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Business Valuation
1.
Business Valuation
White Paper When business owners first meet with an exit owner may believe the business to be worth planning advisor, they are often surprised that $10,000,000, an amount sufficient to meet his or one of the advisor’s first recommendations is to her financial security goal, and therefore obtain a certified valuation of the company. believes no additional planning is needed. Owners usually react in one of the following However, the owner may later discover when ways: “Now? I’m not planning to leave for the business goes to market that it is only worth years!” or “I know what this company is worth. I half that amount. At this point, it is too late, or built it!” the owner may be too burned out to spend the time, effort and money necessary to grow Before you jump to any of these conclusions, business value. understand that using the services of an experienced business appraiser to value your Even so, you may still question the importance company as you transfer it to successors may of valuations in the Exit Planning Process. You help you avoid an unpleasant encounter with the may see the process and cost of a valuation as IRS and help you to reap all of the value of your simply another barrier to your ultimate life’s work. It also is important to realize that destination of leaving your company. So, is a obtaining a value helps to dispel many of the valuation really necessary? And if so, how much common misconceptions that owners have will it cost and who should conduct the about the value of their businesses and what the valuation? values mean to their overall exit plan. For instance, if an owner feels that his or her The answers to these questions will be business is really worth, say, $5,000,000 answered as we look at six reasons why smart according to a rule of thumb or based upon what owners secure independent business valuations. a similar business sold for, that owner may be reluctant to move forward with Exit Planning Reason One because he or she wants or needs twice that Exit Planning is a seven-step process that is amount to feel financially secure. Likewise, an completely focused on each owner’s unique ©2008 Business Enterprise Institute, Inc. rev 01/08
2.
objectives. A major
objective shared by many independent. In most cases, the source of the owners is to receive full, fair value for their financial security is predominantly from the ownership interest. When discussing the value conversion of business value to cash (with taxes of their lives’ work, most owners are not being paid). Knowing the business value well in comfortable with rules of thumb, informal or advance of the ownership transfer is imperative. casual estimates because rules of thumb rarely Again, if the owner believes the value to be take into account variations in revenue, cash higher or lower than it really is, this causes the flow, location, reputation, proprietary technology, owner to take the wrong set of actions or contingent liabilities and other factors that may inactions. have a significant effect on the value of a particular business. How do you determine the If the value is higher than believed, the owner full, fair value of a business unless an can leave sooner rather than later. If the value experienced, trained business valuation is lower, there is work to do that the owner may specialist values it? have thought unnecessary. So, how can you develop an exit strategy based on obtaining Ask yourself this question: If you sold your financial security without starting with a reliable business to a sophisticated outside buyer, would valuation? that buyer acquire the business without first determining its worth? Of course not—nor Reason Three should you sell or transfer your business to It surprises many owners to learn that business anyone without first determining its worth. value is relative, not fixed. It can vary based on the reason for transferring ownership and on the Reason Two conditions under which a transfer is made. For When thinking about your business exit, one of example, an appropriate business value for a the first questions you must answer is, “How third-party sale may be significantly higher than much will you need from the sale of your that established for a transfer of the same company to maintain the lifestyle you want for business to key employees over time, or a gift of yourself (and your family) in retirement?” The the business to children. Business valuation companion question should be, “Is the business experts understand this, “rules of thumb” don’t. worth enough (on an after-tax basis) to support those needs? You must know this answer The classic example we’ve seen many times is before you can successfully proceed down any the owner using a valuation guesstimate based exit path. on sales of comparable businesses to third Let’s look at this simple example. Suppose a parties—and applying that value to a proposed business owner is prepared to leave his/her sale to the company’s key employees—who business, subject to being financially secure and have no money. The result, in the unlikely event ©2006 Business Enterprise Institute, Inc. 10.06
3.
that the sale
goes forward, is frustration and in cash, in the form of a seller carry back note, failure as the cash flow of the business cannot, or represented in an earn-out. after taxes, support the higher valuation using a third-party sale value approach. The solution is Reason Four to have the business valued both from a full fair An important part of The Exit Planning value perspective—perhaps a third-party sale Process™ (Step Three) is growing the value of scenario—and from a transfer to insiders the business. Whether you are contemplating a approach, with the difference in value being paid transfer to insiders or a sale to outsiders, it is to the owner via other and more tax effective important to motivate and keep methods. management/key employees. Incentive programs that both motivate and “handcuff” Value is not only relative, it fluctuates. In co- employees to a company are typically based on owned companies, unless the value established formulas. The most successful of these for the buy-sell agreement is updated incentive programs (whether cash- or stock- periodically, one owner may receive too much or based) use formulas that link the size of a bonus too little (upon death, disability or departure), to growth in business value. Participating while the other pays too much or too little. Using employees are justifiably interested in knowing outdated valuations often results in litigation how the business value was established, how it (and subsequent loss of business value) as the is measured and whether the value is fair to remaining owner goes to court. them. Relying on an outside appraiser is often the best way to dispel management/key Likewise, if you are contemplating a sale to a employee concerns. third party, the business value is dependent not only on the intrinsic value of the business, but on Reason Five the “external” condition of the mergers and If you are considering a transfer to key acquisitions market for that type of business in employees, do you believe that your employees that particular geographic area as of now—not will accept an unsupported valuation? Bear in six months or two years ago. The mergers and mind, they likely have little sense for what the acquisitions cycle is continually changing based business value is, or how it should be on a variety of external factors, such as the cost determined. Even though your may (for tax and of financing, the state of the stock market and other reasons) decide to sell the business at a the availability of capital, all of which dictate not low value, employees may not consider the only the EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Tax, value to be low. It is best to anticipate these Depreciation and Amortization) multiple, but the concerns and to obtain an independent valuation terms of a possible third-party deal. This also at the outset of the planning process. effects how much of the deal price is to be paid ©2006 Business Enterprise Institute, Inc. 10.06
4.
