2. Course Outline
Disaster and Disaster Risk
Exposure and Vulnerability
Basic Concept of Hazard
Earthquake Hazard
Volcanic Hazards
Other Related Geological Hazard
Hydrometeorological Hazard
Fire Hazard
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
What to expect from the State and the Citizen
13. Disaster
A sudden, calamitous event, bringing
great damage loss, destruction and
devastation to life and property.
A serious disruption of the functioning
of society, causing widespread
human, material, or environment
losses, which exceed the ability of the
affected people to cope, using their
human resources.
14. How and When an Event Becomes a
Disaster?
An event, either human –made or
natural, becomes a disaster when it is
sudden or progressive, causing
widespread human, material or
environmental losses.
15. Typhoon Yolanda
Strength
290km/hour
The storm surge
it brought was
sudden and
unexpected
Its devastating
effect to human,
material, and
environment.
More than 7000
people perished
The entire city of
Tacloban was
flattened
16. Wow wowie Stampede
The show became so
popular that thousand
of fans flock to ULTRA
to watch the noon time
show. That turned out
to disastrous tragedy
when there was a
human – induced
disturbance among
the watching crowd
that cause a
stampede. Many
spectators were hurt
and some even died
which led to the
dissolution of said TV
program.
17. Typhoon Ondoy
Typhoon Ondoy turned
into a disaster because
of the amount of
precipitation brought by
its torrential rains that
lasted for several days
causing floods and flash
floods in Metro Manila.
Thousands of houses
were submerge in flood
water. Hundreds of
shelters along river
banks and steros were
washed out. Power and
water supplies were cut
off for several weeks.
Hundreds of lives
perished
18. Disaster Risk
The probability that a community’s
structure or geographic area is to be
damaged or disrupted by the impact of a
particular hazard, on account of its nature,
construction and proximity to a hazardous
area.
It signifies the possibility of adverse effects
in the future. It is derived from the
interaction of social and environmental
process, from the combination of physical
hazards and the vulnerability of exposed
19. Nature of Disasters
Natural Disasters –
These originate from the
different ‘forces’ of
nature . Natural
disasters such as
earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, typhoons,
and cyclones affect
many countries in Asia
particularly the
Philippines
20. Human – made – These disaster occur due to
people’s actions against human, material and
environment. These include transport and
industrial accidents, such as air and train
crashes, chemical spills, and building collapses.
Terrorism is also categorized as human – made
disaster.
21. Types of Disaster
Natural Disaster
Agricultural disease and pests
Storm surge
Drought and water shortage
Earthquakes
Hurricanes and tropical storm
Landslide and debris flow
Thunder storm and lightning
Tornadoes
Tsunamis
Wildfires
Sinkholes
Emergency disease
Extreme heat
Floods and flash floods
La Niña
22. Exposed to Natural Hazard
Areas/ Location Exposed to:
Coastal areas Storm surge, tsunami, tidal waves
Reclaimed Areas Flooding , sinkhole
Near Fault lines Earthquake
On foot of denuded mountains Mudslide/landslide
Near volcanoes Volcanic eruptions
River banks and esteros Flooding, flash floods
Open field Thunderstorm, hailstorm, blizzard
23. Exposed to Man – made Hazard
Areas/ Location Exposed to:
Near Oil Depots Oil spill, pollution
Near Mining Projects Toxic waste
Near Chemical Plants Chemical fumes, chemical waste
Near Nuclear Plants Nuclear waste
Near factories Factory waste, Pollution
Unsafe building structures Fire
Public Places in Mega Cities Terrorism
24. Human – Made and technological Types of
Disasters
Hazardous material
Power service and disruption and blackout
Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast
Radiological emergencies
Chemical threat and biological weapons
Cyber attacks
Explosion
Civil unrest
26. Risk Factors Underlying Disasters
Severity of Exposure –
The amount of exposure to the disaster
is highly related to risk of future mental
problems. At highest risk are those that
go through the disaster themselves.
Next are those in close contact with
victims. At lower risk of lasting impact
are those who only had indirect
exposure, such as news of the severe
damage.
27. Gender and Family
Disaster recovery is more stressful when
children are present in the home. Women
with spouses also experience more distress
during recovery. Having a family member in
the home who is extremely distressed is
related to more stress for everyone. Marital
stress has been found to increase after
disasters. Also, conflicts between family
members or lack of support in the home
make it harder to recover from disasters.
28. Age
Adults who are in the range of 40 – 60 are
likely to be more distressed after disasters.
The thinking is that if one is in that age
range, he / she has more demands from job
and family. Research on how children react
to natural disasters is still limited at this point
in tie. In general, children show more severe
distress after disasters than adults do.
Higher stress in the parents is related to
worse recovery in children.
29. Other factors specific to the survivor
Several factors related to a survivor’s background and
resources are important for recovery from disasters.
Recovery is worse if survivors:
Were not functioning well before the disaster
Have had no experience dealing with disasters
Must deal with other stressor after the disaster
Have poor self – esteem
Think they are uncared by others
Think they have little control over what happens to them
Lack the capacity to manage stress
30. Other factors have also been found to predict
worse outcomes:
Bereavement (death of someone close)
Injury to self or another family member
Life threat
Panic, horror, or feelings like that during the disaster
Being separated from family (especially among youth)
Great loss of property
Displacement ( being force to leave home)
31. Developing Countries
There is a strong body of evidence that
these risk factors can be made worse if
the disaster occurs in a developing
country. Disasters in developing
countries, like Philippines, have more
severe mental health impact than
disasters in developed countries. This
is true even with less serious disasters.
32. Low or Negative social support
The support of others can be both a
risk and a resilience factor. Social
support can weaken after disasters.
This may be due to stress and the need
for members of the support network to
get on with their own lives.
34. Displaced Populations
When Mt. Pinatubo
erupted in 1991,
thousands of families in
Zambales and Pampanga
were displaced. Their
communities were
ravaged by lahar flow that
turned these communities
into “wilderness”
35. Health Risk
Severe flooding
can result in
stagnant water
that allows
breeding of
waterborne
bacteria and
malaria carrying
mosquitoes.
Dengue fever is
another serious
health problem
caused by
mosquitoes.
36. Food Scarcity
After natural
disasters, food often
becomes scarce.
Thousands of people
around the world go
hungry as a result of
destroyed crops and
loss of agricultural
supplies, whether it
happens suddenly in
a storm or gradually
in a drought.
37. Emotional Aftershocks
Natural disasters can be
particularly traumatic for
young children.
Confronted with scenes
of destruction and the
deaths of friends and
loved ones, many
children develop post –
traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD), a serious
psychological condition
resulting from extreme
trauma.
