected population—will
live in 48 countries facing water stress or water
scarcity, as a result of use, growth,
environmental degradation, and climate change.
• Most acute in the arid and semiarid regions,
which are affected by droughts and wide climate
variability, combined with population growth and
economic development

24. The Problem
• Degradation of groundwater and surface
water quality
• The situation will be exacerbated as rapidly
growing urban areas place heavy pressure on
neighboring water resources

25. The Problem
• Groundwater declines due to
overpumping and climate change
– Ogallala and Saudi aquifers, the North
China Plain
– India’s 100 million farmers have drilled 21
million wells, investing some $12 billion in
wells and pumps.
• Half of the traditional hand-dug wells and
millions of shallower tube wells have already
dried up, bringing a spate of suicides among
those who rely on them.”

26. The Problem
• Many of the world’s most
water-stressed areas will get
less water, and water flows
will become less predictable
and more subject to extreme
events
– Marked reductions in water
availability
– Accelerated glacial melt,
leading to medium term
– reductions in water
availability across
– a large group of countries
– Rising sea levels resulting in
freshwater
– losses in river delta systems
in countries, such as
Bangladesh, Egypt and
Thailand.

27. Sustainability-IWRM
• Managing water resources at the basin
or watershed scale
– This includes integrating land and water, upstream
and downstream, groundwater, surface water, and
coastal resources.
• Optimizing supply
– This involves conducting assessments of
surface and groundwater supplies, analyzing
water balances, adopting wastewater reuse,
and evaluating the environmental impacts of
distribution and use options.

28. Sustainability
• Managing demand
– This includes adopting cost recovery policies,
utilizing water-efficient technologies, and
establishing decentralized water management
authorities.
• Providing equitable access to
water resources
– through participatory and transparent
governance and management. This may
include support for effective water users’
associations, involvement of marginalized
groups, and consideration of gender issues.

29. Sustainability
• Establishing improved and
integrated policy, regulatory, and
institutional frameworks
– Examples are implementation of the polluter-
pays principle, water quality norms and
standards, and market-based regulatory
mechanisms.
• Utilizing an inter-sectoral approach
to decision-making
– where authority for managing water resources
is employed responsibly and stakeholders
have a share in the process.

30. Sustainability
• Strengthening water rights, especially for the
poor
• Placing greater emphasis on strategies for
adaption in national water management
policies and aid efforts
• Optimize the technologies and systems that
exist to maximize their resilience

31. Sustainability
• Groundwater
Sustainability Modeling
and Construction of
Recharge Systems
• Stopping bush burning,
promoting agro-forestry
and improving soil
fertility and preventing
erosion
• Promotion of Water
Efficient technologies
and Use – drip irrigation
• Adaptation strategies to
climate change

32. Sustainability
• Improve on sector-
wide knowledge
generation and
dissemination
• Capacity building
• Improve on
Networking,
coordination and
harmonization

33. Examples and Sustainable Management
Water
Resources

34. Salt Water Intrusion in Gujarat, India
•Estimated Impact of Salinity: 1,200 – 1,500
villages across eight coastal districts
•Salinity related problems directly and indirectly
has an impact on over 1.8 households in these
coastal regions
•85% of the population dependents on
groundwater
•Kidney stone, skin disease, etc. are the major
health problems - high medical costs

35. Sea water Intrusion problem in Gujarat, India
Source: Baseline data, 2006 by CSPC

36. women

37. WASMO & Rural Development Department (TSC)
(Drinking Water, Project support to ISAs, Coordination & Monitoring through DWSC/ DRDA)
CSPC
Implementation Support (Environmental Sanitation,
Agencies Enhanced Project
(Facilitation & Support to ISAs &
Implementation Support Awareness Generation/ Software –
To Water Committees) Providing Rs. 1,000 additional subsidy
For 15,000 units)
Hilton Foundation
(Water Resource
Management, Innovations
Water Quality)

38. Activities
• Water Resource Management
• Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting Structure
• Water Resource Management for local source
strengthening
• Piped water supply
• Sanitation – Toilets, Solid and Liquid Waste
Management, Environmental Sanitation
• Improving personal health and hygiene related aspects
• Water Quality Monitoring

39. Efforts by the Government
State-wide drinking water grid

42. Mini Water Quality Laboratory

45. Examples – Volta Basin
• Ghana (40%), Burkina
Faso (46%), Ivory
Coast, Togo Benin and
Mali
• Ghana/Burkina Faso
hydro power
• Volta Basin Authority
• Alternative enery

46. “You ain’t gonna miss your water until your
well runs dry”
-Bob Marley
“The frog does not drink up the pond in which
he lives” the pond in which he lives”
-Native American saying

47. Thank you!!!