Here are the answers to the multiple choice questions: 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. Left home at age 7, moved into army barracks. Wore no shoes and marched all day. Ate black porridge. Slept on benches at night. Trained rigorously. 8. A 9. C 10. D

2.  Mountainous peninsula
jutting out into the
Mediterranean Sea
 Approximately 1,400
islands
 Geography directly
shaped traditions and
customs

3.  Sea for the Greeks was like the rivers for
the river civilizations
 Seas were used for transportation (“liquid
highways”)
 Needed the sea because Greece was
poor in natural resources

4.  ¾ of Greece is covered with mountains
 Difficult to unite Greece because
mountains separated Greeks
 Greeks developed small, independent
communities

5.  Temperatures only varied from 48-80
degrees Fahrenheit, so life was outdoors

6.  Mycenaeans
were one of the
first people to
settle Greece
› Warrior-like
 Minoans lived in
Crete
› Seaborne people
› Mycenaeans
conquered the
Minoans

7.  Mycenaeans vs. Troy
 According to legend, a
Greek army besieged
and destroyed Troy
because a Trojan youth
kidnapped Helen, a
beautiful wife of a Greek
king
 First was thought to be a
myth, but archaeologists
have found evidence
that maybe these were
true events

9.  After Mycenaeans
collapsed the Dorians
came onto the war-
torn countryside
 Dorians were less
advanced than the
Mycenaeans
 Appeared that the
Greeks temporarily
forgotten the art of
writing

10.  Homer= greatest
storyteller, blind
› The Iliad and The Odyssey
(about Trojan War)
 Epics= narrative poems
celebrating heroic deeds

11.  = traditional stories,
about their gods
 Through these
myths, the Greeks
sought to
understand the
mysteries of nature
and the power of
human passions

13. • Gods, polytheistic
• Attributed human
qualities, such as
love, hate and
jealously, to their
gods
• Gods lived forever
• Zeus= ruler of
Gods
• Hera= Zeus’ wife
• Mount Olympus=
were the gods
lived
• Athena= goddess
of wisdom, Zeus’
favorite child

17.  City-state= polis, fundamental political
unit in ancient Greece
 Acropolis= fortified hilltop

18.  All city-states ruled
differently:
› Monarchy= rule by
one
› Aristocracy= rule by
elite
› Oligarchy= rule by a
few people

19.  Iron was better than bronze (which was
harder and cheaper)
 Citizens were expected to defend their
polis
 Phalanx=a military formation of foot
soldiers armed with shields and swords

21.  =powerful
individuals who
gained control of
the government by
appealing to the
poor and the
discontented for
support
 Many peasants
and farmers joined
together to revolt

23.  Military state
 Sparta conquered locals and
these became helots (peasants
forced to stay and work on their
land)
 Helots were required to give ½
their crops
 They revolted, and even though
they were outnumbered (8 to
1)the Spartans almost lost. With
this fear, they built a strong city-
state

25.  2 groups governed
Sparta:
› 1. Assembly- elected
male officials
› 2. Council of Elders-
proposed laws that
assembly voted on
› 5 elected officials
(ephors) carried out
the laws

26.  Men: military training
› At age 7, boys left home and
moved into army barracks
› Wore no shoes and marched all
day and slept on benches at
night
› Ate black porridge
 Women:
› Women did not enter army, but
they did train, run, wrestle and
play sports (why?)
› Managed estates while
husbands were in army

28.  Spartans valued duty, strength, and
discipline over individuality, beauty, and
freedom

29.  Democracy= rule of the
people
 People participated directly
in political decision making
 Only male adults counted
as citizens
 Women had no part in
government, only job was to
raise the family

30.  Peasants
demanded a
written code of
laws
 These laws were
unfair and soon
a new aristocrat
was put in
power Solon

31.  Outlawed debt
slavery
 Allowed all citizens
to participate
 Overseas trade
(grapes & olives)

32.  Greece vs. Persian
Empire
 Battle of Marathon:
› Persian army came to
attack the Greeks. The
Greeks were
outnumbered, but
charged. The Greek
military advantages won
› Although they won the
battle, they had left
there city defenseless

34.  The army chose a
young runner,
named Pheidippides
to race back to
Athens and report
the victory
 He brought news of
the defeat, sprinting
the distance of 26
miles
 He gave his
message, collapsed
and died

35.  10 years later, Darius the Great son, Xerxes still wanted
revenge
 He attacked Greece
 When he came to a pass, 7,000 Greeks and 300 Spartans
blocked his way.
 Fearing defeat after a traitor told of a secret passage,
many Greeks retreated.
 300 Spartans stayed and all were killed

36.  Greek ships drove their
battering rams straight
into the Persian ships
and sunk 1/3 of Xerxes
ships
 After the war, the Greek
city-states had a new
sense of confidence
and freedom
 Athens became the
leader, and formed the
Delian League (alliance
between city-states)

37.  Last 50 years (480-430 B.C.)
 Athens experienced a growth in
intellectual and artistic learning

38.  Strengthen
Athenian
democracy
 Hold and
strengthen
the empire
 Glorify
Athens

39.  Increased the number of public officials
 Even the poorest could serve if elected
 Introduced Direct Democracy=a form of
government in which citizens rule directly
and not through representatives

40.  Built a 200 ship navy, the strongest in the
Mediterranean
 Did this to control the seas and trade

41.  Bought gold, ivory and marble to beautify
Athens
 Parthenon- artisans who worked for 15 years
to build one of architecture’s noblest works

43.  Parthenon was built for Athena,
goddess of wisdom and the
protector of Athens
 Athena statue stood 38 feet tall
and contained gold and ivory
 Figures sculptured during this
time were graceful, strong and
perfectly formed
 Faces neither had a smile or
laughter or anger, but were
serene
 Classical art- values of order,
balance and proportion in art

