Word order

1. 1
INGLÉS INTERMEDIO II
MATERIAL DE ESTUDIO
UNIDAD DE COMPETENCIA ASOCIADA: Redactar párrafos detallados sobre temas laborales utilizando diferentes tiempos
verbales, formas modales y formas condicionales de acuerdo al nivel CEFR B1.
NOMBRE DE LA UNIDAD DE APRENDIZAJE: “COMPANY FACTS AND PERFORMANCES”
CONOCIMIENTOS APRENDIZAJES PROCEDIMENTALES.
1. Time clauses
2. Relative clauses
• Utiliza estructuras en diferentes tiempos
verbales, formas modales y formas
condicionales para redactar párrafos en
contextos sociales y laborales acuerdo al
nivel CEFR B1.
• Distingue la idea principal de textos o
artículos escritos de complejidad CEFR B1
en contextos sociales y laborales para
utilizarlo como fuente de información según
caso dado.
• Redacta párrafos sobre temas laborales y
sociales en base al contexto e información
dada utilizando recursos gramaticales
complementarios de acuerdo al nivel CEFR
B1.
Aprendizajes actitudinales:
• Ejecuta su trabajo de forma responsable y autónoma, en base a una planificación previa.

2. 2
SENTENCE WORD ORDER:
The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order. We put the subject before the verb and the object after the
verb:
• The cook / burnt / the dinner
• Adverbials (How?, Where?, When?) usually come after the verb or after the object:
• He read the note quickly (How?)
• I waited at the corner (Where?) till 11:30. (When?)
• The basic word order of a sentence that is not a question or a command is usually:
Subject Verb Object
Adverbials
How? Where? When?
I bought a hat yesterday
The children have gone home
We ate our meal in silence
VERB + OBJECT:
The verb and the object normally go together. We do not usually put other words between them:
Subject Verb Object
Adverbials
Common mistakes
How? Where? When?
I like my job very much. I like very much my job.
Our guide spoke English fluently. Our guide spoke fluently English
The children are working In the classroom.
The children in the classroom
are working
I didn’t use my phone yesterday. I didn’t use yesterday my phone
Two more examples:
• I lost all my money and I also lost my passport. (not I lost also my passport)
• At the end of this street you’ll see a supermarket on your left. (not see on your left a supermarket)
NOTE:
We also put the time reference at the
beginning: Yesterday I bought a hat.
1. A sentence can take anyoneof four forms:
• astatement:The shops close/don'tcloseat 7 tonight.
• a question: Do the shops close at 7 tonight?
• a command: Shutthedoor./Don't shut thedoor.
• an exclamation: What a slow train this is!
2. When wewriteasentence,wemust begin with acapitalletterand end with afullstop (.),a question
mark (?), or an exclamation mark (!).
Iftherearequotationmarks(`...')or("...")aroundspoken wordsinasentence,weputotherpunctuation
marks'inside'them:
— `I'mtired,'shesaid.(Not*'I'mtired',shesaid.*)

3. 3
PLACE:
The verb and place (where?) normally go together: go home / live in a city / walk to work
If the verb has an object, the order is:
Subject Verb Object
Adverbials
Common mistakes
How? Where? When?
We took the children to the zoo. We took to the zoo the children
Don’t put anything on the table. Don’t put on the table anything
Did you learn English at school? Did you learn at school English
TIME
Normally time (when? / how often? / how long?) goes after place:
Subject Verb Object
Adverbials
Common mistakes
How? Where? When? how often?
how long?
Ben walks to work every morning
Ben walks every morning to work
I ‘m going to Paris on Monday
They ’ve lived in the same house for a long time.
We need to be at the airport by 8 o’clock
Sometimes we put time at the beginning of the sentence:
• On Monday I’m going to Paris.
• After the party Sarah gave me a lift home.
Sometimes words (for example, always/never/usually) go with the verb in the middle of
the sentence.
Exercise 11:
a) Rewrite the sentences that don't make sense.
b) Classify all the sentences in the exercise S V 0 to show Subject, Verb, Object.
Sentence Subject Verb Object
The passport examined officer
These biscuits don't like the dogs.
The shop assistant is wrapping the parcel.
My father didn't wash the dishes.
The pipe is going to fix the plumber.
Can't play John the game.

