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1. Application of Irradiation on Sliced Apple Cynthia Setiawan 0811010019

2. What’s inside? Apple Common Problem in Marketing and Distribution Radiation Technology Application of Radiation on Apple Process Steps Procedures Analysis Advantages of Radiation Disadvantages of Radiation

4. Apple Temperature • Temperate zone Respiration • Non-climacteric • Low temperature Storage • Relative humidity maintenance • Nutritional Quality • Organoleptic • Functional

5. Apple Temperature • Temperate zone Respiration • Non-climacteric • Low temperature Storage • Relative humidity maintenance • Nutritional Quality • Organoleptic • Functional

6. Quality of Apple Organoleptic Quality Nutritional Functional

8. Nutritional Quality of Apple Carbo 95% Phenols Fat 3% Apple Fiber Protein 2,4% 2% Water Vitamins 85,6%

11. Functional Quality of Apple Flavonoids • Anti-oxidant • Anti-carcinogen • Anti-asthma • Blood sugar suppressant • Etc.

14. Organoleptic Quality of Apples • Firm Texture • Crispy • Sweet Flavor • Astringent Aroma • Organic acid • Reddish Color yellow • Off-white

17. Common Problem in Marketing and Distribution Deterioration Demand Environment

19. Deterioration Lower Price • Nutrition • Tax • Functional • Consumer • Exchange • Organoleptic • Distributor • Common • Farmer wealth Lower Quality Loss Income

22. Demand Supplying

25. Environment

26. Environment Marketing Distribusi

27. Common Problem in Marketing and Distribution Quality Demand Apple Shelf-life Distribution

30. Radiation Technology Extend Shelf-life Minimally Keeping Process Fresh Radiation

31. Radiation Technology Source Labeling Radiation Effect Mechanism

33. Source of Radiation Electron Beam X Ray Gamma ray • Cobalt-60 • Cesium-137

36. Effect of Radiation Insects Shelf-life Chemical Controlling Extending Change

39. Mechanism of Radiation Emitting rays • Light passing trough plate (Radioisotope) • Produce rays of electron, photon, or neutron Radiolysis of H2O • Radiation + H2O  H2O+ + e • H2O+  H+ + OH• • e + H2O  H2O-  H• + OH- Cell destruction • Damage DNA • Decrease functionality and permeability of membrane • Leaking of electrolyte

40. Mechanism of Radiation Emitting rays • Light passing trough plate (Radioisotope) • Produce rays of electron, photon, or neutron Radiolysis of H2O • Radiation + H2O  H2O+ + e • H2O+  H+ + OH• • e + H2O  H2O-  H• + OH- Cell destruction • Damage DNA • Decrease functionality and permeability of membrane • Leaking of electrolyte

41. Radiolysis of H2O • Structure change • Slow down the maturity • Nutrient damage • Flavor change • Formation of new compounds • Free radical recombination

44. Labeling • FDA • Information for consumer • Radura symbol • Petal • Center circle • Stripped outer circle • Claimming “treated by irradiation” or “treated with radiation”

47. Application of Radiation on Apple Quality Demand Apple Shelf-life Distribution

48. Application of Radiation on Apple Quality Demand Radiated Shelf-life Apple Distribution

54. Application of Radiation on Apple Sanitation Tools Water

58. Application of Radiation on Apple Electron Beam X Ray Gamma ray • Cobalt-60 • Cesium-137

59. Application of Radiation on Apple Electron Beam X Ray Gamma ray • Cobalt-60 • Cesium-137

60. Cesium-137 Gamma Ray Electron • 0,51 MeV charge Penetrability • 30 – 40 cm Holding time • minutes • High energy photon + radioisotope = High Mechanism energy electron + H2O = Free radicals

63. Process Steps Specification of Apple • Rome Beauty apple • Commercially harvested • Farming at Batu • Weight: 0,1 kg of each • CAS: 1,5% O2 + 0,5% CO2 (N2 equivalent) + 1,5°C + RH 98%

64. Process Steps Preparation • Common temperature: 8°C • Sorting: by specification • Cleaning: 300 ppm NaOCl solution (pH 9,2) • Slicing: 8 slices + remove seeds

