Ibdp chapter 10-organic chemistry - (sample)

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
CHAPTER - 10
ALKANES

10 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
ALKANE = CnH2n+2
General Molecular Formula
Homologous Series

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
MOLECULAR FORMULA OF “ALKANE”

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
If n=1
CnH2n+2 C1H4 CH4
Methane

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
If n=2
CnH2n+2 C2H6
Ethane

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
If n=3
CnH2n+2 C3H8
Propane

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
If n=4
CnH2n+2 C4H10
Butane

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
If n=5
CnH2n+2 C5H12
Pentane

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
If n=6
CnH2n+2 C6H14
Hexane

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF “ALKANE”

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
C
1
H
H
H H
Methane
Meth = 1 Carbon

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
C
1
H
H
H H
Methane
CH4

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
C
1
H
H
H
2
H
H
HC
Ethane
Eth = 2 Carbons

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
C
1
H
H
H
2
H
H
HC
Ethane
CH3
CH3

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
C
2
H
H
3
H
H
HC
Propane
C
1
H
H
HProp = 3 Carbons

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
Propane
C
2
H
H
3
H
H
HCC
1
H
H
H
CH3 CH2 CH3

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
C
2
H
H
4
H
H
HC
Butane
C
1
H
H
H
C
3
H
H
But = 4 Carbons

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
Butane
C
2
H
H
4
H
H
HCC
1
H
H
H
C
3
H
H
CH3 CH2 CH3CH2

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
Methylpropane
C
2
H
C
1
H
H
H
C
3
H
H
H
H
H HC
Methyl

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
Methylpropane
C
2
H
C
1
H
H
H
C
3
H
H
H
H
H HC
Isobutane
2-Methylpropane

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
Methylpropane Isobutane 2-Methylpropane
CH3 CH
CH3
CH3

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkaness
H
H
H
H
H
Pentane
H
H
H
H
H
2 51 3 4
H
H
C CC C C
Pent = 5 Carbons

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
Pentane
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
2 51 3 4
H
H
C CC C C
CH3 CH2 CH2CH2 CH3

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
Methylbutane
C
2
H
C
1
H
H
H
C
3
H
H
H
H HC
Methyl
C
4
H
H
H

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
C
2
H
C
1
H
H
H
C
3
H
H
H
H HC
C
4
H
H
H
Methylbutane Isopentane
2-Methylbutane

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
Dimethylpropane
C2
C
1
H
H
H
C
3
H
H
H
H
H HC
Methyl
H HC
H
Methyl

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
Dimethylpropane
C
2
C
1
H
H
H
C
3
H
H
H
H
H HC
H HC
H
Neopentane
2,2-Dimethylpentane

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
Dimethylpropane
Neopentane
2,2-Dimethylpentane
CH3 C
CH3
CH3
CH3

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkanes
CHEMICAL REACTION OF “ALKANE”

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
CHAPTER - 10
ALKENES

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
ALKENE = CnH2n
General Molecular Formula
Homologous Series

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
MOLECULAR FORMULA OF “ALKENE”

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
If n=2
CnH2n C2H4
Ethene

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
If n=3
CnH2n C3H6
Propene

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
If n=4
CnH2n C4H8
Butene

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
If n=5
CnH2n C5H10
Pentene

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
If n=6
CnH2n C6H12
Hexene

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF “ALKENE”

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
C
1
H
H
2
H
H
C
Ethene
Eth = 2 Carbons
ene = 1 pi bond

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Ethene
C
1
H
H
2
H
H
CC2H4

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
C
1
H
H
2
H
C
Propene
Prop = 3 Carbons
ene = 1 pi bond 3
H
H
C H

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Propene
C3H6 C
1
H
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C H

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
C
1
H
H
2
H
C
Butene
But = 4 Carbons
ene = 1 pi bond 3
H
H
C
4
H
H
C H
But-1-ene
1-ene ==> Double bond between C-1 & C-2

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Butene
C4H8 C
1
H
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C
4
H
H
C H
But-1-ene

