The document discusses different types and generations of biofuels including ethanol and diesel based fuels. It notes that most ethanol in the US is produced in the Midwest while 80% of the population lives near coastlines. Pipelines are an efficient way to transport ethanol but failures can occur at terminals due to stress corrosion cracking from factors like oxygen, chloride and methanol. Key challenges for ethanol transportation in pipelines include quantifying and managing risk, achieving operating efficiency, finding new materials solutions, and improving coordination. DNV is conducting research to define safe operating regimes for fuel grade ethanol transportation and develop methods to prevent stress corrosion cracking.
4. Alcohol Based Biofuels 3 rd Generation 2 nd Generation 1 st Generation Cellulosic Ethanol Other alcohols Cellulosic Ethanol Other alcohols Ethanol Other alcohols Product Advanced Enzyme Treatment, Fermentation, Distillation Enzyme Treatment, Fermentation, Distillation Fermentation and Distillation Process Transgenic Materials (low lignin trees) Agriculture/food processing wastes Grasses Other cellulocic materials Sugar Starch Feedstock
5. Diesel Based Biofuels 3 rd Generation 2 nd Generation 1 st Generation Biodiesel, Algae Oil Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Biodiesel (FAME) Unprocessed vegetable oils Product Advanced Processing of Algae Fischer-Tropsch biomass to liquid process Trans esterification with methanol Process Algae Agricultural/food processing wastes Oil seeds, food processing fats and oils Feedstock
6. U.S. Ethanol Production Locations Most of the ethanol is produced in the Nation’s heartland, whereas 80 percent of population lives near its coastlines
7. Transportation Volumes One 16” pipeline can take continuous flows on a daily basis equal to 15 barges From AOPL, 2007
8. Piping Failures in Terminals Oxygen is the most important factor in causing SCC Chloride and methanol are secondary factors Water above 6 percent prevents cracking Leak
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