4. 4
Exercise 12:
c) Arrange these words in the right order. Use a capital letter to begin each sentence.
d) Mark each rewritten sentence S V O M P T to show:
Subject, Verb, Object, Manner (How?), Place (Where?), Time (When?).
Sentence
Subj
ect
Verb Object
Adverbials
How? Where?
When? how often?
how long?
We (the children / to the zoo / took).
I (a friend of mine / on my way home / met).
I (to put / on the envelope / a stamp / forgot).
We (a lot of fruit / bought / in the market).
They (opposite the park / a new hotel / built).
Did you (at school / today / a lot of things / learn)?
Please (at the top / write / of the page / your name).
WORD ORDER 2: ADVERBS WITH THE VERB
If the verb is one word (drives/cooked etc.), the adverb goes before the verb:
Subject Adverb Verb Adverbials
Emily always drives to work.
I Never Go to work on mondays
• I cleaned the house and also cooked the dinner. (not cooked also)
• Laura hardly ever watches television and rarely reads newspapers.
• ‘Shall I give you my address?’ ‘No, I already have it.’
Note that these adverbs (always/usually/also etc.) go before have to … :
• Joe never phones me. I always have to phone him. (not I have always to phone)
But adverbs go after am/is/are/was/were:
• We were feeling very tired, and we were also hungry. (not also were)
• You’re always late. You’re never on time.
• The traffic isn’t usually as bad as it was this morning.
Some adverbs (for example, always, also, probably) go with the verb in the middle of a sentence:
• Emily always drives to work.
• We were feeling very tired, and we were also hungry.
• The meeting will probably be cancelled.

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If the verb is two or more words (for example, can remember / will be cancelled), the adverb usually goes after the first
verb (can/doesn’t/will etc.):
VERB 1 ADVERB VERB 2
I can never remember her name.
Clare doesn’t usually drive to work.
Are you definitely going away next week?
The meeting will probably be cancelled
• You’ve always been very kind to me.
• Jack can’t cook. He can’t even boil an egg.
• Do you still work for the same company?
• The house was only built a year ago and it’s already falling down.
Note that probably goes before a negative (isn’t/won’t etc.).
• So we say: I probably won’t see you. or I’ll probably not see you. (but not I won’t probably)
We also use all and both with the verb in the middle of a sentence:
• We all felt ill after the meal. (not felt all ill)
• My parents are both teachers. Sarah and Jane have both applied for the job.
• My friends are all going out tonight.
Sometimes we use is/will/did etc. instead of repeating part of a sentence:
• Tom says he isn’t clever, but I think he is. (= he is clever)
• When we do this, we put always/never etc. before the verb:
• He always says he won’t be late, but he always is. (= he is always late)
• I’ve never done it and I never will. (= I will never do it)
Exercise 13: Is the word order OK or not? Correct the sentences where necessary.
1. Helen drives always to work. Helen always drives to work.
2. I cleaned the house and also cooked the dinner. OK
3. I have usually a shower in the morning.
4. I’m usually hungry when I get home from work.
5. I’m usually hungry when I get home from work.
6. I called him and I sent also an email.
7. You don’t listen! I have always to repeat things.
8. I never have worked in a factory.
9. I never have enough time. I’m always busy.
10. When I arrived, my friends already were there.