65. Process Steps Preparation • Dipping: Calcium ascorbate 3,5% solution 2 – 3 minutes in container 2,5 liters (48 slices) • Draining: Plastic drainer

66. Process Steps Preparation • Packing: Multilayer Polyolefin 12 x 18 cm (8 slices ~ 160 grams) • Gas transmission rate • O2: 15,3 nmol/m2/s/kPa (3000 mL/m2/24 hours/atm) • CO2: 50 nmol/m2/s/kPa (9800 mL/m2/24 hours/atm)

67. Process Steps Irradiation • Source: Cesium-137 • Gamma ray • Targeted dosage: 1,6 KGy • Actual dosage: 0,08 KGy 52 seconds • 4°C

68. Process Steps Harvesting Transporting Receiving Storaging • By farmer • From farmer • Inspection • CAS • To processor

69. Process Steps Cleaning & Trimming Slicing Sanitizing • If necessary • 8 slices • Tools • Rotten part • Materials • Unwanted • Worker part

70. Process Steps Dipping Packaging Radiating • CaA 3,5% • Primary • Cs-137 packing gamma ray

71. Process Steps Packing Distributing • Secondary • From packing processor Consumption • To retail, consume r

74. Procedures Analysis Sorting Distributing Storaging Radiating Cooling Radiated Apple Packaging Cleaning Dipping Slicing

75. Procedures Analysis - Variety - Ripeness - Roundness - Color Sorting - Specification Distributing Storaging Radiating Cooling Radiated Apple Packaging Cleaning Dipping Slicing

76. Procedures Analysis - CAS Sorting - 1,5% O2 - 0,5% CO2 + Distributing Storaging N2 equivalent - 1,5 C - RH 98% Radiating Cooling Radiated Apple Packaging Cleaning Dipping Slicing

77. Procedures Analysis Sorting Distributing Storaging -8 C Radiating Cooling - 9000 Btu Radiated Apple Packaging Cleaning Dipping Slicing

78. Procedures Analysis Sorting Distributing Storaging Radiating Cooling Radiated Apple - Chlorinated Packaging Cleaning water - NaOCl 30 ppm (pH 9,2) Dipping Slicing - Alcohol 70% - Trimming

79. Procedures Analysis Sorting Distributing Storaging Radiating Cooling Radiated Apple Packaging Cleaning Dipping Slicing - Low width - High surface - Convenience - Bulk density

80. Procedures Analysis Sorting Distributing Storaging Radiating Cooling Radiated Apple Packaging Cleaning - Browning Dipping Slicing - Discoloration - Firmness - vitamin C

81. Procedures Analysis Sorting Distributing Storaging Radiating Cooling Radiated Apple - Dirt Packaging Cleaning - Aesthetic - Communication - Polyolefin Dipping Slicing

82. Procedures Analysis Sorting Distributing Storaging Radiating Cooling - 1,6 Kgy Radiated Apple -4 C Packaging Cleaning Dipping Slicing

83. Procedures Analysis - Export Sorting - High-end - CAP Distributing Storaging Radiating Cooling Radiated Apple Packaging Cleaning Dipping Slicing

84. Procedures Analysis Materials/Processes Price (IDR) / kg end product “Rome Beauty” apple 12.000,00 Sorting 200,00 Storaging 500,00 Cooling 500,00 Cleaning and Sanitizing 225,00 Slicing 310,00 Dipping 15,00 Packaging 50,00 Radiation 800,00 Distribution 2.000,00 Margin (1 USD = 8500 IDR) 12.500,00 TOTAL (3.5 USD) ~ 29.100,00

87. Advantages of Radiation Microbial destruction Decrease ethylene production rate Stability of heat-labile compound Cost reduction by Cs-137 Exchange gain

90. Disadvantages of Radiation Nutrition loss Firmness decreasing Oxide forming Unable to destruct virus

91. Disadvantages of Radiation Long-term use uncertainty Domestic consumer rejection Decreasing field work Inapplicable for home industry

92. Thank You

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