Presentation by Dr. Peter Sebaaly, UNR, at the joint L.A.-Orange County Technical Meeting of the California Asphalt Pavement Association (CalAPA) on Sept. 30, 2015 in Carlsbad, Calif.

1. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 1
WMA ADDITIVES
Western Regional Superpave Center
Dept. of Civil & Env. Engineering
University of Nevada

2. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 2
Warm Mix Asphalt
• Definition (FHWA): WMA is the general term used for
technologies that allow producers of asphalt pavement
material to lower the temperatures at which the material is
mixed and placed on the road.
– Reductions of 50 to 100°F have been documented.

3. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 3
Asphalt Mix Temperature Range
Ambient
Below water
vaporization 220°F-280°F 290°F – 345°F
After FHWA Report FHWA-PL-08-007

4. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 4
WMA vs. HMA
Hot Mix Asphalt at 320°F Warm Mix Asphalt at 270°F

5. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 5
WMA Benefits/Advantages
• Environmental
– Reduced Fuel Consumption
– Reduced Plant Emissions
– RAP Friendly
• Cost Benefits
– Reduced Fuel Costs
– ↑ RAP ↓Cost
• Pavement Performance
– Moisture Damage
– Rutting
– Cracking
• Worker Benefits
– Reduced Temp/Steam
– Reduced Odor
• Paving Benefits
– Longer Hauls
– Cool Weather Paving
– Crack Sealer Swelling
• Construction Benefits
– Compaction
– Smoothness
HMA

6. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 6
General WMA Technology Categories
WMA TechnologiesWMA TechnologiesWMA TechnologiesWMA Technologies
Chemical Additives orChemical Additives orChemical Additives orChemical Additives or
SurfactantsSurfactantsSurfactantsSurfactants
CecabaseRT
EvothermTM
HyperthermTM/
Qualitherm
RedisetTM WMX
Foaming ProcessesFoaming ProcessesFoaming ProcessesFoaming Processes
Accu-shear
Advera® WMA
AQUABlack WMA System
AquaFoam
Aspha-min®
Astec Green Systems
Eco-Foam II
LEA (Low Emission Asphalt)
Meeker Warm Mix
Terex® WMA System
Tri-Mix Warm Mix Injection
Ultrafoam GX2TM System
WAM Foam
NonNonNonNon----Foaming AdditivesFoaming AdditivesFoaming AdditivesFoaming Additives
BituTech PER
LEADCAP
Sasobit®
SonneWarmixTM
ThiopaveTM

7. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 7
WMA Technologies
Example: Surfactant
Evotherm 3G
• Chemistry package designed to enhance coating, adhesion, and
workability at reduced temperatures.
– Surfactant – reduces surface tension of asphalt films and allows easier
coating of aggregates
– Anti-strip additive – protects against moisture damage
– Temperature reduction ∼ 55 to 85°F
• Does not change the viscosity of the asphalt
• Asphalt binder can be PG graded

8. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 8
WMA Technologies
Example: Non-Foaming Additives
Sasobit®
• Product of Sasol Wax GmbH (Germany)
• Also known as WAX
– Not the wax that is naturally found in asphalt
– Melting point: 185 -239°F
– soluble in asphalt at temperature above 239°F
• Available in a solid form (prill or flake form)
Prilled Sasobit
Small Prilled Sasobit
Flaked Sasobit

9. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 9
WMA Technologies
Example: Foaming Process
Ultrafoam GX2 System
• Introduces water to cause the AC to foam
• The process of foaming aids in uniform distribution of the
AC around the aggregate surfaces to obtain
– maximum coating
– temporary lowering of the AC viscosity
– improved coating and workability of the mix at lower
temperatures

10. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 10
Economics of WMA (After FHWA)
• Start up costs:
– Foaming Systems… Range in price
From ~ $35,000 to $100,000+
– Additive Systems… most require the
addition of a pneumatic or volumetric
pumping system; Range in price from ~
$7,500 to $40,000

11. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 11
Economics of WMA (After FHWA)
• WMA Technology (Operating) Cost:
Fuel Savings
– Reducing production temperatures from 325ºF (HMA) to
around 265ºF (typical WMA) will save ½ to 1 gallon of fuel
per ton of mix
– Cost savings of approximately 45¢ to 90¢ per ton of mix

12. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 12
Economics of WMA (After FHWA)
• WMA Technology (Operating) Cost:
– Plant Foaming: water is basically free. If a liquid anti-strip
is needed, this adds ~ $1 to $2 / ton
– Additive: $1.75 to 2.50 /ton of mix
–Including fuel savings:
Net cost ~ Zero to $1.50 / ton

13. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 13
ENGINEERING IMPACT OF WMA ADDITIVES
• Mixtures properties
– Modulus, Stiffness
• Mixtures performance
– Rutting
– Cracking
– Moisture
• Construction issues
– Compaction
– Smoothness

14. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 14
Pavement Engineering Analysis
E*E*E*E* Asphalt concrete layerAsphalt concrete layerAsphalt concrete layerAsphalt concrete layer
Base LayerBase LayerBase LayerBase Layer
Natural SoilNatural SoilNatural SoilNatural Soil
20Kips20Kips20Kips20Kips
εεεεrrrr
εεεεtttt
32
11
1
kk
t
f
E
kN 











=
ε
32
1
aa
r
p
NTa=
ε
ε

15. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 15
Dynamic Modulus
• |E*| master curve: Modulus of asphalt mix at any combination of loading rate
& temperature .
Time
StressStrain
Time
time shift = φ/ω
σσσσ = σσσσ0sin(ωt)
εεεε = εεεε0sin(ωt-φφφφ)
σσσσ0
εεεε0
|E*| = σ0/ε0

16. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 16
E* Master Curve
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05
DynamicModulus|E*|at70DynamicModulus|E*|at70DynamicModulus|E*|at70DynamicModulus|E*|at70°°°°F,ksiF,ksiF,ksiF,ksi
FrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency, Hz, Hz, Hz, Hz
14°F 40°F 70°F 100°F 130°F Predicted E*

17. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 17
Resistance to Permanent Deformation
• Repeated Load triaxial test (RLT)
30 psi30 psi30 psi30 psi
σσσσdddd ==== 45 psi45 psi45 psi45 psi
Before AfterBefore AfterBefore AfterBefore After

18. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 18
Permanent Deformation

19. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 19
Permanent Deformation Model
• Model used to characterize the permanent deformation
behavior of the HMA mixtures:
32
1
aa
r
p
NTa=
ε
ε

20. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 20
Resistance to Fatigue Cracking
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Cycles to Failure
Strain(microns)
Repeated haversine load on long-term oven
aged mixes

21. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 21
Fatigue Cracking Model
• Model used to characterize the fatigue behavior of the
HMA mixtures:
32
11
1
kk
t
f
E
kN 











=
ε

22. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 22
Thermal Cracking

23. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 23
Thermal Stresses
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
ThermalStress(psi)
Temperature ( C)
Mix A Replicates 1 and 2
Mix B Replicates 1 and 2

24. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 24
Moisture Damage

25. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 25
Moisture Sensitivity
Condition one Subset: “Wet Set”
Vacuum Saturate (70-80%) with Water
Freeze Cycle at –18oC for 16 hours
Soak at 60oC for 24 hours
Leave other Subset Unconditioned: “Dry Set”

26. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 26
Bring Both Subsets to 25oC and Determine Tensile Strength Ratio
Moisture Sensitivity
TSR = x 100
Avg wet tensile strength
Avg dry tensile strength

27. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 27
Empirical Wheel Track Tests

28. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 28
Typical Wheel Track Test Result
0
5
10
15
20
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
No. ofWheelPasses
RutDepth(mm)m).
FMFC1
FMFC2

29. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 29
Evaluation of Warm
Mix Asphalt Concrete
Pavement in South
Dakota Conditions
Sponsored by:
South Dakota DOT (Project SD2008-03)

30. Overall Research Objectives
Evaluate various types of WMA paving technologies for
applications in SD.
Assess the performance of WMA test sections during
construction and over time.
Conduct cost versus benefit analysis for WMA.
Research Phases:
Lab evaluation
Field Evaluation
Economic Analysis