6. 6
Exercise 14: Rewrite the sentences to include the word in brackets.
1. Clare doesn’t drive to work. (usually)
2. Katherine is very generous. (always)
3. I don’t have to work on Sundays. (usually)
4. Do you watch TV in the evenings? (always)
5. Martin is learning Spanish, and he is learning Japanese. (also)
Martin is learning Spanish and he
6. a We were on holiday in Spain. (all)
b We were staying at the same hotel. (all)
c We had a great time. (all)
7. a The new hotel is expensive. (probably)
b It costs a lot to stay there. (probably)
8. a I can help you. (probably)
b I can’t help you. (probably)
Exercise 15: Complete the sentences. Use the words in brackets in the correct order.
1. What’s her name again? I can never remember (remember / I / never / can) it.
2. Our cat (usually / sleeps) under the bed.
3. There are plenty of hotels here. (usually / it / easy / is) to find a place to stay.
4. Mark and Amy (both / were / born) in Manchester.
5. Lisa is a good pianist. (sing / she / also / can) very well.
6. How do you go to work? (usually / you / do / go) by bus?
7. I see them every day, but (never / I / have / spoken) to them.
8. We haven’t moved. (we / still / are / living) in the same place.
9. This shop is always busy. (have / you / always / to wait) a long time to be served.
10. This could be the last time I see you. (meet / never / we / might) again.
11. Thanks for the invitation, but (probably / I / be / won’t) able to come to the party.
12. I’m going out for an hour. (still / be / you / will) here when I get back?
13. Helen goes away a lot. (is / hardly ever / she) at home. 14 If we hadn’t taken the same train, (never / met / we / would / have)
each other.
14. The journey took a long time today. (doesn’t / take / it / always) so long.

7. 7
THE FUTURE OF STREAMING
Warm up
What is video/music streaming? Have you ever used a streaming service like Spotify?
Key vocabulary
Exercise 16: Match the words on the left to their definitions on the right.
1. a household C a) a data transmission system used for high-speed internet access
2. ownership b) a percentage of the revenue from the sale of a book, music CD,
etc. paid to the creator or author
3. broadband c) a person or group of people who occupy one place of living
4. royalty d) hurrying to do something
5. a rush e) the state of possessing something

8. 8
The future of streaming
Adapted from The Independent, by Doug Bolton, June 14, 2015
1. When was the last time you bought a CD? Or a DVD? If you
are under 30 years old, it was probably a long time ago. For a
new generation of music listeners, TV, and film viewers,
streaming services such as Spotify and Netflix have replaced
trips to the music shop or even downloads from iTunes.
Streaming is becoming popular just like satellite TV did 20 years
ago. And investors are paying attention.
2. According to reports, Spotify has hired the investment
company Goldman Sachs to raise $500m (£330m) in fresh
funding. They value the business at
$8bn. According to the Amazon founder, Jeff Bezos, Amazon
invested $1.3bn in 2014 in its streaming service Prime Instant
Video.
3. Streamers are ready to fight for our attention — and our
cash. "The main reason why the money is going to streaming is
because consumers want it," says Ian Maude, who studies
online media for Enders Analysis. "The growth rate for Spotify
now is just unbelievable. They announced 12.5 million paid
subscribers at the end of November and now they’ve got 15
million."
4. Mr. Maude says that the situation is similar to other
streaming services such as Netflix, Prime Instant Video and
NowTV. "In the UK, the number of households that own a TV
dropped from 98 percent to 96 percent in just the last year,"
says Maria Ingold, who runs the video-on-demand consultancy
Mireality. "Tablet ownership is up from 29 percent to 46
percent. For kids especially, their TV experience is on a tablet."
5. Technology is the reason for the rise of streaming. More
portable devices and faster internet mean that it is a viable
option. Ms Ingold was the chief technology officer of the video-
on-demand business
FilmFlex and points out: "We started 18 years ago doing video
on demand. But when cheaper and faster broadband arrived,
a lot of things have changed."
6. For the artists whose "content" supports streaming
services, the transition to this new distribution model has
been difficult in some cases .
7. In film and television, streaming has brought new income.
But for the music industry, the rise of platforms such as
Spotify, Rdio and Deezer has resulted in even smaller earnings
for artists. Musicians complained of the $0.99 per track price
on iTunes, but that now seems a lot compared to the average
$0.007 per stream royalty which Spotify pays to artists.
8. But for the music streaming services, it is also difficult to
make much money. Spotify, which is the sector leader, made
a loss of e57.8m (£43.5m) last year. Oleg Fomenko, who ran
the music streaming application Bloom.fm, believes this is a
trivial detail because Spotify is focusing on growth rather than
profit. "The last man standing will make money," he says.
"Right now it’s just a rush for that scale."
9. Bloom.fm was one of the many Spotify competitors which
lost the race for scale. It went out of business after its Russian
investor decided to stop funding it last year. "Blinkbox and
Sony’s Music Unlimited closing down shows that unless you
have deep pockets, it is extremely difficult," says Mr. Maude.
"Investors are ready to give up very quickly if something isn’t
working."
10. Despite questions over profitability and industry taxes, the
sector shows no signs of slowing. Investors seem very ready to
invest money in streaming and the appetite among consumers
has not been satisfied yet.

