Sustainable livelihood security and extension implications in India

1. WELCOME

2. SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD SECURITY AND EXTENSION
IMPLICATIONS IN INDIA

3. OBJECTIVES:
To review the concept of livelihood and sustainable
livelihood security
To understand the critical factors affecting livelihood
of people
To analyse the extension implications in securing
livelihoods

4. OUTLINE………….
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT
OBJECTIVES
FACTORS AFFECTING LIVELIHOODS
FRAMEWORK
EXTENSION IMPLICATIONS
CASE STUDIES

5. INTODUCTION:
•World wide 1.2 billion people are in
extreme poverty hardly living on
$1.25 per day i.e only Rs 77
•Hunger an unavoidable consequence
of extreme poverty
•69% of the worlds poor people live
in rural areas and depend on
agriculture for their livelihoods

6. INTODUCTION:
In other words, India with
17.5% of total world's
population, had 20.6% share of
world's poorest in 2013.
Source (www.worldbank.com2014)
WORLD
872.3M
INDIA
179.6M
Status of BPL population in
India and World

7. As per Census 2011, in India , 69% of its population
is in rural India
The rural –urban gap in poverty ratio has come down
(18%to 12%) from 1993-94 to 2011-12( MDG 2014-
India country report)
The percentage is not even in all the states
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Punjab UP Mizoram
Urban 9.24 10.48 6.36
Rural 7.66 11.62 35.43
Percentage
count
Rural - Urban gap in poverty ratio

9. CONCEPT…
WHAT IS LIVELIHOOD…?
A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets
(stores, resources, claims and access) and
activities required for a means of living- the
term encompasses varied ways of living that
meet individuals, households, and
community needs.
(Chambers and Conway, 1992)

10. SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD SECURITY
Livelihood is defined as adequate stocks and
flow of food and cash to meet basic needs
Security refers to secure ownership of, or
access to, resources and income earning
activities including reserves and assets to
offset risk, ease shocks and meet contingencies
Sustainability refers to the maintenance or
enhancement of resource productivity on long
term basis
“A livelihood is sustainable which can
cope with and recover from stress and
shocks, maintain or enhance its
capabilities and assets and provide
sustainable livelihood opportunities for
the next generation and which
contributes net benefit to other
livelihoods at the local and global levels
in the short run and long run.”

11. Access to high quality education , information , technology ,
training & better nutrition and health
Provide more supportive and social environment
Secure access and management of natural
resources
Better access to basic and facilitating
infrastructure
More secure access to financial resources
Provide a policy & institutional environment that supports multiple
livelihood strategy and promotes accessibility to markets

12. INTEGRATED CONCEPT OF LIVELIHOOD
Capabilities
Sustainability
Equity
Livelihood

13. COMPONENTS & FLOWS IN A LIVELIHOOD
The human
Livelihood
capabilities
Stores and
resources
( tangible)
Claims and
access
(Intangible)

14. FACTORS AFFECTING LIVELIHOODS
Livelihood
Social , economic &
political context
Livelihood shocks
Livelihood
resources or capital

15. LIVELIHOOD SHOCKS

16. Social, economic
and political
context
Gender
inequalities
Caste and
creed
Population
growth
Trade
barriers
Poor
governance

17. LIVELIHOOD RESOURCES OR CAPITAL
Natural capital- Land, water, forest and
fisheries
Social capital –Social participation, extension
contact Mass media exposure
Human capital – Skill. Knowledge, health,
ability to work
Physical capital_ Roads, water and sanitation,
schools and ICT
Financial capital- savings credit, income from
employment trade and others

18. Sustainable
livelihood
framework

20. Vulnerability
context
Shocks Trends
Seasonability
Human
Social
Physical
Natural
Financial
Policies
Institutions
and
processes
Livelihood
strategy
LIVELIHOOD ASSETS
More
income
Increased
wellbeing
Reduced
vulnerability
Food
security
More
sustainable
use of NR
base
LIVELIHOOD
OUTCOME

22. VULNERABILITY CONTEXT

23. IMPORTANCE OF STRUCTURES & PROCESSES
Structures can be thought of as hardware & processes as
software
They determine how structures & individuals interact
They make processes functions
Building structures that represent the poor
Supporting joint forum for decision making and action
Processes provide incentives
They grant or deny access to assets
They enable people to transform one type of asset into another

24. Livelihood strategies
Migration
Agriculture
intensification
/extensificaton
Diversification

26. NEED FOR EXTENSION INTERVENTION IN SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD
SECURITY:
Address poverty, natural resource and environment conservation ,
market oriented extension and broader information services
Identify and focus on target group
Create coordinating mechanism
between stakeholders
Strengthen public and private sector
roles
Mobilization of extension for flexible
livelihoods