31. Summary of Findings from Lab Study
Experimental Plan
3 aggregate sources; 1 binder source (PG64-28).
3 WMA technologies (Advera, Evotherm, Plant Foaming)
All mixes treated with 1% HL by DWA
Mix type
Aggregate source
Quartzite Limestone Natural Gravel
Conventional HMA X X X
WMA-Advera X X X
WMA-Evotherm X X X
WMA-Foaming X X X
HMA-2hrs STA X X --
HMA-Low temp (or WMA w/o Additives) X X X
Optimum Binder Content, % 6.0 4.9 5.5
Absorbed Asphalt Binder, % 0.45 0.21 0.91

32. Reduction in Mixing Temperatures
75 75
60
65 65
40
60 60
40
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Advera Evotherm Foaming
ReductioninMixTemperature(°F)
WMA Technology
Quartzite Limestone Natural Gravel

33. Moisture Damage
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
Quartzite Limestone Natural Gravel
UnconditionedTensileStrengthat77°°°°F,psi
Aggregate Source
WMA-Advera WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Foaming HMA
HMA-2 hrs STA WMA-w/o Additives
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
Quartzite Limestone Natural Gravel
Moisture-ConditionedTensileStrengthat77°°°°F,psi
Aggregate Source
WMA-Advera WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Foaming HMA
HMA-2 hrs STA WMA-w/o Additives

34. Moisture Damage
All evaluated mixes met the minimum TSR of 80%
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Quartzite Limestone Natural Gravel
TensileStrengthRatioat77°F(TSR)
Aggregate Source
WMA-Advera WMA-Evotherm WMA-Foaming
HMA HMA-2 hrs STA WMA-w/o Additives

35. Dynamic Modulus
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Quartzite Limestone Natural Gravel
DynamicModulusat25Hzand70°°°°F,ksi
Aggregate Source
WMA-Advera WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Foaming HMA
HMA-2 hrs STA WMA-w/o Additives
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Quartzite Limestone Natural Gravel
DynamicModulusat5Hzand70°°°°F,ksi
Aggregate Source
WMA-Advera WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Foaming HMA
HMA-2 hrs STA WMA-w/o Additives

36. Rutting Resistance, APA
All mixtures met the max APA rut
depth of 7.0 mm after 8,000 cycles.
Reducing the production
temperatures and short-term aging
increased the rut depth for the
Limestone mixtures.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
Quartzite Limestone Natural Gravel
APARutDepthat147°°°°F(64°C),mm
Aggregate Source
WMA-Advera WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Foaming HMA
HMA-2 hrs STA WMA-w/o Additives

37. Rutting Resistance, FN
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Quartzite Limestone Natural Gravel
FlowNumberat136°°°°F(58°°°°C)
Aggregate Source
WMA-Advera WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Foaming HMA
HMA-2 hrs STA WMA-w/o Additives
Reducing production temperatures & short-
term aging reduced FN values.
WMA may help improving the FN values
compared to WMA w/o additives.
Traffic Level,
Million ESALs
Min FN (HMA) Min FN (WMA)
< 3 NA NA
3 to 10 50 30
10 to < 30 190 105
≥≥≥≥ 30 740 415

38. Thermal Cracking Resistance
-36.0
-34.0
-32.0
-30.0
-28.0
-26.0
-24.0
-36.0
-34.0
-32.0
-30.0
-28.0
-26.0
-24.0
Quartzite Limestone Natural
Gravel
TSRSTFractureTemperature(°°°°C)
Aggregate Source
WMA-Advera WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Foaming HMA
WMA-w/o Additives
Reducing the production
temperatures and short-term aging
lowered the fracture temperature.
The impact of the WMA additives,
on thermal cracking depended on
the type of aggregate.
Quartzite Limestone N. Gravel
AC, % 6.0 4.9 5.5
%Abs AC 0.45 0.21 0.91

39. Fatigue Cracking Resistance
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Quartzite Limestone
Nfat70°°°°Fand700microstrain
Aggregate Source
WMA-Advera WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Foaming HMA
HMA-2 hrs STA WMA-w/o Additives
100,000
300,000
500,000
700,000
900,000
1,100,000
1,300,000
1,500,000
1,700,000
Quartzite LimestoneNfat70°°°°Fand300microstrain
Aggregate Source
WMA-Advera WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Foaming HMA
HMA-2 hrs STA WMA-w/o Additives

40. Summary of Fatigue Cracking Resistance
Reducing the short-term aging time did not have an impact on
the fatigue resistance of the mixtures due to overwhelming
impact of long-term aging
In most cases WMA improved the fatigue resistance of mixtures.
The impact of WMA additives on fatigue resistance depended on
the type of aggregate and the strain level.

