Social Promotion vs Grade Retention - Presentation

CLINTONCLINTON
BACKS CITYBACKS CITY
BID TO ENDBID TO END
SOCIALSOCIAL
PROMOTIONPROMOTION
FLUNK WARNINGSFLUNK WARNINGS
FOR 30% OFFOR 30% OF
SCHOOL KIDSSCHOOL KIDS
-- Source: NY Post, Oct 1, 1999 & Mar 19, 2004

WINDY CITY SCHOOLSWINDY CITY SCHOOLS
LET UP – CHICAGOLET UP – CHICAGO
REVISES RULE ONREVISES RULE ON
SOCIAL PROMOTIONSOCIAL PROMOTION
-- Source: NY Post, Mar 25, 2004

BUSH BEGINS ATTACK ON SOCIAL PROMOTIONBUSH BEGINS ATTACK ON SOCIAL PROMOTION
-- Source: The Victoria Advocate, Jan 26, 1999

PLAN AXESPLAN AXES
‘SOCIAL‘SOCIAL
PROMOTION’PROMOTION’
IN SCHOOLIN SCHOOL
-- Source: Philadelphia Daily News, Feb 10, 1998

-- Source: NY Post, Feb 11 & June 29, 2004
PARENTSPARENTS
FLUNKFLUNK
MIKE’S NO-MIKE’S NO-
PROMOTIONPROMOTION
PLANPLAN
COUNCIL FLUNKSCOUNCIL FLUNKS
HOLD-BACK PLANHOLD-BACK PLAN

OBAMA CALLS SOCIALOBAMA CALLS SOCIAL
PROMOTION ‘A DISSERVICE’PROMOTION ‘A DISSERVICE’
-- Sources: Murphy, The Education Report, July 24, 2009 & NY Post, Oct 20, 2008
‘‘F FOR BARACK’S SCHOOL FIX’F FOR BARACK’S SCHOOL FIX’

What is …What is …

Grade Retention?Grade Retention?

Social Promotion?Social Promotion?

The big To-Do all about?The big To-Do all about?

What to do about the big To-Do?What to do about the big To-Do?

Grade Retention:Grade Retention:

a.k.a.,a.k.a., Grade Repetition,Grade Repetition,
Flunking, Failing, BeingFlunking, Failing, Being
Held Back, Gift of TimeHeld Back, Gift of Time..

Refers to childRefers to child repeatingrepeating
his or herhis or her current gradecurrent grade
levellevel again inagain in followingfollowing
yearyear due to academic,due to academic,
behavioral, language orbehavioral, language or
attendance difficulties /attendance difficulties /
failure to meet grade-levelfailure to meet grade-level
performance standards.performance standards.
-- Source: Jimerson, Woehr, Kaufman, NASP, Parent Info Handout, 2007

Social Promotion:Social Promotion:

SSometimes referred to asometimes referred to as
promotionpromotion based onbased on seatseat
time,time, or amount of time child spent sittingor amount of time child spent sitting
in school,in school, regardless of whether childregardless of whether child
learnedlearned the necessary material.the necessary material.
-- Source: Wikipedia

The practice ofThe practice of promotingpromoting
a student to thea student to the nextnext
gradegrade despite lowdespite low
achievement in order toachievement in order to
keep withkeep with social peers.social peers.

History:History:

Prior to mid-1800s:Prior to mid-1800s:
1-room schoolhouse1-room schoolhouse
/ all ages./ all ages.

Mid-1800s:Mid-1800s: Retention becomes a common practice w/Retention becomes a common practice w/
proliferation of graded schools.proliferation of graded schools.

Early 1900s:Early 1900s: ≈ 50% of all American students retained≈ 50% of all American students retained
1 ≥ before 13 years old.1 ≥ before 13 years old.

1930s:1930s: Social Promotion begins to spread w/ concernsSocial Promotion begins to spread w/ concerns
about psychosocial effects of retention.about psychosocial effects of retention.

1980s:1980s: Trend toward retention again, as concernsTrend toward retention again, as concerns
re: slipping academic standards rise.re: slipping academic standards rise.

Grade Retention: FactsGrade Retention: Facts

Retention has risen over past 25Retention has risen over past 25
years, estimatedyears, estimated + 40%+ 40% over past 20 years.over past 20 years.

2M >2M > students retained each year.students retained each year.

5 – 15%5 – 15% students retained each year.students retained each year.

