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Grips
1.
1
© Alan Hedge Cornell University 11/1999 Grasping Hands Professor Alan Hedge DEA 325 Primate Hands Human Hands l Unique capability for opposition of large thumb and fingers. Opposition Grips Human Grasping l Larger thumb and opposition grip gives greater dexterity and this allows more effective tool use. Gripping Behavior l For many activities (e.g. lifting, lowering, carrying, pushing, pulling), the type of GRIP is the interface between the person's hand and the object being handled. l The type of grip affects the force that is generated on an object. l The type of grip affects the risk of injury. Types of Grip • Power • Pinch (precision) • Oblique • Hook • Palm up, palm down Power Grip l Power grip (cylindrical grip) is the maximum gripping force that can be generated by the hand. l Two factors affect the ability to generate force with a power grip: – Wrist orientation - deviations from a normal posture reduce the maximum grip force. – Grip span - spans that are too small or large will reduce grip strength. Optimal grip span is ~ 2". Power Grip Power Grips Pinch (Precision) Grip l Characterized by opposition of the thumb and the distal joints of the fingers. l Pinch grip has ~ 25% maximum power grip strength. l Pinch grip strength decreases rapidly at spans <1" or >3".
2.
2
© Alan Hedge Cornell University 11/1999 l Two types of grip: – Internal - tool handle is internal to the hand e.g. knife – External - tool handle external to hand e.g. pen. External Pinch Grip l Tool handle is external to hand e.g. pen. Internal Pinch Grip Pinch (Precision) Grip Precision grip l External and internal precision grips. Pinch Grip l Lateral pinch grip - usually submaximal in strength because of inappropriate grip span. Oblique Grip l Variant of power grip. l Grip across a rectangular surface. l ~65% power grip strength l Strongly affected by grip span. Oblique Grip: Shape Oblique Grip: Size Hook Grip l Flat hand, curled fingers, thumb as stabilizer, fingers support load. l ~strength of power grip for 2" span. l Narrow or wide handles, or poor contours decrease grip strength. Load may exceed 22 lbs/inch maximum skin pressure. Palm-up and Palm-down Grips l Palm-up - used for carrying objects. l Palm-down - weaker grip, Palm-up Grip l Grip strength depends on arm strength. l Difficult to perform when the height of the object being lifted exceeds elbow height (~35" above floor level). l Grip strength depends on grip span. Lid Opening/Closing l Ability to open or close a lid partly depends on the design of the lid.
3.
3
© Alan Hedge Cornell University 11/1999 l A smaller lid that allows the fingers to curl around it transmits more of the muscle force directly to the lid. l A large lid reduces the ability of the hand to grasp and open/close it. l Hand tools (jar openers) can be used. Pushing and Pulling Approx. 20% of overexertion injuries are associated with pushing/pulling work (NIOSH) Horizontal Pushing/Pulling l Horizontal pushing/pulling is affected by: – Body weight – Height of force application – Distance of force application from body – Amount of trunk flexion/extension – Frictional coefficient of the floor – Frictional coefficient of shoes – Distance moved/duration of force application – Availability of support structures (e.g. start blocks) – Posture (standing, sitting, kneeling, crawling) l Pushing is better than pulling. Vertical Pushing/Pulling l Vertical pushing/pulling is affected by: – Body weight (for pulling) – Grip strength – Height of force application § Upward pulls above 10" (~25 cm) are the strongest because leg and trunk muscles can be used. § Downward pulls above head level are strongest because body weight can be used. – Posture - downward pulls from seated position are ~85% standing position. Other Pushing/Pulling Actions l Transverse Pushing/Pulling - across the front of the body uses the weaker shoulder muscles. At full arm extension maximum force is ~ 50% of that with horizontal pushing/pulling. l Asymmetric Pushing/Pulling – one arm used to push/pull object or move this across the midline of the body. Optimal Pushing/Pulling Dimensions l Push/pull height = 91 - 114 cm l High traction floor = 30% more push/pull force than low traction floor. l Leg distances from load:
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© Alan Hedge Cornell University 11/1999 – Pushing = 165 cm min. – Pulling = 40 cm max. Palm-down Grips l Primarily used in precision activities. l With palm down the arms are suboptimally positioned. l Poor grip once the load weight exceeds 1 lb. (0.5 Kg). l Grip strength affected by grip span.
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