Killeen Parks Master Plan

KILLEEN PARKS
MASTER PLAN UPDATE
2017
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
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iiiKilleen Parks Master Plan Update
KILLEEN PARKS
MASTER PLAN UPDATE
2017
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
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iv Killeen Parks Master Plan Update - Understanding the Community
PLACEHOLDER FOR RESOLUTION
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vKilleen Parks Master Plan Update
PLACEHOLDER FOR LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
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viiKilleen Parks Master Plan Update
Acknowledgments
The Killeen Parks Master Plan Update was developed by the City of Killeen with the technical assistance and design help of
Halff Associates, Inc. A special thanks goes to the many residents, landowners, and community leaders for their insight and
support throughout the duration of this study. The following individuals are recognized for their significant contributions to the
preparation of the 2017 Parks Master Plan Update.
City Council
Jose Segarra, Mayor
Brockley Moore, Mayor Pro Tem
Jonathan Okray
Juan Rivera
Gregory Johnson
Shirley Fleming
Dick Young
Jim Kilpatrick
City Staff
Brett Williams, Executive Director of Community Services
Pete Vento, Parks & Public Grounds Superintendent
Halff Associates, Inc.
Matt Bucchin, AICP, LEED Green Associate
Gail Ferry, PLA, ASLA, CLARB
Jim Carrillo, FAICP, ASLA
Kyle Hohmann
Aaron Cooper, PLA
Melissa Knox
Jordan Pickering
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ixKilleen Parks Master Plan Update
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments......................................................................................................vii
Chapter 1 - Plan Introduction and Context
Why Do We Plan for Parks & Recreation in Killeen?..................................................2
What is a Parks Master Plan?.......................................................................................2
Planning Process for a Parks Master Plan...................................................................3
Time Frame...................................................................................................................4
Benefits of Parks, Recreation, and Open Space to the Citizens of Killeen..............4
Parks and Recreation Trends that can Impact the City of Killeen.............................4
Role of the Killeen Parks and Recreation Division...................................................10
Previous Planning Efforts in the City of Killeen........................................................10
Park Planning Areas for Killeen..................................................................................12
Chapter 2 - Understanding the Community
History..........................................................................................................................16
Regional Context........................................................................................................18
Demographics............................................................................................................19
Growth Context..........................................................................................................24
Public Engagement....................................................................................................26
Parks and Recreation Vision.......................................................................................43
Plan Goals and Objectives.........................................................................................44
Chapter 3 - The System Today
Introduction.................................................................................................................48
Park Classifications.....................................................................................................48
Inventory Overview.....................................................................................................52
Park Profiles.................................................................................................................59
Existing Connectivity..................................................................................................88
Public Recreation Programs.......................................................................................90
Chapter 4 - Standards and Needs
Introduction.................................................................................................................92
Assessment Methods.................................................................................................92
2016 Access-Based Assessment................................................................................93
2026 and 2036 Access-Based Assessment...............................................................96
Access to Parkland......................................................................................................98
Neighborhood Accessibility......................................................................................98
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x Killeen Parks Master Plan Update - Understanding the Community
Current Need Areas...................................................................................................98
KISD School Sites.......................................................................................................98
Community Accessibility..........................................................................................102
Potential Community Parkland................................................................................102
Potential Regional Parkland.....................................................................................102
Special Use................................................................................................................106
Recreation Facilities..................................................................................................106
Trails...........................................................................................................................106
Parkland & Trail Needs in the City’s Growth Area..................................................110
Summary of Parkland Needs...................................................................................112
Park Facilities.............................................................................................................114
Summary of Park Facility Needs..............................................................................114
KISD Facilities............................................................................................................116
Demand-Based Assessment....................................................................................118
Resource-Based Assessment...................................................................................120
Benchmarking...........................................................................................................122
Chapter 5 - Recommendations and Actions
Recommendation Categories.................................................................................126
Parkland Acquisition and Natural Resource Preservation.....................................127
Parkland Planning, Design, and Maintenance.......................................................133
Park Renovations and Development.......................................................................142
Connectivity..............................................................................................................172
Recreation Facilities and Programming..................................................................178
Policies.......................................................................................................................189
Chapter 6 - Implementation
Introduction...............................................................................................................200
Coordinated Implementation..................................................................................200
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Compliance...............................................201
Prioritized Action Plan..............................................................................................203
Plan Update...............................................................................................................212
Potential Funding Sources.......................................................................................212
Appendix A - Supplemental Information
Appendix B - Heritage Oaks Park Master Plan
Appendix C - Westside Regional Park Master Plan
Appendix D - Potential Funding Sources
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Maps
Map 1.1 Planning Area...............................................................................................13
Map 2.1, Regional Context........................................................................................18
Map 2.2, Growth Context...........................................................................................25
Map 3.1, Existing Parks System.................................................................................55
Map 3.2, Existing Trail Network.................................................................................89
Map 4.1, Neighborhood Park Accessibility..............................................................99
Map 4.2, Neighborhood Park and Existing KISD School Accessibility................100
Map 4.3, Neighborhood Park and Existing and Future KISD School
Accessibility...............................................................................................................101
Map 4.4, Community Park Accessibility..................................................................103
Map 4.5, Community Park Accessibility with Development of Potential
Future Parks...............................................................................................................104
Map 4.6, Regional Park Accessibility with Development of Potential Future
Parks...........................................................................................................................105
Map 4.7, Special Use Park and Amenities Accessibility........................................107
Map 4.8, Recreational Facility Accessibility............................................................108
Map 4.9, Trail Accessibility.......................................................................................109
Map 4.10, Growth Area Needs................................................................................111
Map 4.11, Open Space Resources..........................................................................121
Map 5.1, Target Future Parkland and Connectivity Areas.....................................129
Map 5.2, Potential Conder Park Improvement Areas............................................157
Map 5.3, Potential Lions Club Park Improvement Areas.......................................159
Map 5.4, Potential Long Branch Park Improvement Areas...................................161
Map 5.5, Potential AA Lane Park Improvement Areas..........................................163
Map 5.6, Potential Maxdale Park Improvement Areas..........................................165
Map 5.7, Potential Timber Ridge Park Improvement Areas.................................167
Map 5.8, Potential Pershing Park Improvement Areas..........................................169
Map 5.9, Potential Andy K. Wells Hike and Bike Trail Improvement Areas.........171
Map 5.10, Killeen Trail Opportunities.....................................................................173
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xii Killeen Parks Master Plan Update - Understanding the Community
Figures
Figure 1.1, Planning Process........................................................................................3
Figure 1.2, Benefits of Parks, Recreation, and Open Space.....................................5
Figure 2.1, Killeen’s History........................................................................................16
Figure 2.2, Age Distribution.......................................................................................20
Figure 2.3, Household & Family Income...................................................................21
Figure 2.4, Educational Attainment..........................................................................21
Figure 2.5, Poverty Level............................................................................................21
Figure 2.6, Occupation by Industry...........................................................................22
Figure 2.7, Commute Time........................................................................................22
Figure 2.8, Killeen Historical & Projected Population..............................................24
Figure 2.9, Survey Respondent Demographics........................................................27
Figure 2.10, Current Satisfaction with Parks and Recreation Elements..................28
Figure 2.11, Current Level of Satisfaction with Recreational Facilities and/or
Programs.....................................................................................................................28
Figure 2.12, Favorite Recreation Activities...............................................................29
Figure 2.13, Trail-Related Statements.......................................................................30
Figure 2.14, Recreational Needs...............................................................................31
Figure 2.15, Priorities for Future Parks and Recreation Division Actions...............32
Figure 2.16, Council District Breakdown of Respondents.......................................32
Figure 2.17, Citywide Survey Highlights...................................................................33
Figure 2.18, Council District 1 Survey Highlights.....................................................34
Figure 2.22, Youth Satisfaction with Parks................................................................38
Figure 2.23, Youth Desired Activities........................................................................38
Figure 2.24, Youth Favorite Recreation Activity.......................................................39
Figure 2.25, School Transportation...........................................................................39
Figure 3.1, Park Classifications..................................................................................48
Figure 3.2, Parkland Distribution by Council District...............................................59
Figure 4.1, Assessment Methods..............................................................................92
Figure 4.2, Importance of Park and Recreation Improvements............................118
Figure 5.1, Categorized Actions..............................................................................126
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Tables
Table 2.1, Historical Population Growth ..................................................................19
Table 2.2, Age Comparisons ....................................................................................19
Table 2.3, Race & Ethnicity ........................................................................................20
Table 2.4, Top Most Needed Facilities/Activities.....................................................30
Table 3.1, Killeen’s Existing Parks System.................................................................56
Table 4.1, Percent of Need Met by Existing Parks Only, 2016................................95
Table 4.2, Percent of Need Met with Development of Potential Future Parks......96
Table 4.3, Percent of Need Met with Development of Potential Future Parks,
2026..............................................................................................................................97
Table 4.4, Percent of Need Met with Development of Potential Future Parks,
2036..............................................................................................................................97
Table 4.5, Summary of Parkland Needs..................................................................112
Table 4.6, Target Level of Service for City-Owned Park Facilities.........................115
Table 4.7, Target Level of Service Including City-Owned and KISD Facilities.....117
Table 4.8, 2016 Benchmarking for Killeen’s Parks and Recreation System..........122
Table 5.1, Parkland Acquisition and Natural Resource Preservation Actions......127
Table 5.2, Parkland Planning, Design, and Maintenance Actions........................133
Table 5.3, Park Renovations and Development Actions........................................142
Table 5.4, Connectivity Actions...............................................................................172
Table 5.5, Recreation Facilities and Programming Actions...................................178
Table 5.6, Policy Actions...........................................................................................189
Table 6.1, Summary of Priority Facility Needs in Killeen.......................................202
Table 6.2, Prioritized Implementation Action Plan.................................................204
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xiv Killeen Parks Master Plan Update - Understanding the Community
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The City of Killeen strives to provide and preserve a high-quality,
well-distributed, and well-connected parks and recreation system
for the use and enjoyment of its residents and visitors. Local access
to passive and active recreation, preserved natural areas, and
opportunities for community interaction provides mental, physical,
environmental,andeconomicbenefitstoacity.Awell-usedandwell-
loved parks and recreation system fosters community relationships
and increases residents’ sense of pride for their community. This
Parks Master Plan first identifies wants and needs of the community,
elected and appointed officials, and City staff. Considering public
feedback received, it then defines the desired direction for the City’s
parks and recreation system and lays out clear goals and actions for
staff to implement in order to lead towards a positive future the
community can be proud of.