30 – 50%30 – 50% students retainedstudents retained
1 ≥1 ≥ before 9before 9thth
grade.grade.
-- Source: NASP. (2003) Student GR & SP (Position Statement). Bethesda, MD: Author

Social Promotion Effects:Social Promotion Effects:
-- Source: http://www.geocities.com/solidbat/patrickhammer.jpg

Black Text = Nations participating in only one survey
Blue Text = Nations participating in both
Red Text = United States scores -- Source: Leahy, Bart, www.sciencecheerleader.com. Dec 11, 2008
Average Math Scores 2007Average Math Scores 2007
44thth
& 8& 8thth
Grade Students, by countryGrade Students, by country
4th
Grade (TIMMS) 8th
Grade (PISA)
Country Average Score Country Average Score
Hong Kong SAR 607 Chinese Taipei 598
Singapore 599 Korea, Rep. of 597
Chinese Taipei 576 Singapore 593
Japan 568 Hong Kong SAR 572
Kazakhstan 549 Japan 570
Russian Federation 544 Hungary 517
England 541 England 513
Latvia 537 Russian Federation 512
Netherlands 535 9. United States 508
Lithuania 530 Lithuania 506
11. United States 529 Czech Republic 504
36 4870% 81%

4th
Grade (TIMMS) 8th
Grade (PISA)
Country Average Score Country Average Score
Singapore 587 Singapore 567
Chinese Taipei 557 Chinese Taipei 561
Hong Kong SAR 554 Japan 554
Japan 548 Korea, Rep. of 553
Russian Federation 546 England 542
Latvia 542 Hungary 539
England 542 Czech Republic 539
8. United States 539 Slovenia 538
Hungary 536 Hong Kong SAR 530
Italy 535 Russian Federation 530
Kazakhstan 533 11. United States 520
-- Source: Leahy, Bart, www.sciencecheerleader.com. Dec 11, 2008
Average Science Scores 2007Average Science Scores 2007
44thth
& 8& 8thth
Grade Students, by countryGrade Students, by country
Black Text = Nations participating in only one survey
Blue Text = Nations participating in both
Red Text = United States scores
36 4878% 72%

Social Promotion: ConsSocial Promotion: Cons

Forces next teacher to deal w/Forces next teacher to deal w/
under-prepared students, takingunder-prepared students, taking
away from prepared students.away from prepared students.

Gives parents false sense of childrens’ progress.Gives parents false sense of childrens’ progress.

Robs student of an education.Robs student of an education.

Sets up student for further failure.Sets up student for further failure.

Sends message that one doesn’t have to workSends message that one doesn’t have to work
hard to succeed.hard to succeed.

Grade Retention Effects:Grade Retention Effects:

Grade Retention: ConsGrade Retention: Cons

Average annual cost per studentAverage annual cost per student
= $7500= $7500

Total annual cost of retention:Total annual cost of retention:
$13B -- $18B$13B -- $18B

No evidence of long-term academicNo evidence of long-term academic
benefit.benefit.

Temporary gains. Immediate gains declineTemporary gains. Immediate gains decline
in later grades.in later grades.
-- Sources: Xia, Glennie, Cost-Benefit Analysis of Grade Retention, Duke U. Policy Brief, Jan 2005
Jimerson, Woehr, Kaufman, NASP, Parent Info Handout, 2007


5 – 11x5 – 11x more likely to drop out.more likely to drop out.

Less likely to be enrolled inLess likely to be enrolled in
post-secondary education programs.post-secondary education programs.

More likely to receive lower education /More likely to receive lower education /
employment status, lower wages.employment status, lower wages.

More likely to be unemployed, onMore likely to be unemployed, on
public assistance, prison.public assistance, prison.


Stressful life event. (Stressful life event. (Ranked 3Ranked 3rdrd
inin
survey after blindness / loss of parent.)survey after blindness / loss of parent.)

Self-esteem / peer relationship /Self-esteem / peer relationship /
attention problems.attention problems.

Increased rates of dangerous behavior:Increased rates of dangerous behavior:
- Drinking- Drinking - Drug use- Drug use - Suicidal intentions- Suicidal intentions
- DUI- DUI - Violence- Violence - Teen pregnancy- Teen pregnancy
- Crime- Crime - Depression- Depression

Social Promotion: ProsSocial Promotion: Pros

Maintains self-esteem.Maintains self-esteem.

Keeps with same-age peers.Keeps with same-age peers.

Facilitates sports involvement.Facilitates sports involvement.

Advances further in strong areas if strongAdvances further in strong areas if strong
in some, but not others.in some, but not others.

