Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
2. Nutrition and Management During the Dry and Fresh
Periods Dictate the Success or Failure of the Lactation
3. Transition Success
• The cow is…
– Healthy
– Produces a large quantity of
milk with good components
– Able to reproduce at the
appropriate time
• The dairy is…
– Profitable and sustainable
5. Too Many Health Problems…
Problem
Median Incidence Risk
(%)
Range of Incidence
Risk (%)
Estimated Cost
($/case)
Lameness 7 2–30 302–400
Clinical mastitis 14 2–55 185–205
Subclinical mastitis 30 15–60 –
Metritis 10 2–37 359
Subclinical metritis 53 37–74 –
Retained fetal membranes 9 1–39 285
Ketosis 5 1–18 145
Subclinical ketosis 43 26–55 67
Hypocalcemia 7 0–22 335
Subclinical hypocalcemia 22 8–54 125
Adapted from Van Saun & Sniffen, 2014
6. Dry and Fresh Cow Nutrition
Continues to Evolve
• Use integrated strategies to support…
– Energy metabolism
– Protein metabolism
– Mineral metabolism
– Immune function
– Rumen function
7. The Best Formulated Diets Cannot Overcome
Suboptimal Management Practices
Implement management practices that allow access to
good quality feed while minimizing social and
environmental stressors and promoting cow comfort
8. Far-off Dry
Close-
up Dry
Fresh
Early
Lactation
Far-off Dry
Close-up
Dry
1 Group or High
Lactation
1 Group Dry (often shorter
dry period)
Fresh
Early
Lactation
1 Group Dry (often
shorter dry period)
1 Group or High
Lactation
-8 -3 0 +2???
Week of Lactation
9. How much TMR are the cows eating?
Does the dairy know?
Does the dairy measure it?
10. Intake is Critical for Success
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Far-off Close-up Fresh High
lb/d
Controlled by Physical and Chemostatic Mechanisms
Influenced by Feeding Management, Social
Interactions, and Environment
11. Too Little or Too Much Intake is a Problem
Fresh Period Health Problems in 1500 – 1600 lb Holsteins
• ~26 to 28 lb DM/d
• Poor starts and peak milk
• Action
– Test feed quality/digestibility
– Evaluate bunk management,
feed availability
– Assess non-nutritional
stressors
• >33 lb DM/d
• Before calving
– BW/BCS gain
• After calving
– Sluggish intake
– Excessive BW/BCS loss
• Action
– Limit grain-type forages, other
palatable feeds to control intake
– Complement with a consistent, low
K, bulky forage source
12. Carbohydrates
A Focus Area Since Carbohydrates
Contribute the Majority of Energy
• Steam-up vs higher forage dry diets to
control energy intake
– 0.56 to 0.66 Mcal NEL/lb DM
• (1.25 to 1.45 Mcal NEL/kg DM)
– 100 to 110% ME
• Prolonged overconsumption of energy
during the dry period can result in poorer
transitions
13. Overfed Cows Have…
• Abdominal fat deposition
• Insulin resistance
• Blood NEFA and BHBA
• Liver triglyceride
• Body weight/condition
loss after calving
• Chronic inflammation
• Health problems
• DM intake
• Energy intake
• Milk
• Reproductive
performance
• Profitability
14. Higher Forage, Lower Energy Dry Diet
AKA Controlled Energy Diet, Goldilocks Diet, #@! Straw Diet
Drackley, 2013
Feeding to
meet cows’
requirements
Not too much, not
too little…but just
right
Promote consistent intake
throughout the dry
period…to promote high
intake after calving
15. Higher Forage, Lower Energy Diets
Controlling Energy Intake while Meeting Other Nutrient Needs
• Must be a transition period strategy…not a close-
up or pre-fresh strategy only
1 or 2 dry
groups
16. Higher Forage, Lower Energy Diets
Controlling Energy Intake while Meeting Other Nutrient Needs
• Often based on corn silage and straw
– Feeding characteristics
– 100 to 110% of ME
– 12-18% starch; >40% NDF (gut fill)
– 1,000 to 1,300 g MP
• Fine tune based on…
– Fermentable carbohydrates
– Cow response (intake, health, performance)
Drackley, 2006; Drackley et al., 2007
17. Feed Higher Forage (Straw/Hay),
Lower Energy Diets as a TMR
• Feed as a TMR, no free-
choice forage
– High level of feeding
management
• Free-choice low-energy
forage with limit-fed
balanced partial mix is a
poor second choice
18. Straw
A “Low Quality” Forage
• Need to consider other quality indicators
– Palatability, amount of contaminants, presence of molds
• Need a consistent source
20. Common Way Cows Consume Too Much
Energy on a Properly Formulated Diet
Hay & Straw Not Incorporated Well, Particle Size Too Long
Photos Courtesy of T. R. Overton
21. Sorting
• Evaluate TMR at feed out and throughout day
along with refusals
– Visual
– Penn State Particle Separator - < 10-15%
– Chemical composition (NDF, CP) - < 10%
• Evaluate cows for change and variation
– Body condition
– Body weight
Drackley et al., 2007
22. BCS doesn’t tell the whole story
Excessive dietary energy leads to greater visceral
fat deposition in thin cows than in fat cows…
Nikkhah et al., 2008
24. How Should We Transition
Cows From a Higher Forage,
Lower Energy Dry Diet to a
Lactating Diet?
25. Fresh Cow Diet Frequently Based on
the High Cow Diet
• Some common adjustments…
– Less starch & more fiber
– More physically effective fiber (peNDF)
• Usually less than 2.2 lb of chopped straw/hay
– Additional rumen undegradable protein/AA
– Additional rumen inert fat
– Strategic addition of other nutrients and additives
• Promote rumen function and a rapid rise in intake
– Minimize SARA and chronic inflammation
26. Take Home Messages
• Higher forage, lower energy diets fed during the
dry period can help cows achieve transition
success
– Diet is only part of it… need to minimize stressors
• Meet all nutrient requirements while not greatly
exceeding requirement for energy
• Diet is often based on corn silage and straw
27. How Can Higher Forage, Lower Energy
Diets Improve Transition Success?
• Stabilize DMI and prevent large drops in DMI before
calving
• Prevent “fat cow”-type responses to excessive energy
consumption (insulin resistance, fatty liver, ketosis…)
• Decrease K intakes and prevent low blood Ca
• Increase DMI after calving along with improved
rumen fill and function
– Decrease risk of DA, acidosis
28. Attention to Feeding Management
is Critical for Transition Success
• Measure DMI
• Test feeds (forages)
• Feed the diets as a TMR starting at dry-off
• Process the straw or hay
• Monitor sorting
• Use a fresh cow diet…especially with 1-group
dry diet