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
C
1
H
H
2
H
C
Butene
But = 4 Carbons
ene = 1 pi bond 3
H
H
C
4
H
H
C H
But-2-ene
2-ene ==> Double bond between C-2 & C-3

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Butene
C4H8
But-2-ene
C
1
H
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C
4
H
H
C H

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
CHEMICAL REACTION OF “ALKENE”

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Bromination: Reaction with Bromine (Br2)
C
1
H
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C H +Br2 C
1
Br
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C HH
Br

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Bromination: Reaction with Bromine (Br2)
Br2
C
1
Br
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C HH
Br
Br Br

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Hydrohalogenation: Reaction with HCl
C
1
H
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C H +HCl C
1
H
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C HH
Cl

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Hydrohalogenation: Reaction with HCl
HCl
C
1
H
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C HH
Cl
H Cl
H will be added to the C having
more no. of H in the alkene.
ATTENTION
eg. C1 has 2 H and C2 has 1 H
So, H will go to C1 and Cl will go to C2

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Hydrogenation: Reaction with Hydrogen (H2)
C
1
H
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C H +H2 C
1
H
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C HH
H
Ni

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Hydrogenation: Reaction with Hydrogen (H2)
H2
C
1
H
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C HH
H
H H

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Hydration: Reaction with Water (H2O)
C
1
H
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C H +H2O C
1
H
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C HH
OH
Reaction is REVERSIBLE

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Hydration: Reaction with Water (H2O)
H2O
C
1
H
H
2
H
C
3
H
H
C HH
OH
H OH
H will be added to the C having
more no. of H in the alkene.
ATTENTION
eg. C1 has 2 H and C2 has 1 H
So, H will go to C1 and OH will go to C2

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Polymerisation of Ethene
CH2 CH2n CH2 CH2 n( )
Polyethene Polymer

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Polymerisation of Ethene
CH2 CH2 n( )
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
1 2 3 n

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Polymerisation of Chloroethene
CH2 CHCln CH2 CHCl
n( )
PVC – PolyVinyl Chloride

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alkenes
Polymerisation of Chloroethene
CH2 CHCl
n( )
CH2 CHCl CH2 CHCl CH2 CHCl CH2 CHCl
1 2 3 n

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
CHAPTER - 10
ALCOHOLS

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohols
ALCOHOL
Functional Group
OH

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF “ALCOHOL”

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
C
1
H
H
H OH
Methanol
Meth = 1 CarbonOH

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
C
1
H
H
H OH
Methanol
CH3 OH

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
C
2
H
H
H
1
H
H
C
Ethanol
Eth = 2 Carbons
OH
OH

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
C
2
H
H
H
1
H
H
OHC
Ethanol
CH3
CH2 OH C2H5
OH

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
C
2
H
H
1
H
H
C
Propanol
C
3
H
H
HProp = 3 Carbons
OH
OH

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
Propanol
C
2
H
H
1
H
H
OHCC
3
H
H
H
CH3 CH2 CH2
OH C3H7
OH

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
C
2
H
H
1
H
H
OHCC
3
H
H
H 1-Propanol
Propan-1-ol
CH3 CH2 CH2
OH

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
C
2
OH
H
1
H
H
HCC
3
H
H
H 2-Propanol
Propan-2-ol
CH3 CH CH3
OH

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
CLASS/DEGREE OF “ALCOHOL”

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
Primary Alcohol
Look for the C with
which –OH is bonded
CH3 CH2 OH
CH3 CH2 OHCH2
No. of directly bonded
Carbons with which –OH
is bonded must be one

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
Secondary Alcohol
Look for the C with
CH3 CH3
OH
CH
is bonded must be TWO

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
Tertiary Alcohol
Look for the C with
is bonded must be THREE
CH3
CH3
OH
C
CH3

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
PREPARATION OF “ALCOHOL”

C
H
A
N
D
A
N
P
A
N
D
E
Y
Alcohol
CHEMICAL REACTION OF “ALCOHOL”

Ibdp chapter 10-organic chemistry - (sample)

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