PLAN INTRODUCTION & CONTEXT
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22 Killeen Parks Master Plan Update - Plan Introduction and Context
Why Do We Plan for Parks & Recreation in
Killeen?
While Killeen is located adjacent to the largest army base in
the country (Fort Hood), the City still maintains much of its
quaint and rural character. Located 16 miles east of IH-35 in
the western portion of Bell County, Killeen has a rich history
as a farm community and military base. Since the 1940s when
Fort Hood was first established, Killeen has strived to provide
the best facilities for its residents. This Parks Master Plan is
intended to build upon that desire so that the City of Killeen
will continue to offer one of the best parks systems in Central
Texas. From its rural character to its modern recreational
amenities, residents of Killeen are proud to be part of this
community.
The year 2016 is an opportune time for Killeen to update its
Parks Master Plan. Currently the City is experiencing rapid
growth, especially in the southern quadrant. However, nearly
80 percent of existing parks are located in the northern area,
thereby leaving the newly developed areas in the south
underserved. The City is also pursuing development of two
major parks (Heritage Oaks in the southeast and Westside
Regional Park in the northwest) to provide facilities to those
residents. While this will add two new signature parks to the
system, there are still large areas that remain underserved.
Higher education opportunities are also growing within the
City. Texas A&M Central Campus is expected to continue
growing with approval for a third building on the campus.
However, there are no university plans to provide on-campus
housing for its students. Therefore, the demand for housing
in Killeen is expected to continue rising throughout the next
severalyears.Duetothechangesingrowthanddevelopment,
the need for park facilities should be further analyzed.
This Parks Master Plan document is the culmination of the
park planning effort. It provides an assessment of the current
parks and recreation system in Killeen in the year 2016, and
examines potential opportunities to fill key recreational
needs. The plan is intended to guide staff and appointed
and elected officials as they decide how best to meet and
prioritize the recreation needs of Killeen over the next 10
years and beyond. It is an ambitious plan, but one that can be
tackled in readily achievable steps as demand increases and
resources become available.
What is a Parks Master Plan?
Parks are defined as an area of land that is dedicated and
preserved for the enjoyment of the public. Parks offer
opportunities for recreation, both active (such as organized
sports) and passive (such as picnicking). A parks master plan
is intended to guide a city in the process of acquiring parks
and open space, and developing parks with amenities to
allow for recreation such as trails, athletic fields, or pavilions.
Open space is land that is dedicated for conservation
and preservation often due to its ecological value, wildlife
habitat quality, cultural significance, and functional role to
assist with flood management. Open space can be ideal for
bird watching, wildlife viewing, and relaxation. Strategically
dedicating land as open space can contribute significantly to
attaining and preserving a sense of rural character in a city
environment.
The importance of open space is often overlooked by cities
since the land is not actually programmed for a specific
”
”
“Parks and open space improve our
physical and psychological health,
strengthen our communities, and make
our cities and neighborhoods more
attractive places to live and work.”
~ Paul M. Sherer,
The Trust for Public Land
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3Killeen Parks Master Plan Update
recreational activity. Additionally, because the land does not
require regular maintenance, sometimes people think the
area is vacant instead of intentionally preserved. However, the
very reason for it not requiring regular maintenance can be a
great asset as it offers outdoor enjoyment, visual pleasure,
and ecological function at a minimum cost to a city. In some
cases, passive recreational activities (such as trail walking and
nature viewing) are combined to provide human connection
to the natural environment; something that is becoming
increasingly more scarce as the U.S. population urbanizes.
The 2016 Parks Master Plan Update for the City of Killeen
aims to:
   Point out opportunities and recommend alternatives for
improving the park system.
   Look at the potential growth of the City, assess where
additional facilities will be needed as the City grows, and
assess what types of facilities are most needed.
   Guide City staff in acquiring land to meet future park and
open space needs.
   Prioritize key recommendations of the Parks Master Plan
so that the most significant deficiencies are addressed as
quickly and as feasibly as possible.
   Guide City staff and City leaders in determining where
and how parks funding should be allocated over the next
five to 10 years.
Planning Process for a Parks Master Plan
There are many steps in a park planning process. These steps
are illustrated in Figure 1.1, Planning Process, and include:
understanding the existing conditions in the community and
developing appropriate goals for the parks system, seeking
public input, analyzing park and recreation needs, developing
recommendations, and offering implementation strategies.
Figure 1.1, Planning Process
1. Develop Goals for the
Parks System
2. Seek Public Participation
3. Inventory Existing
Facilities and Review
Conditions
4. Analyze Park and
Recreation Needs
5. Develop
Recommendations for the
Parks Master Plan
6. Action Plan and
Implementation Strategies
The most important component of any planning process is
seeking public input from the citizens, staff, and appointed
and elected officials in Killeen. This allows residents to
determine what their preferred park and recreation priorities
should be for the next five to 10 years (see Appendix A,
Supplemental Information, for copies of meeting notices,
sign-in sheets, meeting minutes, and a copy of the original
survey).
The recommendations of a parks master plan are typically
divided into three categories. The first category includes
near-term recommendations that can be implemented
immediately, address the needs of the existing population,
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or are actions that should be undertaken to renovate existing
facilities. The second and third categories include mid-term
and long-term recommendations that have a longer time
frame and are visionary in order to address the needs of the
future of Killeen.
Time Frame
The Parks Master Plan for the City of Killeen is intended to be
a 20-year document and addresses the time frame from the
year 2016 to 2036. The most specific recommendations will
be provided for the first five years. Guiding recommendations
will be provided for years six through 10 and broader visionary
recommendations will extend beyond a 10-year time frame.
Furthermore, based on suggestion by the Texas Parks and
Wildlife Department (TPWD), the Parks Master Plan should
be updated after a five-year period, or perhaps sooner if
significant changes occur within the parks system that alters
the needs of recreation within the City of Killeen.
The following steps are recommended when reviewing and
periodically updating this Parks Master Plan:
   An annual workshop by the Killeen Parks and Recreation
Division staff with the City Council should be conducted
to review progress and successes.
   Provide opportunities for public involvement through
citizen meetings, interviews, and workshops.
Benefits of Parks, Recreation, and Open
Space to the Citizens of Killeen
There are numerous benefits to offering a high quality
parks and recreation system. In fact, parks serve as a visual
expression of how much a city government values providing
a high quality of life to its citizens. A superior parks system
will provide a healthier environment, improve the well being
of children and adults, and remind residents every day about
what is attractive and fun in their community. Additional
benefits of access to parks and recreation are listed in Figure
1.2, Benefits of Parks, Recreation, and Open Space.
Parks and Recreation Trends that can Impact
the City of Killeen
Quality of life is defined by many different things such as
quality job opportunities, affordable homes, and quality
schools for a community’s children. The beauty of a city,
the amount of open space that is provided, and the variety
of recreational amenities and programs also has a direct
impact on quality of life. Relative to the mobile nature of
society today, these offerings play a large role in determining
where people choose to reside, which consequently affects
population and economic growth. It is therefore important
to understand regional and national trends related to parks
and recreation facilities. The trends that are discussed are
expected to carry forward into the future and be relevant for
the lifespan of this Parks Master Plan.
General Trends in Our Culture Today
   Sedentary devices take up a significant portion of
people’s leisure time. At the touch of their fingers,
most people have smart phones, tablets, hundreds
of channels on cable television, sophisticated gaming
consoles, and easy access to surfing the Internet. So
much of people’s downtime is preoccupied with these
devices.
   Safety has become a huge concern to most people.
Many parents no longer allow their children to go to area
parks unattended which has resulted in the declining use
of neighborhood parks.
   People want to have enjoyable experiences, instantly.