9. 9
Exercise 17: Find the information. You are going to read an article about the future of the streaming business. Find the
information below.
1) How much money does Spotify want to raise?
2) How much is the business worth?
3) How much did Amazon invest in its video streaming service in 2014?
4) How many paid subscribers does Spotify have?
5) How many households in the UK own a TV?
6) How many households in the UK owned a TV in 2014?
7) How many households in the UK own a tablet?
8) How many households in the UK owned a tablet in 2014?
9) How much is the average royalty paid by Spotify to artists?
10) How much did Spotify lose in 2014?
Checking understanding
Exercise 18: What do you remember? Put T (True) or F (False) next to each of the statements below.
True False
1) Streaming has become more popular than buying CDs.
2) Business people are investing in streaming because they think people will want it in the future.
3) Kids prefer to watch TV on a television.
4) Streaming has become popular because of technological developments.
5) Musicians earn a lot of money with streaming.
6) Streaming services are very profitable at themoment.
7) Streaming services need alotof funding tobe successful.
8) The streaming business has not slowed down yet.
Find the word/phrase ...
Exercise 19: Find a word or phrase in the text which means ...
1) noticing (phrase, P1)
2) capable of working successfully, feasible (adjective, P5)
3) a change from one thing to another (noun, P6)
4) one of several songs or pieces of music on a CD or
other musical recording
(noun, P7)
5) unimportant (adjective, P8)
6) a lot of financial resources (phrase, P9)
7) demand (noun, P10)

10. 10
Collocations
Exercise 20: Match the verbs on the left to the words on the right to form phrases from the text.
1) raise a) a business
2) value b) a loss
3) bring c) funding
4) go d) growth
5) make e) new income
6) focus on f) out of business
RELATIVE CLAUSES
CLAUSULAS RELATIVAS
Las cláusulas relativas en inglés tienen la función, como en el caso del español, de añadir información relativamente
importante sobre el sujeto o el objeto de la oración. Generalmente se coloca inmediatamente después del sustantivo al que se
refiere y se introduce mediante un pronombre relativo o un adverbio relativo.
¿Qué es un pronombre relativo?
Un pronombre relativo es una palabra que une una frase a la oración. La mejor forma de explicar este tema es
mediante un ejemplo:
• The man that called me last night is my father. / El hombre que me llamó ayer es mi padre.
La palabra That (que) es un pronombre relativo que reemplaza la expresión “The man” e introduce una frase a
la oración. Las frases que se adicionan por medio de las palabras that, which, who, whom, whose son conocidas como
frases o cláusulas relativas.
Significados:
• That /ðæt/: que
• Which /wɪtʃ/: que, el/la cual
• Who /huː/: quien, quienes, que
• Whom /huːm/: a quien/ a quienes
• Whose /huːz/: cuyo/a, cuyos/as, de quien, de quienes

