non communicable disease

1. INTRODUCTION
Non communicable disease account for a large
and increasing burden of disease worldwide. It
is currently estimated that non communicable
disease accounts for approximately 60% of
global deaths and 43% of global disease
burden. This is projected to increase to 73% of
deaths and 60% of disease burden by 2020.

2. NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
(NCDs)
 Hypertension
 Coronary Heart Disease
 Diabetes
 Stroke
 Malignancies
 Obesity
 Blindness
 Psychiatric disorders
 Others

3. Risk factors for NCDs
 Tobacco use
 Alcohol consumption
 Raised blood pressure
 Obesity
 Diet
 Physical inactivity
 Diabetes mellitus
 High serum cholesterol

5. Behavioral risk
factors
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Physical inactivity
• Nutrition
Physiological
risk factors
• Body mass index
• Blood pressure
• Blood glucose
• Cholesterol
Disease
outcomes
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Diabetes
• Cancer
• Respiratory diseases
The causal chain explains the risk factor
approach for surveillance of non
communicable diseases

6. OBESITY

7.  Defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation
that presents a risk to health.
 It is the most prevalent form of malnutrition.
 It is one of the most significant contributors of ill
health.
OBESITY

8. • Obesity is growing problem across the globe.
• Worldwide, more than 300 million adults are
obese, according to (WHO).
• Obesity is the second-leading cause of
preventable death, surpassed only by smoking.
Global Status

9. Obesity is a major risk factor for a number
of serious health conditions, including:
 Coronary heart disease.
 Cancer.
 Diabetes.
 Fatty liver disease.
 Gallbladder disease.
 High blood pressure..
 Osteoarthritis.
 Stroke.
 Sleep apnea and other breathing problems.

10. BMI
• Body mass index or BMI is a
simple and widely used method for
estimating body fat mass.
• BMI is calculated by dividing the
subject's weight in kg by the square
of his or her height in meter:
Assessment of Obesity

11. Classification
BMI
Underweight
Less than 18.5
Normal weight
18.5–24.9
Overweight
25.0–29.9
Class I obesity
30.0–34.9
Class II obesity
35.0–39.9

12. Causes of Obesity
Physical inactivity.
Diet.
Drugs.
Medical conditions.
Genetics.

13. 13
Hypertension
The Silent killer

14. Hypertension is high blood pressure. Blood
pressure is the force of blood pushing
against the walls of arteries as it flows
through them.
DEFINITION

15.  Genetics-some people are prone to hypertension simply based
off of their genetic makeup
 Family History- your risk for high blood pressure/hypertension
increases if it is in your family history
 Environment
 Inactivity
 Stress
 Obesity
 Alcohol
 High Sodium Diet
 Tobacco Use
 Age
Causes

17. Risk factors for hypertension include:
Modifiable
Body weight
Sodium chloride intake
Alcohol intake
Physical activity
Psychosocial factors
Socio-economic status
Hormonal contraceptives
Non-modifiable
Age
Sex/gender
Heredity
Ethnicity/race

18. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

19. Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of
diseases that involve the heart or blood
vessels (arteries and veins). While the term
technically refers to any disease that affects
the cardiovascular system, it is usually used
to refer to those related to atherosclerosis
(arterial disease).
Definition

20. CVD are present in many forms and have
different categories and include:-
 Hypertension (high blood pressure)
 Coronary heart disease (heart attack)
 Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
 Peripheral vascular disease
 Heart failure
 Rheumatic heart disease
 Congenital heart disease
 Cardiomyopathies

21. Global Burden of Cardiovascular
Disease
 Number one cause of death globally and is projected to
remain the leading cause of death.
 An estimated 17.5 million people died from cardiovascular
disease in 2005, representing 30 % of all global deaths.
 Of these deaths, 7.6 million were due to heart attack.

