Oxygenation theory

1. Oxygenation

2. Objectives:
Oxygenation:
• 1) Summarize the physiological processes of the respiratory system.
• 2) Identify factors affecting oxygenation and nursing interventions.
• 3) Identify common lab (oxygen sat) and diagnostic tests for
oxygenation issues.
• 4) Identify medications commonly used for oxygenation issues
(bronchodilators -albuterol, corticosteroids, mucolytics-Acetylcysteine,
expectorants-guaifenesin).
• 5) Apply the nursing process to the care of a patient with oxygenation
issues.
• 6) Know terminology
• 7) Know NANDA: Ineffective airway clearance, Ineffective breathing
pattern, Impaired gas exchange

3. Scientific Knowledge Base
• Oxygen is needed to sustain life.
• Blood is oxygenated through the mechanisms of ventilation,
perfusion, and transport of respiratory gases.
• Neural and chemical regulators control the rate and depth of
respiration in response to changing tissue oxygen demands.
• The cardiovascular system provides the transport mechanisms
to distribute oxygen to cells and tissues of the body.

4. Respiratory Physiology
• The exchange of respiratory gases occurs between the environment
and the blood.
• Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during
cellular metabolism.
• The airways of the lung transfer oxygen from the atmosphere to the
alveoli, where the oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.
• Through the alveolar capillary membrane, oxygen transfers to the
blood, and carbon dioxide transfers from the blood to the alveoli.

5. Structure and Function
• Gases move into and out of the lungs
through pressure changes.
• The diaphragm and external intercostal
muscles contract to create a negative
pleural pressure and increase the size of
the thorax for inspiration.

6. Structure and Function (Cont.)

7. Factors Affecting Oxygenation
• Physiological factors
• Conditions affecting chest wall movement
• Influences of chronic diseases

8. Alterations in Respiratory Functioning
• Hypoventilation:
• Hyperventilation:
• Hypoxia:
• Cyanosis

9. Relevant Patient History
• Family and personal data
• Smoking (pack-years)
• Drug use
• Allergies
• Travel, geographic area of residence
• Nutritional status

10. Physical Assessment
• Inspection
• Palpation
• Percussion
• Auscultation

11. Assessment:Data

12. Laboratory Tests
• Blood
• Sputum
• Standard chest x-rays, digital chest radiography, CT
• Ventilation and perfusion scan
• Pulse oximetry (noninvasive)

13. Maintenance and Promotion
of Lung Expansion
• Ambulation
• Positioning
• Reduces pulmonary stasis,
maintains ventilation and
oxygenation
• Incentive spirometry
• Encourages voluntary deep
breathing

14. Oxygen therapy
• Oxygen: It is considered a medication and as such a medical
order is
needed before a nurse can administer
• Action: Oxygen is used to maintain cellular oxygenation it used
to
treat many acute and chronic respiratory problems
• Desired therapeutic effect: The minimum amount needs to
maintain
an Sat O2 of 95-100% acceptable level may range form 91-
100%

15. Oxygenation: And medication
• Albuterol
•Corticosteroids
•Oxygen theapy
•Mucolytics-Acetylcysteine, Expectorants-guaifenesin