People expect to have high-quality recreation, and to
be provided with activities they will enjoy. Through the
media and Internet, people are exposed to the best from
around the world. As a result, there are expectations that
local facilities and activities will be of the highest quality
possible. People often also expect local recreation to
be made available for free. While they might expect
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Individual and Community Benefits
   Helps ensure an overall higher quality of life
   Provides refuges of safety for at-risk youth, which can
in turn help reduce juvenile delinquency
   Provides opportunities for people of all ages to be
physically active, socially engaged, and cognitively
stimulated
Economic Benefits
   Increases property value of homes in close proximity
to parks
   Can help attract new businesses to the community by
improving the standard of living
Environmental Benefits
   Protects and preserves vital green spaces and critical
wildlife habitat
   Educates visitors regarding the appropriate use of
natural areas as recreational areas
   Contributes to clean air and water
Personal Health Benefits
   Access to parks and nature increases the frequency of
exercise and improves psychological and social health
   Play is critical for child development
   Staying active can help reduce the risk of heart
disease, diabetes, obesity, depression, and other
health problems
Figure 1.2, Benefits of Parks, Recreation, and Open Space
to pay a fee to use a recreation center or to be a part
of an athletic league, they expect parks and festivals/
community events to remain free for public use.
   Being healthy has become a nationwide concern.
Obesity and heart disease have become so prevalent in
society that the White House started the “Let’s Move”
campaign to get Americans to exercise. It is possible
that funding or grants for physical, outdoor activities may
be more readily available in the future to help reduce
obesity rates.
   Traditional grant sources and public funding are not as
easy to find. The federal surpluses briefly experienced at
the turn of the century are now a thing of the past, and
deficit spending has become the norm over the past
decade. As a result, little help has been given from the
federal government, and even popular grant programs
such as enhancement funds for trails and beautification
are not always available. When they are, they are
becoming more competitive.
   Most of society is now cashless. Very few people carry
cash, and even fewer will carry their wallet when they visit
a park or exercise on a trail. A parks department that
accepted credit cards or offered online registration was
considered cutting edge nearly a decade ago. Today,
however, that has come to be expected by people. In
fact, today people are looking for even easier ways to
sign up for a sports league or rent a pavilion for a private
party. It is projected that in the very near future, parks
departments will offer mobile apps for smart phones that
allow convenient ways to register for programs, pay user
fees, or get information about upcoming events.
Outdoor Recreation Trends
   One of the most important and impacting trends in parks
and recreation today is the increased demand for passive
recreation activities and facilities. Passive recreation, as
compared to active recreation, includes activities such as
walking and jogging on trails, picnicking, enjoying nature,
and bird watching. It focuses on individual recreation
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rather than organized high-intensity pastimes like team
athletics (which has long been the focus of parks and
recreation departments nationwide). People desire
opportunities to use parks and open space on their own
time and in their own way.
   Across Texas, the provision of trails is the top priority
for citizens. Numerous surveys, public meetings,
questionnaires, and in-person interviews have shown
that people, on average, place the importance of
trails above the provision of any other single type of
recreation amenity or facility. Many factors contribute
to this, including the demand for passive recreation
(as discussed above), greater focus on health,
rising transportation costs, and increasing funding
opportunities for bicycle and pedestrian facilities. The
2009 Parks Master Plan for Killeen showed that residents
ranked more trails as one of the highest priorities.
   Related to the previous two trends, the protection of
and access to open space and natural areas is growing in
popularity across the nation. As people are increasingly
using trails, they generally prefer to use trails that are
located in scenic areas in order to enjoy the outdoors.
   While passive recreation is in greater demand, active
recreation activities still play a large role in city parks
and recreation systems. One major trend over the
last few years has been changing participation rates
in various city-sponsored league sports. Examples of
these changing participation rates include decreased
participation in youth softball, dramatically increased
participation in youth soccer, and the emergence of
new league sports such as adult soccer, kickball, and
youth lacrosse. That said, it continues to be the case
that league sport participation rates vary greatly from
city to city depending, in part, on activities offered
by the school district and other organizations such as
the YMCA, Boys and Girls Club, and in some cases,
churches.
   Splash pads and spraygrounds have become
exceedingly popular as opposed to traditional swimming
pools. Spraygrounds offer a lower cost aquatic facility
and the excitement of water is provided in a safe and
clean environment. The principle is spray nozzles, drop
buckets, and other features that either regularly or
intermittently (for a sense of surprise) spray and/or drop
The splash pad at Long Branch Park provides relief to Killeen’s youth during long hot summers.
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at these larger centers, while also being more convenient
for families to recreate together. These types of centers
also provide increased staff efficiency.
   There is also a trend of combining separate senior
activity areas into a large community center. Such an
area with a distinct entrance separate from the main
center entrance gives the desired autonomy of seniors
while providing convenient access to the various
opportunities in a recreation center including an indoor
walking track, warm water exercising, and adequately
sized fitness areas.
   Many cities today are seeking a higher fee structure
to help offset operational costs. Observation reveals a
range from a 50 to 60 percent operational cost recapture
rate all the way to a 100 percent recapture rate across
the state of Texas.
   University students today have elaborate recreation
and aquatic facilities at their disposal. New graduates
are leaving their universities with expectations for cities
to provide comparable facilities. As quality of life is an
important component of a new graduate’s job search
water on children excited with expectation. The water
is collected directly in surface drains from where it is
circulated. Important factors to consider for the selection
and preparation of an appropriate site are accessibility,
visibility, and location away from debris such as leaves or
other materials that can possibly clog the drain system.
   In Killeen and other cities throughout parts of Texas,
residents prefer covered amenities more so than having
enclosed ones. An example of this is the Harker Heights
covered soccer stadium. Since it is covered, both players
and spectators are protected from the weather such as
direct sunlight or rain. Having covered facilities allows
them to be used throughout most of the year. Other
examples could be covered basketball courts or having
several pavilions available for picnicking in parks.
Indoor Recreation Trends
   Nationally there is a trend of moving away from providing
multiple smaller recreation centers to providing a single
large-scale center for an entire community (up to a 15 to
20 minute drive time for users). This trend responds to
increased diversity of programming that can be provided
The Family Recreation Center is an example of a large-scale recreation center meant to serve the City of Killeen.
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and residence decision, this trend has influenced what
new recreation centers provide.
Environment and Recreation Trends
   As cities and towns continue to grow and expand,
citizens are becoming increasingly aware of the
diminishing amounts of open space and natural areas in
and around their communities. Similarly, this increased
awareness parallels an increased interest in preserving
open spaces, rural landscapes, and natural areas
along creeks, lakes, wooded areas, prairies, and other
environmentally and culturally significant locations.
   Related to this increased interest in the preservation of
open spaces and natural areas is an increased interest
among citizens to consider alternative development
strategies within their communities. This is in order to
preserve and provide access to natural areas, decrease
traffic congestion, encourage walking and bicycling,
enhance property values, and increase and enhance
recreation opportunities within their community.
Alternative development strategies often considered
include mixed-use development, new urbanism,
and conservation developments. In fact, Killeen’s
2010 Comprehensive Plan repeatedly recommends
conservation or cluster development as a means of
preserving more open space.
   The attributes of a community play a large role in
attracting (or detracting) people to a city or region.
Research shows that the quality of a city’s environment
(its climate, park space, trails, and natural resources)
is a significant factor in attracting new residents. As
such, high-quality, high-quantity parks and open space
systems will attract people while low-quality, low-
quantity parks and open space systems will detract
people.
Population Trends
The population of the United States is starting to shift
dramatically from what it was decades ago. This, in turn, will
have a direct affect on recreation programming in terms of
the types of people our cities are now serving and the types of
activities they are interested in. Emilyn Sheffield of California
State University at Chico notes five key demographic changes
in the United States that directly impact recreation.1
1 Sheffield, Emilyn (2012), “Five Trends Shaping Tomorrow Today.”
Parks & Recreation Magazine. http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_
DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5389201.pdf
The Andy K. Wells Hike and Bike Trail includes preserved open space intended to connect citizens of Killeen to the natural environment.
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1. The population is growing, but more slowly. The
population from the 2000 to 2010 census only increased
9.7 percent. That’s down from a 13.2 percent growth rate
the decade before.
2. Baby boomers are shifting the median age of our
population. From the 2010 census it was determined
that 13 percent of the population was over the age of
65, and that is expected to increase to 20 percent by
the year 2050 as baby boomers continue to age. In fact
the baby boomer generation as a whole, and the elder
seniors over age 65 create a combined total of about 39
percent of the current population of the country. This
shift demonstrates the need to program for activities
that accommodates retirees, and offer events that are
multi-generational for the whole family — grandparents,
parents, and children.
3. As the older portion of our population increases,
the younger population is decreasing. In 2010, the
population under age 18 reached an all-time low at 24
percent. Children, youth, and teens will continue to be
primary users of recreation facilities, so the change in
programming for this cohort might not be as dramatic as
for other groups.
4. The population is becoming more racially and ethnically
diversified. This is especially true of Texas which is a
majority-minority state, meaning the majority of the
population is of a minority background. This shift can
change a parks department by offering events that cater
to their population’s unique cultural backgrounds and
heritage.