44.  Greeks invented drama and
built the first theaters in the
west
 Tragedy= serious drama
about themes like love,
hate, war and betrayal
› Famous dramatists: Aeschylus,
Sophocles, and Euripides

46.  Comedy= contained scenes filled with slapstick
situations and crude humor
 Many contained satire= works that poked fun at a
subject
 What does Greek Drama tell us about the Greeks?
The Greeks could enjoy entertainment, and were one of the first to put a
lot of effort into having entertainment

48.  Sparta vs. Athens
 Athens had the strongest sea
power in Greece, but Sparta is
located inland and could not
be attacked by sea
 Athenians were pushed back
into Athens when the Spartans
attacked
 Pericles brought all the residents
inside the walls of Athens
 Plague killed 1/3- 2/3 of all
Athenians, including Pericles
 Even with a weaker army,
Athens held in for 9 years and
then surrendered to Sparta

50.  =“lovers of wisdom”
› Based their thinking of 2
assumptions:
 1. The Universe (land,
sky and sea) is put
together in an orderly
way and subject to
change
 2. People can
understand these ideas
through logic and
reason

52.  Absolute truth and justice
exist
 “The unexamined life is
not worth living”
 Encouraged Greeks to
question themselves and
their moral character
 Brought to trial for
“corrupting the youth of
Athens” and “neglecting
the city’s gods.”
 Jury disagreed and
brought him to death. He
died after drinking a
slow-acting poison

54.  Student of Socrates
 Approx. 28 years old when
Socrates died
 Wrote down Socrates’
words
 His most famous work, “The
Republic”
› Set forth his vision for a
perfect government, which
was not a democracy
› His ideal society all citizens
fall into 3 groups: farmers
and artisans, warriors and
the ruling class
› Greatest from the ruling class
would be chosen
philosopher-king

56.  Pupil of Plato
 Invented a method for
arguing according to rules of
logic
 Most famous pupil
Alexander
› Son of King Philip of
Macedonia
› 13 years old prince
› Alexander ended as a student
when he became the ruler of
Macedonia and later is known
as Alexander the Great

57.  Alexander set up many
outposts and new cities,
all for which were heavily
influenced by Greek
culture
 After his death, a new
culture emerged
 Hellenistic= blend of
Greek, Egyptian, Persian
and Indian influences

61.  Center of
commerce=
Alexandra, Egypt
 Allowed to grow
because of trade
ports and successful
commerce
 Diverse population

62.  Greek gods on all streets
 Palaces
 Glass tomb of Alexander
 400 foot bronze lighthouse
 Museum and library
(dedicated to Muses, the
Greek goddess of art and
sciences, where the word
museum comes from)

63.  Museum contained a
small observatory in which
astronomers to study
planets and stars
 Estimated that the sun
was at least 300 times
larger than the earth
(earlier belief was that the
sun was smaller than
Greece)
 Estimated that the earth
and planets revolved
around the sun, but that
the earth was at the
center of the universe

64.  Euclid= mathematician
who opened a school or
geography in Alexandria
› Wrote the book, Elements,
which has over 400
geometry patterns
› It is said, that next to the
Bible, Euclid’s, Elements, is
the most used and studied
book
 Archimedes= studied at
Alexandria, value of pi
(ratio of the circumference
of a circle), pulley system

66.  Founder: Greek
philosopher, Zeno
 Believed in a divine
power who controlled
the universe
 Vices like human
desires, power and
wealth
 Social unity
 Appealed to people of
different races, cultures
and economic
backgrounds

67.  Founder: Epicurus
 Universe is composed of
atoms and ruled by gods
who had no interest in
humans
 Only real objects are those
you can observe by your 5
senses
 Goal of all humans is to
gain harmony in body and
soul

69.  1. Greece’s geography does NOT
include which of the following?
A. Many mountains
B. Sea
C. Plenty of rivers
D. Thousands of islands

70.  2. The sea for the Greeks was like a
___________ for the early river valley
civilizations.
A. River
B. God
C. Food source
D. Temple

71.  3. In Greece, seas were nicknamed
“liquid __________”.
A. Rivers
B. Highways
C. Oceans
D. Streets

72.  4. Who were the first 2 groups of
people to enter Greece?
A. Dorians and Trojans
B. Trojans and Mycenaeans
C. Mycenaeans and Minoans
D. Spartans and Athenians

73.  5. Who was Homer?
A. A blind poet who is famous for his epic
tales
B. One of the many Greek gods, known for
his cunning stories
C. Leader of the Spartans, who led the
famous battle of the 300
D. Leader of Athens during the Golden
Age

74.  6. Spartan became a military state
because…
A. Spartans were angry about the land
that they received
B. They were told by the Gods to hate
everyone else
C. They were naturally bigger and stronger
than other Greeks
D. They almost lost a battle to their slaves
when their slaves revolted

75.  7. Describe to me the life of a Spartan
man who enters into military training
(include at least 3 details)

76.  8. Spartans valued ______, ______ and
_________ over individuality, beauty
and freedom
A. Duty, strength and discipline
B. Duty, love and strength
C. Family, Nation and Strength
D. Discipline, Military and Romance

77.  9. Which of the following did Athens
and Sparta have in common?
A. They were both democracies
B. They were both military states
C. They were both city-states
D. They were both leaders of the Delian
League

78.  10. Why was the Battle of Thermopylae so
important to Greek society?
A. Xerses showed his strength over the 300
Spartans
B. After the Spartan defeat, Sparta stopped
focusing on military and more on
democracy
C. Spartans later killed Xerses in revenge
D. This was the first time Greek city-states had
fought together and not against each
other