The fair market
value will likely be the value that sale exit path, or determining how much value you want and are willing to sell the business for. needs to increase to reach your Exit Objectives? The valuation establishes that the fair market After all, in the words of Yogi Berra, “You've got value is the appropriate value as well. Yet, as to be very careful if you don't know where you're the following explains, this is not the value at going, because you might not get there.” Yogi which the employees will buy much of the Berra wasn’t an Exit Planning specialist, but he ownership. A common technique is to allow the was on to something. You simply can’t be buying employees to purchase an initial amount efficient and effective in growing value, if you of ownership, valued using a minority discount. don’t know the start and end valuation points. This not only makes the purchase feasible, but the employees realize they are getting a “deal” How much does a valuation cost? How about a when they contrast their per-share purchase lawyer’s answer – “it depends?” Valuation costs cost with the fair market value determined not range from zero to $25,000 for a fairly your accountant, but by an independent, straightforward company. Valuation services certified valuation expert. are available online and from non-certified advisors. Valuations are often performed by Reason Six transaction intermediaries or CPAs who may or In a transfer to key employees, a common may not have formal training and certification. transfer technique (designed to reduce both These valuations are often performed for little or owner’s and buyer’s tax liabilities) is to initially no cost. These valuations are often useful— transfer a minority interest at a discounted value. especially if you are contemplating a third-party Using a “rule of thumb” valuation to support a sale. Using an investment banker or business minority discount simply will not fly when the IRS broker provides you with a picture of what is asks you to justify the discount. You must happening today in your merger and acquisition depend on the valuation of an independent market segment. valuation specialist who is able and willing, to defend the valuation before the IRS. Many business valuation specialists will provide an “estimate of value” or a “calculation of value” Since a valuation is necessary to implementing that falls short of being an opinion of value, but a successful Exit Plan, why not obtain it earlier can be effectively used for planning purposes. in the process so that it can be used as a basis When an ownership transfer is imminent, that for all planning – establishing value and related “calculation of value” can be fleshed out to incentive planning to the acquiring key create a valuation opinion. For a “normal” employees, using it as the basis for gift planning business with $10 million or so in revenue, a if a transfer is to children, using it to reaffirm the valuation typically costs $5,000 to $15,000 and a expected sale price if you choose a third-party “calculation of value” costs 60 to 75 percent of ©2006 Business Enterprise Institute, Inc. 10.06
5.
that amount. When
the value calculation is saved by foregoing a valuation will make a nice upgraded, an additional 25 percent or so is down payment on your legal fees. charged. Thus, valuation calculations might Who should you use? The short answer is a typically cost about $5,000 if the valuation cost credentialed valuation expert. Do not use is about $7,500 to $8,500. Having said this, the anyone else (with the possible exception of complexity of valuations varies tremendously valuing a very small business that has no based on the companies being valued – the cost proprietary technology, such as a small retail of valuations varies significantly between store, franchise restaurant or service business different regions of the country, as well as with only a few employees). Common among the many valuation firms or individuals in certification designations are CVA (Certified your community. It is important to interview local Valuation Analyst), ASA (American Society of appraisers during the early stages of the Exit Appraisers), ABV (Accredited in Business Planning process. The bottom line is this: Valuation) and CBA (Certified Business valuations are not costly – a business worth Appraiser). even $1 million can easily afford a valuation. If the cost of a valuation seems unnecessary, CONCLUSION compare it to the cost of underestimating the The transfer of your ownership interest is the company’s value (thus leaving money on the final act in your business career. Doesn’t it table), or of defending a rule of thumb value make sense to be certain that everything has before the IRS – unprotected by a proper been done to maximize the value of your life valuation. The uncertainty of value undermines work? the entire purpose of performing effective planning – if you don’t know what you have, how are you going to get more? Plus, the money you ©2006 Business Enterprise Institute, Inc. 10.06
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