11. 11
Usos y ejemplos:
That (que): se usa para personas o cosas;
ejemplos:
Personas:
• The girls that are laughing over there are my sisters.
Las chicas que se están riendo allí son mis hermanas.
Cosas:
• The houses that are located behind the bank are old.
Las casas que están ubicadas detrás del banco son viejas.
Which (que, el/la cual, los/las cuales): se
utiliza para cosas
Cosas:
• I bought a hamburger, which was really spicy.
Compré una hamburguesa, la cual estaba muy picante.
• I bought 4 laptops, which were expensive.
Compré 4 computadoras portátiles, las cuales fueron costosas.
Who (quien, quienes, que): se usa para
personas
Personas:
• Can I talk to the person who is in charge of ticket reservations?
¿Puedo hablar con la persona que está a cargo de la reservación
de los boletos?
• Yesterday I met the woman who won the lottery.
Ayer conocí la mujer que gano la lotería.
Whom (a quien/ a quienes): se usa para
personas, pero cuando la persona o
personas reciben una acción (objeto)
• That is the man whom I owe a lot of money.
Ese es el hombre a quien le debo mucho dinero.
Whose (cuyo/a, cuyos/as, de quien, de
quienes): se usa para personas como
posesivo
• This is the boy whose father is a professional soccer player.
Este es el chico cuyo padre es un futbolista profesional.

12. 12
Defining relative clauses / Cláusulas definitorias
Las Cláusulas definitorias proporciona información indispensable para identificar al sujeto o al objeto de la oración. Sin ella,
la oración cambia completamente de significado. La cláusula restrictiva se encuentra inmediatamente después del sujeto u
objeto de la oración y nunca se separa del resto de los elementos con signos de puntuación.
Las cláusulas relativas definitorias se componen de un pronombre relativo (a veces omitido), un verbo y otros elementos
opcionales, como el sujeto u objeto del verbo. Las comas no se utilizan para separar las cláusulas relativas definitorias del
resto de la oración.
SUBJECT OR OBJECT
The relative pronoun can define the subject or the object of the verb:
• They’re the people who/that bought our house.
Subject
(The people bought our house. The people is the subject.)
• They’re the people who/that she met at Jon’s party.
Object
(She met the people. The people is the object.
• Here are some cells which/that show abnormality.
subject
(Some cells show abnormality. Some cells is the subject.)
• Here are some cells which/that the researcher has identified.
Object
(The researcher has identified some cells. Some cells is the object.)

13. 13
Spoken English:
In defining relative clauses we often use that instead of who, whom or which. This is very common in informal speaking:
They’re the people that want to buy our house.
Here are some cells that have been affected.
RELATIVE
PRONOUN
USE EXAMPLE
who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the woman who lives
next door.
which subject or object pronoun for animals and things Do you see the cat which is lying on the
roof?
which referring to a whole sentence He couldn’t read, which surprised me.
whose possession for people animals and things Do you know the boy whose mother is a
nurse?
whom object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses
(in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)
I was invited by the professor whom I
met at the conference.
that subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining
relative clauses (who or which are also possible)
I don’t like the table that stands in the
kitchen.
Exercise 21: Make one sentence from the two short ones. The sentence in italics should become the relative clause. The
relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause.
1. She worked for a man. The man used to be an athlete
2. They called a lawyer. The lawyer lived nearby.
3. The customer liked the waitress. The waitress was very friendly.
4. We broke the computer. The computer belonged to my father.
5. She loves books. The books have happy endings.
6. They live in a city. The city is in the north of England.