41. WMA Field Sections in SD
Project Name Highway 73 Highway 20/79 Highway 18 Highway 262
Date of
Construction
April 2010 June 2010 October 2011 October 2012
Project Location
From Hwy 18 N
to Bennett-
Jackson Co line
From Prairie City
to 2.6 miles west
Bison
Southwest of SD
from Oglala to
Pine Ridge
Southeast of SD
from Alexandria to
Bridgewater
Project Length 12.3 miles 13.9 miles 15.5 miles 17.0 miles
WMA
Technologies
Evotherm Evotherm, Foam
Advera,
Evotherm, Foam
Advera, Evotherm,
Foam
HMA Section Yes Yes Yes Yes
Binder Grade PG64-28 PG64-28 PG64-34 SBS PG58-34
Aggregate Type Natural Gravel Limestone Limestone Quartzite
RAP No No No Yes (20%)

42. QC Measurements: Roughness
IRI Measurements:
Immediately after construction
1 ~ 3 years after construction
SDDOT Assigned Pay Factor
Based on IRI Measurements:
Incentive/Disincentive Pay Table
IRI (in/mile) Price Adjustment ($ per lot)
30.0 or less $600
30.1 to 35.0 $300
35.1 to 40.0 $200
40.1 to 45.0 $100
45.1 to 60.0 $0
60.1 to 65.0 ($100)
65.1 to 70.0 ($200)
70.1 to 80.0 ($300)
80.1 to 90.0 ($600)
90.1 or greater MUST GRIND

43. QC Measurements: Roughness
38 40
47
51
41 42
34 35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Profiled: 11/04/2011 Profiled: 10/1/2013
IRI(in/mi)
NH 0018(159)88 - East Bound Lane
Hot Mix Asphalt Advera
Evotherm Foamed Asphalt
51 53
46
53
58 61
50
53
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Profiled: 10/23/2012 Profiled: 11/6/2013
IRI(in/mi)
P 0262(06)356 - East Bound Lane
Hot Mix Asphalt Foamed Asphalt
Evotherm Advera

44. QC Measurements: Incentives/Disincentives
Sum of incentives and disincentives for both bounds.
* WMA technology not implemented.
Project
Bonus (+) / Penalty (-) – Dollars/Mile
HMA WMA-Advera WMA-Evotherm WMA-Foaming
Highway 73 + $1,893 ---* + $2,948 ---*
Highway 20 + $3,343 ---* + $3,643 + $286
Highway 18 + $4,663 + $946 + $1,522 + $4,649
Highway 262 + $438 + $176 - $416 + $255
Summation + $10,337 + $1,122 + $7,697 + $5,190
Average + $2,584 + $561 + $1,924 + $1,730

45. In-Place Densities
(Based on core samples; Whiskers represent 95% CI)
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
HMA
WMA-Evotherm
HMA
WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Foam
HMA
WMA-Foam
HMA
WMA-Advera
WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Foam
HMA
WMA-Advera
WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Foam
HWY73 HWY20 HWY79 HWY18 HWY262
PercentDensity

46. Energy Reduction at the Plant
Fuel Saving (gal/ton) = Burner Fuel ConsumptionHMA – Burner Fuel ConsumptionWMA
Fuel Saving ($/ton) = Fuel Saving (gal/ton) x (2.00 $/gal)[Cost for recycled fuel oil (RFO)]
Project Burner fuel savings compared to HMA, gal/ton ($/ton)
WMA-Advera WMA-Evotherm WMA-Foaming
Highway 73 ---* -0.13 gal/ton
(-0.26 $/ton)
---
Highway 20 --- 0.20 gal/ton
(0.40 $/ton)
0.10 gal/ton
(0.20 $/ton)
Highway 79 --- --- 0.41 gal/ton
(0.82 $/ton)
Highway 18 0.35 gal/ton
(0.70 $/ton)
0.35 gal/ton
(0.70 $/ton)
0.35 gal/ton
(0.70 $/ton)
Highway 262 0.05 gal/ton
(0.10 $/ton)
0.00 gal/ton
(0.00 $/ton)
0.00 gal/ton
(0.00 $/ton)
Average Saving 0.20 gal/ton
(0.40 $/ton)
0.11 gal/ton
(0.22 $/tonl)
0.22 gal/ton
(0.44 $/ton)