Local History:Local History:

19821982 - Stops social promotions.- Stops social promotions.

Mid 1980sMid 1980s - Starts social promotions- Starts social promotions
due to problems with retention policy.due to problems with retention policy.

19991999 - Stops social promotions.- Stops social promotions.

20042004 - Reinstates social promotions when- Reinstates social promotions when
repeaters mount to 100K, driving up costsrepeaters mount to 100K, driving up costs
and leading to cutbacks, including those forand leading to cutbacks, including those for
helping underachievers.helping underachievers.

Alternative Strategies:Alternative Strategies:
-- Source: http://www.grand-illusions.com/images/articles/articles/monty_hall/mainimage.jpg

-- Source: NASP. (2003) Student GR & SP (Position Statement). Bethesda, MD: Author

““Both grade retention & socialBoth grade retention & social
promotion fail to improve learning orpromotion fail to improve learning or
facilitate positive achievement outcomes. Neitherfacilitate positive achievement outcomes. Neither
repeating a grade nor merely moving on to therepeating a grade nor merely moving on to the
next grade provides students w/ the supports theynext grade provides students w/ the supports they
need to improve academic & social skills.”need to improve academic & social skills.”

““NASP encourages school districts to consider aNASP encourages school districts to consider a
wide array of well-researched, evidence-based,wide array of well-researched, evidence-based,
effective & responsible strategies in lieu ofeffective & responsible strategies in lieu of
retention or social promotion.”retention or social promotion.”


Early DevelopmentEarly Development
Programs (Pre-Programs (Pre-
School)School)

Early ReadingEarly Reading
ProgramsPrograms

Student SupportStudent Support
TeamsTeams

School-based MentalSchool-based Mental
Health & BehaviorHealth & Behavior
Management ProgramsManagement Programs

Monitor Progress, IDMonitor Progress, ID
Strengths & WeaknessesStrengths & Weaknesses

Parental InvolvementParental Involvement

Extended Year / Day /Extended Year / Day /
Summer ProgramsSummer Programs

Tutoring / MentoringTutoring / Mentoring

-- Source: http://www.jupiterimages.com/Image/royaltyFree/90287106

 Poor, minority,Poor, minority,
inner-city youthinner-city youth

Boys > GirlsBoys > Girls

ELLELL

Late birth datesLate birth dates
(younger students)(younger students)

Attention problemsAttention problems
 Single parentSingle parent
householdshouseholds
Source – D. Johnson, Critical Issue: Beyond Social Promotion & Retention
North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, 2001

Frequent schoolFrequent school
changes (moving)changes (moving)

Low parental educationalLow parental educational
level / involvementlevel / involvement

Behavior problemsBehavior problems

Low self-confidence /Low self-confidence /
self-esteemself-esteem
Grade Retention: FactsGrade Retention: Facts

History:History:
-- Source:
World GDP, also known as world gross domestic product or GWP - gross world product, calculated on a nominal basis,
was estimated at $65.61 trillion in 2007 by the CIA World Factbook. While the US is the largest economy, growth in world
GDP of 5.2% was led by China (11.4%), India (9.2%) and Russia (8.1%).
Throughout the twentieth century the United States of America has dominated world gross domestic product, or World GDP.
In 2007, according to the International Monetary Fund, the US GDP was $13.8 trillion. Since rising from the ashes of World War II,
Japan has become the second largest world economy, with a GDP of $4.4 trillion.
Germany is Europe’s largest economy and the third largest in the world, with an annual gross domestic product of $3.2 trillion.
China is close behind Germany at $3.2 trillion, and due to overtake it soon. If current growth rates continue, China will become the
largest economy in the world somewhere between 2025 and 2030. The United States will be pushed down to second spot. At that
time, three out of the four largest economies in the world will be Asian - China, India and Japan.
The US has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita
GDP of $46,900.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html

International Productivity New 2008International Productivity New 2008
Estimates:Estimates:
-- http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=160 office for
GDP Per Worker (compared to UK = 100)

History:History:

History:History:
 What typically happens is that administrators announce a "no social
promotions" policy with a great deal of fanfare, then over the next couple
of years call attention to any data that appear to suggest that the policy is
working. Later, however, when it becomes clear that too many students
are being retained (some repeatedly) and the administrators are
confronted with angry parents, frustrated teachers, upset students, and
rising costs, they quietly begin to back off by lowering standards (i.e., the
test scores that will be required to earn promotion to the next grade) and
by exempting certain categories of students from the policy (e.g., those
who are learning English as their second language or have been assigned
a special education diagnosis). Eventually they or the administrators who
succeed them quietly drop the policy (without, of course, admitting that all
of the problems that it created could have been foreseen if attention had
been paid to the relevant research literature).
-- Source: Read more:
http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2431/Social-Promotion.html#ixzz0RbZd