5. The distribution of our U.S. population is changing. It
is no surprise to those living in Texas that the 2010
decennial census reported that over half the population
lives in only 10 states (Texas being one of them along
with California, New York, Florida, Illinois, Pennsylvania,
Ohio, Georgia, North Carolina, and Michigan). In fact,
they further reported that 25 percent of the population
lives in Texas, California, and New York alone. One could
argue that the rapid growth of our population in Texas
will continue, and it is important to continue developing
programs and facilities that appeal to everyone.
Texas - Overall Health Considerations
America’s Health Ranking tracks the nation’s health by state,
based on a variety of health issues. The ranking has been
done annually for the past 20 years by the United Health
Foundation and the American Public Health Association.
Texas had an overall ranking of 34 out of all 50 states in
2015.2
Factors such as the high rate of uninsured people,
high prevalence of sedentary lifestyle and obesity, and the
low immunization coverage among children all contribute to
a low ranking.
   Texas is ranked last (50 out of 50) in the category “lack
of health insurance.” Over 20 percent of the Texas
population does not have health insurance which is the
highest in the country.
   Texas is ranked number 13 in “underemployment rate” at
9.9 percent.
   Ranked at number 36 in “children living in poverty,”
23.8 percent of persons under the age of 18 are living in
poverty.
   Ranked at number 40 in “obesity,” 31.9 percent of
the population of Texas is considered obese. This is
continuing to trend higher. In fact, the obesity rate has
increased nine percent within the past two years in the
state of Texas.
   The state is number 40 in “public health funding” with an
average of $48.87 per person.
2 http://www.americashealthrankings.org/TX
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Role of the Killeen Parks and Recreation
Division
The City of Killeen is the primary governmental entity that
provides parks and recreational facilities for the citizens
of Killeen, through the Parks and Recreation Division.
Additional recreational facilities are provided to residents
through the Killeen Independent School District (KISD), Bell
County, Home Owner Association (HOA) parks, Fort Hood
Army Base for military personnel, and the local YMCA and
Boys & Girls Club.
The implementation of this Parks Master Plan will be led
primarily by the City of Killeen Parks and Recreation Division.
However, everyone in Killeen has a vested interest in ensuring
the parks system in the City continues to be one of the best in
Central Texas. This includes:
All governmental entities, including the City of Killeen,
Bell County, KISD, and other advisory group entities.
The business community in Killeen, including property
owners, developers, commercial entities, and others.
The Parks Master Plan follows the general guidelines for
local park master plans established by the Texas Parks and
Wildlife Department (TPWD). This document will be filed with
TPWD and allows the City to be more competitive for grant
opportunities as they become available.
Previous Planning Efforts in the City of
Killeen
Part of any planning process for a citywide parks system
includes understanding what has been previously
recommended, what recommendations have been
accomplished, and what studies have been done by other
recreation providers. Oftentimes, the recommendations
of other plans can fulfill a deficiency, and this can prevent
unnecessary duplication of park and recreation facilities. The
following pages summarize previous planning studies which
inform this Parks Master Plan, including the 2010 Killeen
Comprehensive Plan and the previous Parks Master Plans
(2009 update, 2005 update and 1999 plan).
2010 Killeen Comprehensive Plan
The City of Killeen prepared its Comprehensive Plan in 2010.
The Comprehensive Plan provided a “big picture” vision for
the overall growth of the City. It addressed all facets of the
community from development and transportation, to housing
and public facilities. The Comprehensive Plan also included
goals and strategies for parks and recreation.
A summary of the public input conducted during the
Comprehensive Plan planning process revealed that in terms
of parks and recreation, residents of Killeen wanted better
access to parks from their neighborhoods and more trails,
specifically along drainage corridors.
The Comprehensive Plan establishes planning themes to
guide the parks system as the City continues to grow. These
planning themes include investing in the existing parks that
are located in the older neighborhoods, developing parks in
the growth areas of the City, and preserving key areas of open
space. The Comprehensive Plan upheld the recommendations
of the 2009 Parks Master Plan as implementation priorities for
the parks system.
2009 Parks Master Plan
The City of Killeen first developed its parks master plan in
1999. The plan was subsequently updated in 2005 and 2009.
The survey that was conducted as part of the 2009 Parks
Master Plan update found that 65 percent of respondents
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were either satisfied or very satisfied with the variety of
recreation programming that was offered in Killeen. Skate
park facilities, hike and bike trails, and aquatic facilities were
ranked as the most important facility needs in the community.
Furthermore, residents did not feel that the two community
parks were adequate in serving the entire City.
The 2009 Parks Master Plan established a series of priorities
that were intended to be completed through the year 2019.
Several of the priorities have been completed since the Plan
was adopted, including:
   Renovation of existing pavilions and restrooms in Long
Branch Park;
   Constructing a family aquatic center in Lions Club Park;
   Constructing a spray park in Long Branch Park;
   Constructing a new playground structure in Long Branch
Park;
   Constructing a skateboard park in Long Branch Park;
   Constructing a hike and bike trail at Lions Club Park;
   Constructing a restroom facility at Conder Park;
   Developing Westside Community Park and trail; a grant
will fund the first phase which will be a 1.3-mile trail
corridor;
   Renovation of the Killeen Community Center;
   Acquiring parkland for the construction of a community
park on Killeen’s eastern perimeter; and
   Renovation of Conder Community Park; including a disc
golf course, multi purpose field, and two basketball
courts.
The Parks and Recreation Division has also completed
several projects to improve the parks system which were not
specifically recommended in the 2009 Parks Master Plan.
These projects include:
   Lou Hansen Pavilion and covered playground at Lions
Club Park;
   Two sand volleyball courts at the Killeen Community
Center Complex;
The skateboard park in Long Branch Park provides a specialized recreation opportunity for the community.
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   Dog Park at the Killeen Community Center Complex;
   Two basketball courts at Long Branch Park;
   Disc golf course at Conder Park;
   Two futsal courts at AA Lane Park; and
   Chess in the Park at Hunt Park.
Park Planning Areas for Killeen
This Parks Master Plan is intended to analyze the park,
recreation, and open space needs of the City of Killeen and
its extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ). For the purpose of this
planning study, the City was subdivided into planning areas
using the City Council districts. The planning areas used in
this Parks Master Plan are delineated on Map 1.1, Planning
Area. The recommendations of the Parks Master Plan include
the land area within both the City limits and the ETJ.
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Map 1.1 Planning Area
Planning Area
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First and foremost, this Parks Master Plan strives to ensure that the
community of Killeen is provided with appropriate and adequate
recreational opportunities that meet the current and future needs
of its citizens. In order to determine appropriate facilities and
services for Killeen, the community is analyzed in terms of history;
regional context; demographics; past, current, and potential growth
patterns; and community input received through stakeholder
meetings, a public survey, and public open houses. Both the
physical and demographic makeup of the city, and the wants and
needs expressed by residents, helps determine the current and
future recreation needs of the citizens.
UNDERSTANDINGTHECOMMUNITY
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1616 Killeen Parks Master Plan Update - Understanding the Community
History
In 1881, the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe Railway platted
a 70-block town on its land near the adjacent community
known as Palo Alto. The town was named after the assistant
general manager of the railroad, Frank P. Killeen. At this time
the population was approximately 40 people. The town was
populated by residents from local areas as well as those
attracted to the area through a railroad-sponsored national
campaign. By 1884, the population had reached 350 people.
As Killeen become an important shipping location for the
cotton, wool, and grain from the surrounding farms, the town
continued to grow. In 1900, the town had a population of 780
people. Around this time, bridges were built over Cowhouse
Creek and other streams which ultimately doubled the
trading area of Killeen. By 1914, the town had electric lighting,
and public water system.1
1 Handbook of Texas Online, John Leffler, “Killeen, TX,” accessed
1881
Community
platted and
named after
Frank P. Killeen
Population ~ 40
Figure 2.1, Killeen’s History
Throughout the Great Depression, federal New Deal
programs helped to create job growth. At this time the
community was enhanced with paved streets, updated water
and sewage systems, and widened bridges. U.S. Highway 190
was constructed through the area during the depression.2
To meet the demands of World War II, Camp Hood was
created as a military training base in 1942. Thousands of
people moved to the area including construction workers,
soldiers, and their families. The opening of Camp Hood
changed the local economy, since the base encompassed
half of the Killeen’s trade area. To accommodate the needs of
the military base, farms and cotton gins were shut down and
new businesses were started in the community. In 1949, the
adoption of the City Charter established the council-manager
form of government for the City.3
At this time, the population
was around 1,300 people. In 1950, Camp Hood transitioned
to Fort Hood and was established as a permanent army base.
Population increased quickly to 7,045 people and almost 100
new commercial buildings were constructed between 1950
and 1951.4
Over the years, the City’s population and economy have
followed the expansion and contraction of the military
January 18, 2016, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/
articles/hdk01.
2 Ibid.
3 http://www.killeentexas.gov/council
4 Handbook of Texas Online, John Leffler, “Killeen, TX,” accessed
January 18, 2016, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/
articles/hdk01.