47. Overall Ranking of HMA and WMA Mixtures
Aggregate Ranking Based Ranking Based
Source on Lab mixtures Field Mixtures
Quartzite HMA HMA
WMA-Foaming WMA-Foaming
WMA-Evotherm WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Advera WMA-Advera
Limestone HMA HMA
WMA-Foaming WMA-Evotherm
WMA-Evotherm WMA-Foaming
WMA-Advera WMA-Advera

48. Evaluation of WMA Technologies for Use in
Modified Asphalt Mixtures
Sponsor
ALON ASPHALT COMPANY

49. Experimental Plan
Asphalt Binder
Type
Mixture Type
Un-treated /
Liquid-Treated /
Lime-Treated
Mix Design TSR E*
Flow Number
(FN)
Flexural Beam
Fatigue
PG64-22
HMA1 ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
WMA-Advera ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
WMA-Sasobit ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
HMA2 ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
WMA-Evotherm ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
WMA-Foaming ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
PG64-28NV/PM
HMA1 ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
WMA-Advera ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
WMA-Sasobit ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
HMA2 ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
WMA-Evotherm ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
WMA-Foaming ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
PG64-28NVTR
HMA1 ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
WMA-Advera ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
WMA-Sasobit ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
HMA2 ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
WMA-Evotherm ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
WMA-Foaming ✓ / ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

50. Dynamic Modulus Test Results (Stage 1)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT
HMA WMA_Moist_AdveraWMA_Moist_Sasobit
PG64-22
|E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz
|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT
HMA WMA_Moist_AdveraWMA_Moist_Sasobit
PG64-28NV/PM
|E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz
|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT
HMA WMA_Moist_AdveraWMA_Moist_Sasobit
PG64-28NV/TR
|E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz
|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.2
020040060080010001200
0…
0…
0…
HMAWMA_Moist_…WMA_Moist_…
PG64-28NV/TR
|E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand
10Hz
|E*|at70⁰Fand10
Hz,ksi
|E*|_Untreated
|E*|_Lime-treated
|E*|_Liquid-treated
|E*| Ratio_Untreated
|E*| Ratio_Lime-treated
|E*| Ratio_Liquid-treated

51. Dynamic Modulus Test Results (Stage 2)
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.2
020040060080010001200
0…
0…
0…
HMAWMA_Moist_…WMA_Moist_…
PG64-28NV/TR
|E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand
10Hz
|E*|at70⁰Fand10
Hz,ksi
|E*|_Untreated
|E*|_Lime-treated
|E*|_Liquid-treated
|E*| Ratio_Untreated
|E*| Ratio_Lime-treated
|E*| Ratio_Liquid-treated
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT
HMA WMA_Moist_Evo WMA_Moist_Foam
PG64-22
|E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz
|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT
HMA WMA_Moist_Evo WMA_Moist_Foam
PG64-28NV/PM
|E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz
|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT 0FT 6FT
HMA WMA_Moist_Evo WMA_Moist_Foam
PG64-28NV/TR
|E*|Ratioat70⁰Fand10Hz
|E*|at70⁰Fand10Hz,ksi

52. Resistance to Moisture Damage – E*
• Liquid anti-strip did not consistently improve the resistance to
moisture damage for all evaluated mixtures.
• The addition of 1% lime significantly improved the resistance to
moisture damage for all mixtures.
• The lime treatment was effective with modified binders for
Evotherm & Foaming.
• Both antistrip treatments were effective with modified binders for
Advera & Sasobit.
• Overall, lime treatment with modified WMA mixtures showed better
resistance to moisture damage.