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Non – defining relative clauses / Cláusulas no definitorias
En español se conoce como cláusulas relativas no definitorias o no restrictivas. Son aquellas que utilizamos para
detallar más información del sustantivo de la cláusula principal, sin embargo no es una información clave como en la cláusula
definitoria, es solo para complementar. Si se elimina esta cláusula estaríamos quitando detalles pero el sentido principal de la
oración se mantiene.
En este tipo de cláusulas no podemos usar el pronombre relativo that. De igual forma, tampoco podemos omitir el
pronombre. Ejemplos:
• My brother, who lives in Madrid, is getting married in March.
Mi hermano, que vive en Madrid, se casa en marzo.
• These books, which I bought last week, are very interesting.
Estos libros, que compré la semana pasada, son muy interesantes.
En los ejemplos anteriores las cláusulas no definitorias son que vive en Madrid y que compró los libros la semana pasada. Si
eliminamos la cláusula no definitoria no cambiará el sentido principal de la oración ya que es una información totalmente
complementaria.
Como pudiste observar debemos usar las comas para separar las cláusulas no definitorias que agregamos de la oración, lo
que sería en español como un inciso gramatical. Esta es una de las principales diferencias que tiene comparada con las
definitorias.
Summary relative clauses
A relative clause is a part of a sentence that begins with which, who, that, where, when, or whose.They give more information about
something. There are two types ofrelativeclause. Study the tablebelow and the examples from the text.
Type 1 - Necessary information Type 2 - Extra information
Bloom.fm was one of the many Spotify
competitors which lost the race for scale.
In the UK, the number of households that owna TV dropped
from 98 percent to 96 percent injust the last year.
Oleg Fomenko, who ran themusic streaming applicationBloom.fm,
believes this is a trivial detail.
Spotify, which is the sector
leader, made a loss of e57.8m(£43.5m) last year.
Important points
Type 1 relative clauses give necessary information. Without
this information, we do not know which person or thing
somebody is talking about. For example,
• that own a TV ...
tells us which households the writer is talking about. Without
this information, it is not clear.
• When who/that/which ... is the object of the verb,
we can leave it out:
• They didn’t have the brand that I wanted to buy.
• They didn’t have () the brand I wanted to buy.
In the above sentence, that (= the brand) is the object of the
verb buy. But if who/that/which is the subject of the verb,
we cannot leave it out:
• I know a woman who works for KP Lewis.
• (NOT: I know a woman works for KP Lewis.)
Type 2 relative clauses give extra information. Without this
information, we still know which person or thing somebody is talking
about. For example,
• who ran the music streaming application Bloom.fm,
is extra information about Oleg Fomenko. Without this information, it
is still clear which person the writer is talking about.
Relative clauses must be separated from the rest of the sentence with
a comma (,).
We cannot use that in Type 2 relative clauses:
• This coffee, that which Joanne bought for me yesterday, tastes
really good.
We cannot leave out who/which/where in Type 2 relative clauses:
• This coffee, which Joanne bought for me yesterday, tastes really
good.
(NOT: This coffee, Joannebought for me yesterday, tastes reallygood.)

15. 15
Exercise 22: Read text ‘The future of streaming’ again and …
1) Find an example of a Type 1 relative clause in paragraphs 6 and 7 of the article.
2) Find an example of a Type 2 relative clause in paragraph 3 of the article.
Exercise 23: Practice - Type 1 relative clauses. Create a sentence from the parts. In which sentences can you omit the word
who, which, where, why, etc.?
1) who lent me / is here. / The guy / his laptop
2) the pen / I borrowed / That’s / which / from you.
3) the company / that / as a junior software developer. / This is / I worked for
4) the day / That was / I / first met the boss. / when
5) I didn’t come / was because / The reason / I had an important meeting. / why
6) a businessman / Steve Jobs / died in 2011. / was / who
7) That’s / for. / the guy / company / whose / I work
8) Did you / the invoice / I sent / that / I / you? / get
9) where / room service. / She has never stayed / a hotel / at / you can order
10) I’ve ever met. / the most talented / man / He’s / that

16. 16
Practice - Type 2 relative clauses
Exercise 24: Make sentences using the extra information below.
who works in my office when she lived in Japan where I have an account which is a very slow sport
which is the capital of Iran which is very difficult to learn who was president of South Africa
who works in my office when she lived in Japan where I have an account which is a very slow sport
1) Mr. Johnson is a very supportive colleague.
Mr. Johnson, who works in my office, is a very supportive colleague.
2) She comes from Tehran
3) Derek is a lawyer
4) She worked for Toyota in 2007
5) The camera costs over 1000 dollars
6) He often plays cricket
7) She speaks fluent Chinese
8) Nelson Mandela died in 2013
9) Barclays Bank is one of the world’s biggest banks.