1900
The
construction of
bridges over
Cowhouse
Creek doubled
the trading area
of Killeen
Population ~780
1942
Camp Hood
created as a
military training
base
1949
City Charter
established
council-manager
form of
government
Population
~1,300
1950
Camp Hood
transitioned to
permanent
Army base,
Fort Hood
1955
City Master Plan
created
Population ~
21,076
1965
Opening of
Central Texas
College and
Darnall Army
Medical Center
1980
Killeen became
the largest city
in Bell County
Population ~
49,307
Image source: http://www.hood.army.mil/history/1940/north_camp_opens.htm
An influx of soldiers at Camp Hood in 1943 increased the
population of Killeen.
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presence at Fort Hood. By 1955, the City had grown to
approximately 21,076 people and the City’s infrastructure
was strained by the size and needs of Fort Hood. As a result,
a City Master Plan was created to address the needs for
additional amenities such as street improvements, parks, and
recreation centers.5
Between 1965 and 1970, key educational, military,
transportation, and City service developments further
increased the population of Killeen. In 1965, the Central
Texas College opened to serve the area6
and the Darnall
Army Medical Center opened at Fort Hood.7
The Darnall
Medical Center is now the biggest U.S. Army hospital and
Fort Hood is the most populous U.S. military installation in
the world.8
By 1970, a municipal airport opened and the City
built a new library.
Killeen became the largest city in Bell County in 1980
when the population reached 49,307 people. In an effort to
attract tourists to the area, the City adopted “Tanks for the
Memories” as the official City slogan in the late 1980s.
In 1999, the Tarleton State University - Central Texas branch
opened in Killeen.9
This later became part of the Texas A&M
University system. At this time the City created their first Parks
5 Ibid.
6 http://www.ctcd.edu/about-ctc/about-us/history/
7 http://www.crdamc.amedd.army.mil/visitors/history.aspx
8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hood
9 http://www.tamus.edu/about/history/
Master Plan. By 2000, the City’s population had increased to
86,911 people.
Key civic and recreational resources were opened in and near
the City between 2000 and today, including the Civic and
Conference Center (2002) and the Killeen-Fort Hood Regional
Airport (2004). The City staff updated its Parks Master Plan
in 2005 and opened the Killeen Family Recreation Center
and Senior Center in 2008. The City’s Parks Master Plan was
updated again by staff in 2009 and the Lions Club Park Family
Aquatic Center was opened. One of the City’s newest parks,
Mickey’s Dog Park, was recently opened in 2015.
ThegrowthanddevelopmentofFortHoodhas,andcontinues
to, impact the economy, population size and composition,
racial and ethnic diversity, and recreational needs of Killeen.
1999
Tarleton State
University -
Central Texas
branch opened
First City Parks
Master Plan
created
2000
Population ~
86,911
2002
Civic and
Conference
Center opened
2004
Killeen-Fort
Hood Regional
Airport opened
2005
Killeen Parks
Master Plan
updated
2008
Family
Recreation
Center and
Senior Center
opened
2009
Killeen Parks
Master Plan
updated
2015
Mickey’s
Dog Park
opened
Texas A&M - Central Texas is one of two higher education
institutions in Killeen.
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Regional Context
The City of Killeen is located in the northwestern portion of
Bell County, in central Texas. Killeen is situated approximately
70 miles north of Austin and 150 miles south of Dallas. U.S.
Highway 190 provides east-west connectivity to the City
from Interstate 35 and the City of Harker Heights to the east,
and Fort Hood and Copperas Cove to the northwest. State
Highway 195 provides connectivity from the south. State
Highway 210 creates a loop connection between these two
highways through the western portion of the City, providing
primary connections to both Central Texas College and
Map 2.1, Regional Context
Texas A&M University - Central Texas. Fort Hood, one of the
largest military installations in the world, is located directly
north of Killeen. As such, the shifting demographics of the
military base have a strong impact on the community and
its needs. Belton and Stillhouse Hollow Lakes are situated
east of the City. The City includes nearly 105 square miles
within in limits, with an additional 2.31 square miles in its
extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ).
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Demographics
Historic Population Growth
The City of Killeen has
experienced a 297-percent
increase in its population since
1970. The periods with greatest
population growth were between
1980 and 1990, and 2000 and 2010
with 50 and 47 percent increases,
respectively. Between 2010 and
2015 the population continued
to grow, albeit at a slower rate of 10 percent. Due to its
continued high rate of growth, the City of Killeen makes
up an increasingly greater portion of the population of Bell
County. While the City makes up less than 10 percent of
the Bell County land area, it is home to over 42 percent of
the county’s population. See Table 2.1, Historic Population
Growth for a breakdown of the City’s population numbers
and changes over time.
Age Comparisons
In order to determine the current and future recreation
needs of Killeen’s residents, it is important to analyze the age
breakdown of the population. In 2014, the greatest portions
of the City’s population included children under five years of
age (11.10%) and men and women between ages 20 and 34
(31.32%) (see Table 2.2, Age Comparisons). While Bell County
alsohasahigherpercentageofthepopulationunderfiveyears
old and between 20 and 34, the difference in percentages is
much less pronounced than in Killeen. Both Bell County and
the City have a less even population distribution than the
state of Texas. The median age for the City of Killeen (27.7) is
significantly lower than that of Bell County (30.5) and the state
of Texas (34.7). The City’s proximity to Fort Hood, and the
large number of military personnel in the area contribute to
the lower median age and the more pronounced population
distribution difference.
Table 2.1, Historical Population Growth
Year
City of
Killeen
(Persons)
Percent
Change
City Percent
of County
Population
Bell County
(Persons)
Percent
Change
1970 35,500 -- 28.52% 124,482 --
1980 42,296 19% 26.79% 157,889 27%
1990 63,525 50% 33.24% 191,088 21%
2000 86,911 37% 36.52% 237,974 25%
2010 127,921 47% 41.23% 310,235 30%
2015 140,806 10% 42.04% 334,941 8%
Source: City of Killeen; Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015, U.S. Census Bureau, Population
Division
Table 2.2, Age Comparisons
Age % Texas
% Bell
County
% City of
Killeen
Under 5 years 7.22% 8.69% 11.10%
5 to 9 years 7.48% 7.47% 7.39%
10 to 14 years 7.39% 7.57% 6.67%
15 to 19 years 7.17% 6.73% 5.70%
20 to 24 years 7.35% 9.44% 11.75%
25 to 34 years 7.24% 9.21% 10.76%
30 to 34 years 7.25% 7.84% 8.81%
35 to 39 years 6.76% 6.52% 6.77%
40 to 44 years 6.82% 6.24% 6.90%
45 to 49 years 6.32% 5.49% 5.66%
50 to 54 years 6.52% 5.76% 5.74%
55 to 59 years 5.96% 4.77% 3.98%
60 to 64 years 5.03% 4.39% 3.68%
65 to 69 years 3.93% 3.49% 1.89%
70 to 74 years 2.87% 2.40% 1.16%
75 to 79 years 1.97% 1.15% 0.54%
80 to 84 years 1.42% 1.33% 0.81%
85 years and over 1.29% 1.51% 0.69%
Median Age 34.7 30.5 27.7
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014 Population Estimates (as of July 1, 2014), Table
PEPANNRES
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Age Distribution
As seen in both Table 2.2, Age Comparisons,
and Figure 2.2, Age Distribution, the
population of Killeen is dominated by two
general age groups, those under five years
of age and those from 20 to 34 years of age.
When compared to the United States, Killeen
has a significantly lower percentage of the
population in the 45 and over age group and
has a greater percentage of women than men.
While the majority of the population is under
40 years old today, if these residents remain in
Killeen for years to come, the City will need to
be prepared to provide appropriate recreation
opportunities for a wide range of age groups.
As a percentage of the young aged population
is likely due to the proximity to Fort Hood, it is
important for the City to continue to monitor
the population demographics to determine
what percentage of these young people remain in Killeen long
term and how many new residents in this age category arrive
over the years. When considering recreation opportunities,
there is clearly a need for additional adult options.
Race & Ethnicity
In comparison to Bell County and the state of Texas, the City
of Killeen is significantly more racially diverse (see Figure
2.3, Race & Ethnicity). While the greatest percentage (39.4%)
of the population is white, there is also a significant black
or African American population. Persons with Hispanic or
Latino heritage also make up a large part of the population
at 24.1 percent. As the City is relatively diverse, opportunities
exist for recreational activities, festivals, etc. to celebrate the
diverse heritage of the City’s residents.
Table 2.3, Race & Ethnicity
Race &
Ethnicity
Texas Bell County
City of
Killeen
White 75.2% 62.8% 39.4%
Black or African
American
12.0% 21.3% 35.0%
American Indian
& Alaska Native
0.5% 1.1% 1.6%
Asian 4.3% 3.0% 3.8%
Native Hawaiian
& Other Pacific
Islander
0.1% 0.8% 1.6%
Other 5.5% 6.0% 11.3%
Two or More
Races
2.5% 5.1% 7.3%
Hispanic or
Latino Descent
38.6% 23.5% 24.1%
Source: 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, B02001 Race: Total
Population; B03002 Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race: Total Population
Figure 2.2, Age Distribution
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Household & Family Income
Householdincomecontainsincomefromallworkingresidents
age 15 and up living in the same housing unit, regardless of
relation. Family income contains income from two or more
people related by birth, marriage, or adoption who are living
together. Killeen has a significantly lower median family
income compared to the state and Bell County (see Figure
2.3, Household & Family Income). Conversely, the City has
a similar median household income as the county and state.