27. • Community Development
1952-57
• Technological Development
1960-66
• Development with Social
Justice
1970-1999
1957
1999-2007 • Infrastructure Development

29. IRDP (INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME)
-1978-79
 Objective is to assist
BPL families
 Target group are small
,marginal farmers ,
labourers & rural
artisans
 Assistance through
subsidy & institutional
credit

31. DWCRA(DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN
RURAL AREAS)
Sub-scheme of IRDP
Launched in 1982-83
Objective to provide income
generating activities to
women.
Organisational support to
assited women

32. RKVY( RASTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJNA)
Centrally sponsored
scheme
Aimed at 4% annual
growth in agriculture and
allied sector
Increase public
investment
Holistic appraoch to
increase production and
productivity

33. EXTENSION CONCERNS - PRESENT DAY CONTEXT:

34. VULNERABILITY OF THE RURAL POOR:

35. SGSY
( SWARNA JAYANTI GRAM SWAROZGAR YOJNA)
Launched on 1st April 1999
Mobilization of rural poor to
form SHGs
 Assist the beneficiaries through
bank credit & govt. subsidy
Establishment of
microenterprises in rural areas.

36. TRANSITION…..
SGSY ( Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna)
Launched on 1st April 1999
NRLM( National Rural Livelihood Mission)
ASRLM( Assam State Rural Livelihood Mission)
NRLM IMPLEMENTATION IN MISSION MODE:
Shift from allocation based to demand driven
strategy enabling states to formulate their own
livelihood based strategy
Focus on targets, outcomes and bound delivery
Capacity building and creating linkage with
livelihood opportunities for poor
Monitoring against targets of poverty
outcomes

37. Case studies…

38. CASE STUDY 1: ASRLM
 Registered under the Societies
Registration Act XXI , 1860 on 11
Nov’ 2011
 Established by P & RD Dept, Assam
 Vision to bring out each poor
family of acute poverty in 6-8
years with an annual income of at
least Rs 50,000
 Honourable CM , Assam is the
Chairperson & Rural
Development Department as the
Member Convenor

39. ASRLM
 A phased approach is
adopted for implementation
of the ASRLM
 Social mobilization- SHGs
 Financial inclusion
 Capacity building and
training
 Livelihood diversification
 Rural self employment
institutes
FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF ASRLM
State ASRLM
State Mission Management Unit
District
Disrict Mission Management unit
Block
Block Mission Management unit

40. CASE STUDY 2: MGNREGA IN ASSAM:
 NREGA enacted on 25th
Aug,2005 –
 A job assurance act to
enhance livelihood
security in rural areas.
 Renamed as MGNREGA o
2nd oct 2009
 Provide 100 days of
guaranteed wage
employment to adults
 Panchayati Raj Institutions
,Autonomous councils are
engaged

41. EFFECTIVENESS OF MGNREGA
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
2013-14 2012-13
EMPLOYMENT
IN
MILLIONS
YEAR
2013-14
2012-13
 Implementation of
MGNREGA in Assam
 Employment to households
in millions
2012-13- 2.13727m
2013-14- 1.21707m
 Source : MGNREGA official
website

42. REASONS FOR FAILURE:
Improper implementation process
Low wage rates
Decline in fund allocation
Improper use of funds/corruption
Unsuitable for semi rural areas
Negligence of work by the beneficiaries

43. CASE STUDY 3: …………. JOINTLY UNDER AAU-ICAR’S NAIP
(NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION PROJECT)
IN ASSAM:
 Launched in Assam in 2009
 Objective- improve livelihood – proper
management of resources , delivery
mehanism & dynamic market linkages
 Live better with the flood- an approach
for sustainable livelihood security in
Dhemaji
 Integrated farming system approach
 Partners NERIWALM, AAU and
NGO(Rural volunteers centre)

44. PROSPECTS
Crop security and sustainable model – can be
replicated in other flood affected areas
Innovative interventions at farm level provide
better perspective in near future.
Strenthening of IT advancement in rural areas
Potential potato farming in Dhemaji district
Effective mobilizations of women SHGs
Establishment of enterprises

45. CONCLUSION
Since poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon ,and also
not merely deprivation of economic means, there is a need
for pluralistic approach in extension
 Effective implementation of the various programmes and
schemes are essential to improve livelihoods of rural India
 Emerging extension approaches and methodologies can
help fulfill this endeavour focus more on sustainability of
livelihoods
 All concerned extension personnel need to be trained and
geared up to deal this massive task.