22. AGE
SEX
GENETIC HISTORY
FAMILY HISTORY
Cigarette Smoking
High BP
Elevated Serum
Cholesterol
Diabetes
Obesity
Sedentary Habits
Stress
RISK FACTORS
Modifiable Non modifiable

23. Dietary
Changes
• Limitation of
consumption
of fatty acids.
• Reduction in
dietary
Cholesterol.
Smoking
• No safer
cigarette
• So,
smoke
free
society
Blood
Pressure
• Prudent
Diet.
• Reduced
salt
intake.
• Avoidance
of high
alcohol
intake.
Physical
Activity
• Regular
physical
activity.
• Encourage
children to
continue
throughou
t their life.
SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS

24. PREVENTION
Cessation
of
Smoking
Control of
Hyperten
sion and
Diabetes
Healthy
Nutritio
n
Exercise
Promoti
on

25. Diabetes Mellitus

26. Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the
pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or
alternatively, when the body cannot effectively use the
insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates
blood sugar

27. TYPES OF DIABETES
1) Type 1 Diabetes
 usually diagnosed in childhood
 affected by hereditary
 sometimes there are no symptoms
 frequently called the ‘insulin-needed’ group
 Patients with type 1 diabetes need insulin daily to
survive

28. Types of diabetes (cont.…)
2)Type 2 Diabetes
 most common.
 usually occurs in adulthood.
 Body is incapable of responding to insulin
 Rates rising due to increased obesity and failure to
exercise and eat healthy
3) Gestational Diabetes
 blood sugar levels are high during pregnancy in women

29. • Brain
Cerebrovascular disease
• Transient ischemic
attack
• Cerebrovascular
accident
• Cognitive impairment
Complications of Diabetes
• Heart
Coronary artery disease
• Coronary syndrome
• Myocardial
infarction
• Congestive heart
failure
Extremities
Peripheral vascular
disease
• Ulceration
• Gangrene
• Amputation
Macrovascular Microvascular
Eye
Retinopathy
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Kidney
Nephropathy
• Microalbuminuria
• Gross albuminuria
• Kidney failure
Nerves
Neuropathy
• Peripheral
• Autonomic

30. Major risk factors
 Family history
 Obesity
 Age (older than 45)
 History of gestational diabetes
 High cholesterol
 Hypertension

31. Risk Factor For Type-1
Genetic predisposition
 In an individual with a genetic predisposition,
an event such as virus or toxin triggers
autoimmune destruction of b-cells probably
over a period of several years.

32. Risk Factor For Type-2
 Family History
 Obesity
 Habitual physical inactivity
 Previously identified impaired glucose tolerance.
 IGT or impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
 Hypertension
 Hyperlipidemia

33. PREVENTION
1) Primary Prevention
 Lifestyle Changes Can Prevent Diabetes. Avoiding stress,
smoking can reduce the chance of DM.
Physical activity decreases insulin resistance and can aid in
both preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus and managing the
disease.
 Dietary intake of saturated fat and decreased intake of
fibre can result in lowered insulin sensitivity and
impairment of glucose tolerance. In general, reduction in
the overall calories, reduced intake of saturated fats &
refined sugars and increased intake of grains, fruits and
vegetables would be of utility in preventing diabetes

34. Triad of Treatment
 Diet
 Discipline(Exercise, life style)
 Drug(Medication)
 Oral hypoglycemics
 Insulins

35. CANCER

36. Cancer
medical term: (malignant neoplasm) is a
class of diseases in which a group of cells
display uncontrolled growth, invasion
and sometimes metastasis (spread to
other locations in the body via lymph or
blood) .

37. What causes cancer?
 Heredity
 Chemical
 Lifestyle

38. Chemical
 Alcohol
 Asbestos
 Wood dust
 Rubber, plastics, dyes
 Tar / bitumen
 Aflatoxin
 Alkylating agents
 Tobacco

39. Life style
Smoking
 Single biggest cause
of cancer
 25-40% smokers die
in middle age
 9 in 10 lung cancers
 Know to cause cancer
in 1950

40. PREVENTION
1) Do not smoke; if you smoke, stop doing so. If you fail
to stop, do not smoke in the presence of non-smokers.
2)Avoid Obesity.
3)Undertake some brisk, physical activity every day.
4)Increase your daily intake and variety of vegetables
and fruits: eat at least five servings daily. Limit your
intake of foods containing fats from animal sources.
5)Avoid exposure to radiation and harmful chemical.

41. WHO’s approach to cancer has four pillars:
 Prevention,
 Screening,
 Early detection,
 Treatment
 Palliative care.

42. Prevention and Control of NCDs
 Millions of deaths can be prevented by stronger
implementation of measures that exist today.
 These include policies that promote government-wide
action against NCDs:
 Stronger anti-tobacco control
 Promoting healthier diets,
 Physical activity,
 Reducing harmful use of alcohol
 Along with improving people's access to essential health
care.

43. Thanks …