53. HMA2
Evother
m
Foaming HMA2
Evother
m
Foaming HMA2
Evother
m
Foaming
PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR
Untreated 88 39 23 137 83 30 109 95 35
Lime-treated 84 27 35 164 106 39 126 118 38
Liquid-treated 71 37 22 155 97 28 160 84 32
0
100
200
300
400
500
FlowNumber(FN)@58˚C Untreated Lime-treated Liquid-treated
Resistance to Permanent Deformation
HMA1 Advera Sasobit HMA1 Advera Sasobit HMA1 Advera Sasobit
PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR
un-treated 46 36 60 54 38 110 35 43 65
Lime-treated 56 30 60 161 111 470 146 66 110
Liquid-treated 83 33 51 61 59 121 29 35 52
0
100
200
300
400
500
FlowNumber(FN)at58˚C
un-treated Lime-treated Liquid-treated
Stage 1 Stage 2

54. Beam Fatigue Curves – Stage 1
Untreated Mixtures
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA_PG64-22 Advera_PG64-22
Sasobit_PG64-22
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA_PG64-28NV/PM Advera_PG64-28NV/PM
Sasobit_PG64-28NV/PM
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA_PG64-28NV/TR Advera_PG64-28NV/TR
Sasobit_PG64-28NV/TR

55. Beam Fatigue Curves– Stage 2
Untreated Mixtures
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA2(22) WMA(22)_Foaming
WMA(22)_Evotherm
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA2(NV) WMA(NV)_Foaming
WMA(NV)_Evotherm
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA2(TR) WMA(TR)_Foaming
WMA(TR)_Evotherm

56. Beam Fatigue Curves – Stage 2
Lime treated Mixtures
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA2(22)_Lime WMA(22)_Lime_Foaming
WMA(22)_Lime_Evotherm
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA2(NV)_Lime WMA(NV)_Lime_Foaming
WMA(NV)_Lime_Evotherm
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA2(TR)_Lime WMA(TR)_Lime_Foaming
WMA(TR)_Lime_Evotherm

57. Beam Fatigue Curves – Stage 2
Liquid treated Mixtures
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA2(22)_Antistrip
WMA(22)_Antistrip_Foaming
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA2(NV)_Antistrip
WMA(NV)_Antistrip_Foaming
100
1,000
10,000
1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000
FlexuralStrain(microns)
Cycles to Failure
HMA2(TR)_Antistrip
WMA(TR)_Antistrip_Foaming

58. Fatigue Life for Un-treated Mixtures
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+10
1.E+11
Thin Thick Thin Thick Thin Thick Thin Thick Thin Thick Thin Thick Thin Thick Thin Thick Thin Thick
HMA Advera Sasobit HMA Advera Sasobit HMA Advera Sasobit
PG64-22 PG64-28NV/PM PG64-28NV/TR
NumberofRepetitionstoFatigueFailure,Nf

59. Fatigue Life of Un-treated Mixtures
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+10
1.E+11
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
HMA2 Evotherm Foaming HMA2 Evotherm Foaming HMA2 Evotherm Foaming
PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR
NumberofRepetitiontoFatigueFailure,Nf

60. Fatigue Life of Lime-treated Mixtures
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+10
1.E+11
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
HMA2 Evotherm Foaming HMA2 Evotherm Foaming HMA2 Evotherm Foaming
PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR
NumberofRepetitiontoFatigueFailure,Nf

61. Fatigue Life of Liquid-treated Mixtures
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+10
1.E+11
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
Thin
Thick
HMA2 Evotherm Foaming HMA2 Evotherm Foaming HMA2 Evotherm Foaming
PG64-22 PG64-28NV PG64-28TR
NumberofRepetitiontoFatigueFailure,Nf

62. Resistance to Fatigue Cracking
Overall Summary
• WMA mixtures with modified binders showed an increase in fatigue
life.
• The rubber-modified binder significantly improved the fatigue life of
the Advera & Sasobit mixtures compared to unmodified binder and
moderately improved the fatigue life of the Advera compared to
polymer-modified binder.
• The lime treatment with polymer-modified binder significantly
improved the fatigue life for Evotherm & Foaming mixtures.
• The liquid antistrip had no effect on the fatigue life of Evotherm &
Foaming mixtures, except rubber-modified liquid treated mixtures.

63. www.wrsc.unr.edu ; www.arc.unr.edu Slide No. 63
Thank You!