As a result, families in Killeen may have a harder time paying
housing costs than those in other areas of the county.
Educational Attainment
Over 90 percent of Killeen’s residents have a high school
education or higher. This is comparable to the remainder of
Bell County, but almost 10 percent greater than the state of
Texas. Conversely, less than 18 percent of Killeen residents
have a Bachelor’s Degree or higher. This is over five percent
less than Bell County and 10 percent less than the state. As
it stands, residents may be at a disadvantage in being hired
for professional jobs due to a lack of qualifications. Providing
the local workforce with additional learning and training
opportunities can help equip them with higher level skills
sets.
Poverty Level
When compared to Bell County (14.1%) and the state (17.2%),
Killeen has a lower number of individuals below the poverty
level (13.0%) (see Figure 2.5, Poverty Level). There are
comparable percentages of families below the poverty level
for Bell County and the City, both of which are lower than
the state. While higher education levels in the City are less
than the county and state, it is likely that employment in the
U.S. military has provided greater financial stability to some
individuals in the City.
Figure 2.3, Household & Family Income
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, DP03:
Selected Economic Characteristics
Figure 2.4, Educational Attainment
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, S1501:
Educational Attainment
Figure 2.5, Poverty Level
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014 1-Year American Community Survey, DP03: Selected
Economic Characteristics
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Occupation by Industry
The educational services,
healthcare and social assistance;
public administration; and retail
trade industries are the largest
employers in Killeen (see Figure
2.6, Occupation by Industry). This
is primarily due to the Killeen
Independent School District and
the Metroplex Hospital. As the
largest city in Bell County and close
proximity to Fort Hood, Killeen
benefits from a concentration of
public administration, retail trade,
and professional services jobs.
Commute Time
The mean commute time in Killeen is approximately 20
minutes (see Figure 2.7, Commute Time). This commute
time is comparable to Bell County and almost five minutes
less than Texas. Of the residents who commute in Killeen,
84 percent drive by themselves, while 11 percent carpool.
As the population continues to increase, traffic congestion
may become a greater issue. The addition of safe bicycle
and pedestrian connections to key destinations can help to
reduce the use of vehicles for nearby daily trips.
Figure 2.6, Occupation by Industry
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2009-2013 5-Year American Community Survey, DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics
Figure 2.7, Commute Time
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2009-2013 5-Year American Community Survey, DP03:
Selected Economic Characteristics
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Demographic Impact of Fort Hood
While analyzing the demographics of the City of Killeen, it is
important to consider the population living and working in
and around Fort Hood. As a military installation, population
totals are frequently shifting due to worldwide events that are
outside the City’s ability to influence or control. In 2014, there
were a total of 49,439 people working on the base and an
additional 75,013 family members living on and off the base.1
While Fort Hood does have its own recreation programs,
employees and families on and off the base are also served
by Killeen’s park and recreation resources. As the number of
deployed soldiers fluctuates, the total population that may
be served by the Killeen parks and recreation system similarly
shifts.
1 Fort Hood Demographics Information Brief to Col. Matthew Elledge,
26 March 2014. USAG Plans, Analysis, and Integration Office
Imagesource:http://blog.rallypoint.com/2013/05/where-is-fort-
hood-killeen-texas.html
As the largest U.S. Army base in the country, the military and civilian population of Fort Hood impacts the parks and recreation needs in Killeen.
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Growth Context
Population Projections
As the City plans for the future needs of its residents, it is
important to understand both the historical and potential
growth of its population and developed areas. As previously
described in Table 2.1, Historical Population Growth, the
City’s population has grown steadily for the last four decades,
with a 289-percent increase since 1970. Based on approved
future construction, available land for future growth, and
proximity to Fort Hood, the population of Killeen is projected
to continue on an upward trajectory. Planning for accurate
population growth is an inexact science even under ideal
conditions. While there are a variety of population projection
models, most projection tools are based on an analysis and
extrapolation of historical growth data.
The City’s Planning Division utilizes projection numbers
from the Texas State Data Center’s (TSDC) county-level
population projection data. The TSDC 0.5 Scenario, which is
based on growth trends from 1990 to 2000, is accepted as the
most appropriate growth scenario for the City. Based on the
TSDC 0.5 Scenario, Figure 2.8, Killeen Historical & Projected
Population, illustrates the City’s projected population
through 2050. By 2036 (the extent of this Parks Master Plan’s
intended time frame), the City’s population is projected
to increase by an additional 34 percent, to approximately
188,300 people. This projected population increase creates
additional demand on, and resources for, the City’s parks and
recreation system.
Potential Growth Areas
In recent years, Killeen has experienced residential
development at varying rates. Illustrated on Map 2.2, Growth
Context, residential growth between 1995 and today has
largely been concentrated in the western portion of the
City, with additional development occurring in the south
over the last 15 years. Future growth beyond the City limits
is constrained to the north and west by Fort Hood, and to
the east by Harker Heights. Considering that, growth over
the next 20 years will likely
be concentrated in the
southern portion of the City
and its ETJ. Development
of the parks and recreation
system over the next 20
years will need to ensure
that adequate resources
are developed to serve the
currently unfulfilled need
for recreation in the south.
Figure 2.8, Killeen Historical & Projected Population
* 2036
188,300
people
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Map 2.2, Growth Context
Growth Context
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Public Engagement
Several different engagement types were used to gain
an understanding of the thoughts and ideas of the public.
Through the use of a variety of engagement strategies,
different user types were given a chance to express their
opinions. Stakeholder meetings, two Citywide public surveys,
public open houses, and meetings with City Council were all
included in the public engagement component of this Parks
Master Plan.
Stakeholder Meetings
Over the course of two days at the onset of the project, a
series of eight stakeholder meetings were held to gain
the insight and opinions of a variety of user groups. More
than 50 people attended the key stakeholder meetings
including representatives from the development community;
Greater Killeen Lions Foundation; the Planning and Zoning
Commission; athletic coaches; Killeen Independent
School District; the Senior Citizens Advisory Board and
Senior Council Executive Board; Senior Center, Recreation
Center, and Parks and Recreation Division staff; and the
Administration. Throughout the different meetings, a series
of trends regarding the needs of the City were identified.
Many of these trends were similarly identified in the public
survey.
Some of the key elements, needs, and desires identified in the
meetings are summarized below.
   There is desire for more shade in parks and additional
family recreation opportunities.
   People love the existing trails; additional linear parks and
trails (of varying materials) are needed to provide greater
Citywide connectivity.
   There is desire for additional on-street bicycle lanes.
   Additional practice fields and indoor and outdoor facilities
are needed.
   There is a need for additional opportunities for free public
recreation.
   A multi-use athletic complex would be well-used.
   The City needs better distribution of parks.
   There is a need for additional water-based recreation.
   Safety in parks and on trails is a public concern.
   Seniors and single soldiers are under-served populations.
   There is a need for non-athletic recreation options for
teenagers.
   Ensure that adequate green space is preserved as the City
is further developed.
   There are opportunities for cooperation between the City
and KISD.
   Seniors desire greater park access and additional
recreation options.
Key stakeholders provided valuable insight into the wants and needs of the community.
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27Killeen Parks Master Plan Update 27
Public Survey
An extensive Citywide public survey was conducted to
gather information on residents’ opinions on parks and
recreation, trails, athletics, and what types of activities are
needed in Killeen. The survey was provided online as well as
in hard copy. There were a total of 1,132 respondents who
completed the online survey, or less than one percent of the
total residents of Killeen.
Respondents represented a wide range of age groups (see
Figure 2.9, Survey Respondent Demographics). The majority
of the respondents ranged in age from 20 to 44 years of age.
Over 80 percent of respondents were residents of Killeen.
Of those who lived in Killeen, just under 40 percent did not
have children living at home. Substantially more females
completed the survey than males.
Figure 2.9, Survey Respondent Demographics
Are You Male or Female?
What is Your Approximate Age?
Are You a Resident of the City of Killeen? Do You Have Any Children Under the Age of 19 Living in
Your Home? Check All That Apply.
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Current Level of Satisfaction with Parks and Recreation Elements
Respondents were asked to rank their level of satisfaction with the quality, appearance, and maintenance of the parks and
recreation elements in Killeen. As illustrated in Figure 2.10, Current Satisfaction with Parks and Recreation Elements, respondents
most frequently indicated they were very satisfied or satisfied with sports fields (73.8%), the water park (67.5%), and overall parks
and recreation (82.2%). Respondents were least satisfied with the golf course (46.8%), classes and programs (56.8%), and nature
areas (54.5% ). Notably, the lowest ranked satisfaction rating (i.e., the golf course) still received a very satisfied or satisfied rating
from 46 percent of respondents.
