This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and there are over 13 million known organic compounds. Carbon readily forms bonds with many atoms.
- Hydrocarbons only contain carbon and hydrogen. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different configurations. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain multiple bonds.
- Functional groups include alcohols, phenols, ethers, amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides.
- Polymers are very long molecules formed from joining monomers. Addition polymers add monomers while condensation polymers lose a small molecule like water when forming bonds.
2. This lecture will help you understand:
• Organic Chemistry
• Hydrocarbons
• Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
• Functional Groups
• Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
• Amines and Alkaloids
• Carbonyl Compounds
• Polymers
3. Organic Chemistry
• Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that
involves the study of carbon-containing chemical
compounds.
• An organic compound is a carbon-containing
chemical compound.
– More than 13 million organic compounds are
known.
• Carbon atoms connect with one another through
strong and stable covalent bonds.
5. Organic Chemistry
• Carbon atoms also readily form bonds with many
other types of atoms. This provides for a nearly
infinite number of different kinds of organic
compounds.
• A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound that
contains only hydrogen and carbon.
7. • Structural isomers are molecules that have the
same molecular formula but different configurations.
Hydrocarbons
8. • A configuration is the specific way in which the atoms of
a molecule are connected to one another.
"configuration" = "connectivity“
• Conformation is the spatial orientation of a single
configuration.
Hydrocarbons
10. Hydrocarbons
• A schematic for the fractional distillation of petroleum into
useful hydrocarbon components
11. A hydrocarbon, such as heptane, can be ignited from the
heat generator as gasoline is compressed by a piston-
before a spark plug fires. This upsets the timing of the
engine cycle, giving rise to a knock sound.
12. Branched hydrocarbons, such as isooctane, burn less
readily and are ignited not by compression alone but
only when the spark plug fires.
13. Octane ratings are posted on gasoline pumps. The
engines of modern cars are designed to run best on
87 octane grade fuel.
15. • Some of carbon's four bonds, however, may be
within multiple bonds.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
16. • An unsaturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon that
contains one or more multiple bonds.
– A special case of an unsaturated hydrocarbon is
the benzene ring.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
17. • A heteroatom is any atom other than hydrogen or
carbon in an organic molecule.
• A functional group is a combination of carbon,
hydrogen, and heteroatoms that behave as a single
unit.
– Organic molecules are classified by the functional
groups they contain.
Functional Groups
48. • A polymer is a very long organic molecule made by
the joining together of smaller organic molecule
units known as monomers.
MonomerMonomer MonomerMonomer MonomerMonomer MonomerMonomer
Polymers
49. H
C C
H
H
C C
H
H H
H H
H
C C
H
H H
H
C C
H
H H
C
H
H
H
C
H
Polymers
• An addition polymer is a polymer whose mass is
equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer
units.
50. H
C C
H
H
C C
H
H H
H H
H
C C
H
H H
H
C C
H
H H
C
H
H
H
C
H
Ethylene Ethylene Ethylene Ethylene EthyleneEthylene
Polyethylene
C
H
H
C
H
H
Polymers
51. Polypropylene
C
H
C C
H
H
C C
H H
H
H
C C
H
H CH3
C C
H H
H
C
H H
HCH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
Propylene Propylene Propylene Propylene Propylene Propylene
H
C
H
C
H
CH3
Polymers
53. • A condensation polymer is a polymer formed when
the joining of monomer units is accompanied by the
loss of a small molecule, such as water.
Polymers
55. • Many of the natural product
molecules synthesized by plants are
formed by the joining together of
isoprene monomers via an addition
polymerization. A good example is
the flavoring molecule citral, which is
made of two isoprene units. Find
and circle these units in the structure
shown to the right.
Isoprene
(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) Citral
Polymers
56. • Many of the natural product
molecules synthesized by plants are
formed by the joining together of
isoprene monomers via an addition
polymerization. A good example is
the flavoring molecule citral, which is
made of two isoprene units. Find
and circle these units in the structure
shown to the right.
Citral
Polymers
Isoprene
(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)
57. • Beta-carotene is a natural addition polymer made of
eight isoprene units. Find and circle these units in
the structure shown below.
Beta-carotene
Isoprene
(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)
Polymers