History:History:
 Attitudes toward the two policies tend to flow in cycles, with first
one and then the other gaining ascendancy for a decade or so,
and the same essential arguments repeated on both sides.
Grade retention was ascendant in the 1990s and early 2000s,
with U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, many
state governors, and many state-and district-level policymakers
calling for eliminating social promotion as part of their plan for
reforming schools.
Read more:
http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2431/Social-Promotion.html#i

History:History:
 In the 1990s, Chicago Public Schools stopped
promoting students to the next grade — or graduating
them from high school – just because they were a
certain age. Obama said it is now ”obvious” that so-
called social promotion is a “disservice to students”
and their parents.
http://www.ibabuzz.com/education/2009
/07/24/obama-on-social-promotion/

Social Promotion:Social Promotion:

Retention refers to the practice of requiring aRetention refers to the practice of requiring a
student who has been in a given grade levelstudent who has been in a given grade level
for a full school year to remain at that level forfor a full school year to remain at that level for
a subsequent school year (e.g., "flunking"). Ita subsequent school year (e.g., "flunking"). It
is estimated that currently over 2.4 million (5-is estimated that currently over 2.4 million (5-
10%) students are retained every year in the10%) students are retained every year in the
United States. On the rise for the past twenty-United States. On the rise for the past twenty-
five years, retention today is estimated to costfive years, retention today is estimated to cost
over 13 billion dollars per year to pay for theover 13 billion dollars per year to pay for the
extra year of schoolingextra year of schooling
-- National

Current Trend:Current Trend:
 Citing the "impressive success" of his own administration's anti-social-promotion
policies in city schools, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced today that the city
would expand the program by ending automatic advancement in the fourth and
sixth grades.
 Bloomberg spoke at the Patrick Henry Preparatory School on East 103 street in
front of children's books, his schools chancellor, Joel Klein, and the deputy
mayor for education, Dennis Walcott (who he thanked for a "brief and thankfully
uneventful" time as president of a temproary Board of Education). He said it
would be "inconceivable" that his appointees on the educational panel would fail
to support the plan.
 After much touting of his record in improving test scores under his control, the
mayor took questions on a wide variety of topics, though most concerned the
fatal crash between a small plane and a helicopter above the Hudson River this
weekend.
http://www.politickerny.com/4842/bloom
berg-picks-social-promotion-nra

 No Child Left Behind. And it could be explained in a single sentence -- "Test all
students every year to hold schools accountable for closing achievement gaps."
 In Chicago, we went through this argument at the time that was very
controversial -- Peter will remember this -- but in retrospect seems obvious,
which was ending the practice of social promotion. This notion that we should
just graduate kids because they've reached a certain age and we don't want to
embarrass them, despite the fact that they may not be able to read, that is a
disservice to students; that's a disservice to parents.
 And what we want to do is raise standards, but also provide the kinds of best
practices, with money behind it, that evidence shows allows every child to meet
these standards. And that's what this Race to the Top is all about.
-- Shttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
srv/special/politics/education/interview.html?
hpid=topnewsource: Wikipedia

 So now comes “Race to the Top,” which the Obama Administration claims will reward only
those states that raise their academic standards, improve teacher quality and expand the
reach of charter schools.
 The Obama administration’s “Race to the Top” program is using federal money to
encourage states to better track student progress; recognize and reward good teachers;
and close chronically low-performing schools, replacing them with higher-quality charter
schools
 Test-Based Grade Retention Program Fails in Chicago
 Subject: K-12 Testing
 Status: Archived
 Issue: Jan 2000
 The first independent study of Chicago’s expensive grade retention program shows that
about 70% of the 10,000 students who were required to repeat a grade in 1997 failed to
meet minimum test scores for promotion set by the school system, even after test- prep
summer school and a year of retention — at an annual cost exceeding $100 million.
Retained students gained no more than similar low-achieving Chicago students who had
simply been promoted before the new policy was put in place
 http://www.fairtest.org/test-based-grade-retention-program-fails-chicago-- Shttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
srv/special/politics/education/interview.html?
hpid=topnewsource: Wikipedia

Social Promotion vs Grade Retention - Presentation

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