Current Level of Satisfaction with Recreational Facilities and/or Programs for Different Age Groups
When asked to rate their satisfaction level with the recreational facilities and programs offered for different age groups,
respondents were generally satisfied with all groups (see Figure 2.11, Current Level of Satisfaction with Recreational Facilities
and/or Programs). Respondents were most frequently very satisfied or satisfied with options for children ages five through 12
(51% of respondents), and least satisfied with recreation options for teens ages 13 through 19 (37% of respondents).
Figure 2.10, Current Satisfaction with Parks and Recreation Elements
Figure 2.11, Current Level of Satisfaction with Recreational Facilities and/or Programs
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Figure 2.12, Favorite Recreation Activities
Favorite Recreation Activities
Respondents were asked to pick their top five recreation activities for the household. The first choices most frequently
identified were walking/hiking on trails (8.3%), soccer (6.7%), and playing on playgrounds (6.8%). Illustrated in Figure 2.12,
Favorite Recreation Activities, are the recreation activities respondents were asked to choose from, in descending order of the
number of votes each received. The top five activities chosen overall, were going to festivals or special events (39.5%), walking/
hiking on trails (37.1%), swimming (28.1%), playing on playgrounds (26.2%), and arts and crafts classes (19.3%). BMX biking and
skateboarding were least frequently selected as a top choice for recreation activities.
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Trails
Respondents were asked how strongly they agreed or disagreed with a variety of trail-related statements. Most respondents
indicated they strongly agree or agree that they would like more trails near where they live (72.8%) and more trails developed
as alternative means of transportation in the City (71.6%). The lowest percentage of respondents preferred riding their bicycles
on streets and roads instead of off-street trails (18.1%).
Recreational Needs
In order to determine overall facility and activity priorities,
respondents were asked to indicate the level of importance
they associated with various facilities and upgrades. General
lightingofparks(90.5%),additionalrestroomsinparks(88.0%),
and more trees and shade (81.8%) were most frequently
identified as very important or important (see Figure 2.14,
Recreational Needs, on the next page). Respondents were
then asked to choose their top three priority items. More
pedestrian and bicycle trails was ranked as the highest
priority overall. The top five facilities or activities chosen by
survey respondents are listed in Table 2.4, Top Most Needed
Facilities/Activities.
Figure 2.13, Trail-Related Statements
Table 2.4, Top Most Needed Facilities/Activities
Top Five
1 More pedestrian and bicycle trails
2 Additional restrooms in parks
3
Adult-oriented recreational programming, such as
wine tasting, workshops, dances.
4 General lighting of parks for evening use
5
Additional recreational programs such as summer
day camps, dance, yoga, pottery, etc.
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Figure 2.14, Recreational Needs
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Priorities for Future Parks and Recreation Division Actions
As the City establishes a series of priorities to direct future Parks and Recreation Division actions, respondents were asked
to rank a series of 10 priorities. Respondents indicated that the most important park and recreation issues include providing
parks that can be used by people with disabilities (35.2% ranked as top priority), developing signature park facilities (32.2%),
and renovating and adding to existing parks (30.6%) (see Figure 2.15, Priorities for Future Parks and Recreation Division Actions).
The lowest ranked issues were to develop an outdoor fitness park (21.8%), creating an “art in the park” program (16.1%), and to
expand adult athletic leagues (14.8%).
Figure 2.15, Priorities for Future Parks and Recreation Division Actions
Public Survey by Council District
If public survey respondents indicated they lived in the City (84%),
they were then asked to identify which City Council district they lived
in (see Figure 2.16, Council District Breakdown of Respondents). As the
City plans for expansions and updates to the existing parks system, it
is important to determine if wants and needs vary in different areas of
the City. Consequently, select survey questions were analyzed by district.
An initial citywide analysis is illustrated in Figure 2.17, Citywide Survey
Highlights. A summary of respondent demographics and key questions
analyzed are then by council district in Figures 2.18 through 2.21 on pages
34 through 37.
Figure 2.16, Council District Breakdown of
Respondents
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Top Five Favorite
Recreation Activities
1. Going to festivals or special events
2. Walking / hiking on trails
3. Swimming for leisure / fitness
4. Playing on playgrounds
5. Art/crafts classes
Top Five Daily Recreation Activities in
the Past Year
1. Walked for fitness or to get
somewhere in the City
2. Used a non-City fitness center such as
a private gym
3. Visited a City park or park facility
4. Used the Andy K. Wells or Lions Club
Park Hike & Bike Trails
5. Participated in a youth athletic leagueMale or Female Respondents
Figure 2.17, Citywide Survey Highlights
28.9% 71.1%
Approximate Age Children Living at Home
How safe do you feel while in City parks?
If you or your family DO NOT use parks or recreational facilities in Killeen,
why don’t you?
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Top Five Favorite
Top Five Daily Recreation
Activities in the Past Year
3. Used the Andy K. Wells or Lions
Club Park Hike & Bike Trails
4. Visited a City playground
5. Used a non-City fitness center
(e.g., a private gym)
Figure 2.18, Council District 1 Survey Highlights
Male or Female Respondents
why don’t you?
*
26.1% 73.9%
District Overview:
• 11 Parks
• Andy K. Wells Hike &
Bike Trail
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Top Five Favorite
the Past Year
a private gym
Park Hike & Bike Trails
5. Participated in a youth athletic leagueMale or Female Respondents
*
32.2% 67.8%
District Overview:
• 6 Parks
• 0 Trails
why don’t you?
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Top Five Favorite
5. Playing in a youth athletic league
the Past Year
1. Walked for fitness or to get somewhere
in the City
2. Used a non-City fitness center such as a
private gym
4. Participated in a youth athletic league
Park Hike & Bike TrailsMale or Female Respondents
*
27.7% 72.3%
District Overview:
• 7 Parks
• Lions Club Park Trail
why don’t you?
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Top Five Favorite
5. Basketball
the Past Year
a private gym
4. Participated in a youth athletic league
5. Visited a City playground
Male or Female Respondents
*
26.5% 73.5%
District Overview:
• 2 Parks
• 0 Trails
why don’t you?
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Youth Survey
A second Citywide survey was specifically targeted at the youth in the City of Killeen. Survey respondents were asked their
opinion of existing parks, what their favorite recreational activities are, and what they’d like to change about the current parks
and recreation system. There were 464 youth who completed the survey. The survey was distributed by the KISD and offered
to children from kindergarten through 12th grade. Around 25 percent of respondents were in eighth grade and, similar to the
full public survey, there were more female than male respondents.
Respondents were asked to identify their favorite park. Notably, over 70 percent of youth indicated Lions Club Park was their
favorite. Respondents were then asked what they would add or change to make their favorite park better. Desired changes
that were frequently noted include expanding the overall size of the parks and playground areas, providing more shade and
evening lighting. The youth would also like more variety of activities, additional water-based activities, volleyball and basketball
courts, and bike trails.
Satisfaction with Parks
The youth were asked to rate how happy they were with the parks in
their neighborhood. As depicted in Figure 2.22, Youth Satisfaction
with Parks, nearly 75 percent of respondents indicated they were
happy or very happy with the parks in their neighborhood.
Desired Activities
Killeen youth were asked what types of activities or recreation they
would like to do which is not available in Killeen. The activities
identified are illustrated in Figure 2.23, Youth Desired Activities
(note that the larger the word, the greater number of responses it
received). The most frequently identified activities were swimming,
basketball, and volleyball.
Currently, most youth play
on playgrounds when they
visit parks or meet with
friends. They also enjoy
walking on trails, playing
basketball or volleyball, or
going swimming.
Figure 2.22, Youth Satisfaction with Parks
Figure 2.23, Youth Desired Activities
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Favorite Recreation Activity
When asked to identify their favorite recreation activity, Killeen youth responded that they most enjoyed basketball (35.3%)
and art classes (35.1%) (see Figure 2.24, Youth Favorite Recreation Activity). Swimming for leisure and fitness (24.8%) and playing
on playgrounds (22.3%) were also among their top favorite activities. Approximately 70 percent of the youth respondents
with local access to a private neighborhood park or pool do not visit the private facilities. Conversely, almost 70 percent of
respondents have used a City-operated pool or park. Respondents were also asked if having access to WiFi in City parks was
important. Approximately 70 percent of the respondents answered that they considered it important or very important.
Transportation
The survey asked youth how they normally get to school
(see Figure 2.25, School Transportation). Over 60 percent
indicated that their parents drive them while 30 percent of
respondents ride the bus and around 22 percent walk alone
or with friends. For those who don’t walk or ride their bikes to
school, most indicated the distance is too far or they do not
feel that it is safe.
Figure 2.24, Youth Favorite Recreation Activity
Figure 2.25, School Transportation
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Public Open House
In November 2015, a public open house was held to solicit
feedback from the general community. A variety of exercises
were used to gain input regarding parks and recreation wants
and needs in the City including park types and locations,
park and trail design and amenities, and multi-generational
recreation programming. A total of 35 attendees were at the
open house. Those who attended evenly represented the
different areas of Killeen. Additionally, some residents who
live in the City’s extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ) and in Harker
Heights were in attendance. Some key results of the public
open house exercises are listed below and depicted on this
and the following page.
Park Need Areas
During the stakeholder meetings and public survey, a need
for a more evenly distributed parks system was identified. As
a follow up, open house attendees were asked to identify up
to two locations they felt were priority areas for additional
parks. The majority of responses indicated parks in the
western and southern portions of the City are most needed.
Attendees also felt that a park in the far northeast section of
the City is needed.
What Types of Parks are Most Needed?
During the open house, attendees were asked to identify the
types of parks they felt were most needed in the community.
Indoor facilities, neighborhood parks, and community parks
were the top three choices. Pocket parks and special use
parks were identified as a lower priority among attendees.
Attendees were also asked to identify what types of special
amenities they would be most interested in having in select
parks. A challenge course, community garden, public art in
parks, and mini golf were the top choices. Horseshoe pits
and futsal courts received no votes from attendees.
Select public open house response boards
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Water-Based Recreation
Attendees were asked to choose their top two priorities for
new water-based recreation in the City. Approximately 65
percent of attendees selected an indoor pool as their most
desired water-based recreation type. Kayaking, canoeing,
and paddle boarding, and a kid’s adventure water play park
were the next most desired recreation types.
Park Design Elements
As the City considers developing new parks and upgrading
existing parks, it is important to understand residents’
priorities for various park design elements. Attendees were
asked what essential park design elements they think make
an excellent neighborhood or community park. Lighting was
selected by over 65 percent of respondents as a high priority.
Additional priority elements included an internal loop trail
and sports courts.
Park Design Policies
Attendees were then asked whether they supported a
variety of park design policies. Approximately 45 percent of
attendees indicated their support for designing park facilities
using sustainable, efficient “green” design solutions. The use
of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)
techniques and the design of park landscapes using water-
efficient and native landscaping were the second and third
highest selected park design policies.
Trail Types Needed
It is understood that Killeen residents largely support the
idea of additional trails in the City. To better identify the
types of trails that are most desired, attendees were asked
to choose two types of trails the City should prioritize for
funding. Crushed granite trails and shared-use paths were
the top types of trail design that were selected. Attendees
were also asked if they support the City building fitness
stations in conjunction with the trail network. Over 70 percent
Select public open house response boards
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of attendees responded that they want fitness stations along
City trails.
Priority Trail Locations
Open house attendees were asked two questions regarding
priority trail locations. They were asked whether the City
should prioritize City connector trails or internal loop
trails. All attendees who answered this question selected
connector trails over loop trails. Attendees were then asked
to choose two priority connector trails through the City. Trails
connecting Heritage Oaks Park (future park) to Texas A&M
University Central Texas and Westside Regional Park (future
park) to Texas A&M University Central Texas were the first
and second priorities, respectively.
Bike Facilities
In order to determine the bicycle facilities that should be
considered for use in the City, attendees were asked what
types the City should prioritize for funding. Mountain bike
trails, buffered bike lanes, and cycle tracks were the highest
priorities. Non-buffered bike lanes and sharrows were among
the lower priority types that attendees selected. When asked
if Killeen should consider striping on-street bicycle lanes on
existing streets where the street width, traffic volume, and
parking configuration can accommodate it, over 60 percent
of attendees supported this idea.
Recreation Programs
Attendees were asked what types of recreation programming
they and their families are most interested in. Over 45 percent
of attendees indicated athletics as a top interest. The arts and
health and fitness were the second and third top activities
that attendees expressed interest in.
Adult Recreation Programs
Attendees were next asked what types of adult-oriented
recreation programming they are most interested in.
Entertainment, social exercise clubs, adult sports, and
adventure races were the top activities selected.
Public open house attendees provided their opinions on the recreational needs of the City.
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Support for Grand Ideas
The community has expressed interest in some new big ideas
for the City. Attendees were asked to select each item they
supported and/or write in their own unique idea. A teen
recreation center received the greatest amount of support. A
City natatorium and youth and adult sports complex received
the second and third highest support, respectively.
City Council Meetings
As the legislative body of Killeen, the City Council plays a
crucial role in both setting the City’s strategic direction and
implementing the Parks Master Plan recommendations.
Accordingly, the City Council was engaged early and often
throughout the planning process. The first City Council
presentation was held in October 2015. The presentation
provided a project introduction and identified the Council’s
thoughts and priorities for the Parks Master Plan. A second
mid-point briefing was held with the City Council in Spring
2016 to overview identified needs and provide guidance as
to Parks Master Plan recommendations. A later workshop
was held with the City Council to present the draft plan
and establish priorities. Following a successful public
engagement strategy, and strong community support, the
City Council adopted the Parks Master Plan on ______, 2017.
Parks and Recreation Vision
A vision statement incorporates an understanding of a
community’s wants and needs and illustrates a collective
aspiration for the future. The City’s vision for their parks
and recreation system provides direction for the goals and
objectives which form the framework for this Parks Master
Plan.
The Killeen Parks and Recreation Division is comprised of
nine different internal divisions including the Community
Center Operations, Parks, Lions Club Park Operations,
Family Aquatic Center, Recreation, Athletics, Cemetery,
Senior Citizens, and Pools. Each internal division has a unique
description and major goals. In order to ensure that the nine
divisions are working cohesively towards a common goal, the
following overarching vision statement has been developed
for the Killeen Parks and Recreation Division.
By the year 2036, Killeen will be known for a safe,
well-distributed, well-connected, and well-maintained
system of parks, recreation, and preserved open space.
Community-wide access to diverse, affordable, high-
quality recreational, athletic, aquatic, and health and
fitness programming will provide emotional, educational,
and physical health benefits, opportunities for social
interaction, and promote a high quality of life for
residents and visitors.
Killeen envisions achieving this by continuing to foster
positive relationships and partnerships with businesses
and both governmental and non-governmental
organizations in the community. Through the provision
of adequate resources, increased efficiency, and accurate
record keeping, Killeen will enhance, promote, and
provide improved multi-generational, passive and active,
indoor and outdoor, cultural and recreational services in
a cost-effective manner.
To implement this vision, the following mission statement
guides daily decision making of the Parks and Recreation
Division staff:
The mission of the Killeen Parks & Recreation Department
is to enhance, promote, and provide parks, recreation
facilities, and programs to all citizens for a better quality
of life.
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Plan Goals and Objectives
Goals and objectives are an important element in the
planning process. They provide the underlying philosophical
framework by which the Parks Master Plan recommendations
and actions will be developed. They also provide guidance for
future decisions and development of the parks and recreation
system as the City evaluates the need for improvements.
Goals describe the desired outcome for a plan. They differ
from the overall vision in that they speak directly to a particular
component of the parks and recreation system.
Objectives are identified statements or policies that work
towards the goal. They are more specific than a goal and
address particular issues related to meeting the needs the
goal addresses.
The following goals for this Parks Master Plan are based on
input received from the public survey, public open house,
and stakeholder meetings.
Goal 1. Continue to develop an interconnected
pedestrian/bicycle trail system throughout the City.
Objective 1.1. Work towards creating bicycle and
pedestrian trails, pathways, and routes to provide
safe connections to all parts of the City including
residences, parks, civic facilities, schools, and
businesses.
Objective 1.2. Appropriately develop greenbelts
and linear parks which preserve and utilize drainage,
utility, and natural creek corridors as potential
Citywide linkage corridors.
Goal 2. Provide an even and adequate distribution of park
facilities Citywide.
Objective 2.1. Identify park and recreation need
areas using diverse and reasonable criteria, including
analysis of needs by planning area, reasonable
calculations of the potential level of use, and the
walkability of each facility to cost-effectively respond
to Citywide needs.
Objective 2.2. Provide sufficient funding and
resources to ensure that park and recreation needs
of all residents are being met.
Objective 2.3. Seek opportunities to acquire land for
parks in key locations throughout the City.
Objective 2.4. Seek partnership opportunities
to meet parks and recreation needs and avoid
duplication of services throughout the City.
Objective 2.5. Encourage and provide opportunities
for residents to participate in the planning,
development, maintenance, and operation of the
City’s parks and recreation system.
Objective 2.6. Preserve the ability to respond to
unique development opportunities as they arise, if
they address key needs and goals, even if out of the
proposed sequence of improvements.
Goal 3. Preserve and protect unique natural open spaces,
floodplain corridors, and drainage corridors for public use
within the City and its extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ) lands.
Objective 3.1. Preserve as much as possible of the
remaining undeveloped 100-year floodplain within the
city limits and ETJ.
Objective 3.2. Establish criteria, policies, and methods
to identify and preserve key open space and natural
areas worthy of preservation throughout the City and
ETJ.
Objective 3.3. Identify important natural space
corridors and lands, and prioritize preservation of key
areas.
Objective 3.4. Establish mechanisms to acquire
lands for protection through acquisition, purchase
of easements, or outright dedication of parkland or
floodplain lands to ensure that adequate parkland
and open space is maintained as the City continues to
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Killeen Parks Master Plan

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