Dr. Habib N. El-Habr - Toward inclusion of sargassum on UNEP's political agenda?
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International conférence on sargassum Fridayn October 25th, 2019 Day 2 - Crossing perspectives and sharing experiences ---- Conférence Internationale sur les Sargasses Vendredi 25 Octobre 2019 Journée 2 Regards croisés et partage d’expériences
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Dr. Habib N. El-Habr - Toward inclusion of sargassum on UNEP's political agenda?
- 1. Complexe World Trade Center, Guadeloupe 24-26 October 2019 Habib N. El-Habr, Ph.D. United Nations Environment Programme SARGASSUM CONFERENCE and EXPO United Nations Environment Programme
- 2. Summary Facts & numbers International Framework Cartagena and Abidjan Conventions Caribbean Environment Programme Actions Caribbean/ African Regional Agreements Cascade of events Current Situation and Potential causes of the outbreak Urgent call for Coordination Recommendations
- 3. Facts & numbers 2018 $ 120 MillionThe estimated US dollar clean-up cost for sargassum across the Caribbean: During the first semester MEXICOhas witnessed a large decline in tourism with a 35% DROP Many other areas of the Caribbean have witnessed similar declines
- 4. Facts & numbers 2018 It was another record-breaking year: the total amount of seaweed reached approximately 6000 km2 and a weight of in the month of June. 20 million tons As large as 4 times the island of GUADELOUPE Which would make necessary 30,000 of the world’s biggest trucks to completely remove it
- 5. Facts & numbers 2018 2019 The cost of keeping one beach resort clean in Grand Cayman:$150,000 Mexico has spent $ 17 million to remove Sargassum from over 1,000 km (621 miles) of Mexican beaches through 2019 From May to August 2019, 69,606 tonnes of Sargassum were collected and 13,527 people were employed to clean up beaches.
- 7. UNEP launched the Regional Seas Programmes, one of its most significant achievements in the past four decades 1974 Countries of the Region adopted the Cartagena Convention on 24 March 1983 UNEP established the Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP) as one of its Regional Seas Programmes 1981 The Caribbean Regional Co-ordinating Unit (CAR/RCU) was established in Kingston, Jamaica. It is the Secretariat for the Cartagena Convention and the CEP 1986 Cartagena Convention
- 8. A priority in the work of the Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) Protocol: Caribbean Environment Programme Actions SPAW-RAC interactive platform of exchanges Sargassum Ad-Hoc Working group Partnerships with University of South Florida and Texas A&M Sargassum White paper Regional Intergovernmental resolutions endorsed by countries
- 9. Cascade of events Workshop: Sargassum and oil spills monitoring pilot project for the Caribbean and adjacent regions 2-4 May 2018 Montserrat, 10-11 July 2018 The 5th Meeting of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Council of Ministers: Environmental Sustainability (COMES-5). The theme: “Building Resilience on the Frontline of Climate Change”. Mexico, June 2019 High-level International Meeting on Sargassum in the Wider Caribbean held in Quintana Roo Sargassum Conference and Expo in Guadeloupe focusing on Sargassum management solutions and technologies Here, now! Jamaica, 6-8 Nov 2019 The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Technical Meeting on Sargassum
- 10. Current Situation Lack of regional coordination as Well as at global level Shortage of conclusive information regarding the outbreaks Partial understanding of local impacts at social-economic and environmental levels Unclear what are the best options for the sustainable use of sargassum
- 11. Potential causes of the outbreak African atmospheric dust Nitrogen and Phosphorus from fertilizers entering the ocean from inland sources Climate change- induced changes to ocean currents Warmer sea surface temperature s and hot, sunny summers Rainfall pattern s Hurricanes SARGASSUM BLOOM Unknown
- 12. Potential causes of the outbreak Global Emergency Urgent call for Interregional Collaboration & Coordination Complexity of the causes, ongoing research
- 13. Urgent call for Coordination Strengthen and at global and regional levels amongst is essential to optimize resources and avoid duplicity of efforts. COLLABORATION COORDINATION ALL RELEVANT STAKEHOLDERS
- 14. Recommendations Development of a MONITORING PROTOCOL and coordination mechanism with Africa SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT of Sargassum landings Development of an EARLY WARNING GLOBALLY Understanding the correlation between drivers and occurrence of bloom events Potential BENEFICIAL USES of Sargassum in the Caribbean
- 15. Recommendations Elaboration of a interregional Sargassum strategy to promote synergies and avoid duplication of efforts including among others: Research from regional level to global level : Cartagena/Abidjan Conventions Knowledge Communication Potential impacts of toxic chemicals Determine main sources of pollution and nutrients Assessment of socio-economic and environmental impacts and challenges
- 16. Recommendations Urgent call for Interregional Collaboration & Coordination Consideration/recommendation for Member States and partners to present a draft Resolution on Sargassum Challenges and Opportunities at the 5th Session of the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-5) scheduled to take place during the last week of February 2021, in Nairobi, Kenya for deliberation. This Decade will provide a common framework to ensure that ocean science can fully support countries’ actions to sustainably manage the Oceans and more particularly to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
- 17. Complexe World Trade Center, Guadeloupe 24-26 October 2019 Mr. Habib N. El-Habr United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Environment Programme
Notas do Editor
- Source: Arellano, S. Sargazo provoca baja de 35% de turismo: alcaldesa electa en QRoo. Milenio, August 3rd 2018. Accessed September 20th, 2018. Available at: http://www.milenio.com/estados/sargazo-provoca-baja-35-turismo-alcaldesa-electa-qroo
- 2018 was another record-breaking year when the total amount of seaweed reached approximately 6000 km2 (Source: Pfaff, M. (2015) Key scientific questions addressing environmental drivers and effects of periodic mass deposits of a brown seaweed (golden tides) along the Sierra Leone coast. Draft report for Oceans and Coastal Research, Directorate: Biodiversity and Coastal Research) with a weight of approximately 20 million tons in the month of June (Source: Wang, M., Hu, C., Barnes, B. B., Mitchum, G., Lapointe, B., & Montoya, J. P. (2019). The great Atlantic Sargassum belt. Science, 365(6448), 83-87.). The mass landings – in mounds up to two meters thick in some places – caused dreadful beaching events throughout the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR).
- The Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment in the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR) or Cartagena Convention is a regional legal agreement for the protection of the Caribbean Sea. The Convention was adopted in Cartagena, Colombia on 24 March 1983 and entered into force on 11 October 1986. The Convention is supported by three technical agreements or Protocols on Oil Spills, Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) and Land Based Sources of Marine Pollution (LBS). The Protocol Concerning Co-operation in Combating Oil Spills in the Wider Caribbean Region was adopted in 1983 and entered into force on 11 October 1986. The Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) in the Wider Caribbean Region was adopted on 18 January 1990 and entered into force on 18 June 2000. The Protocol Concerning Pollution from Land-Based Sources and Activities was adopted on 6 October 1999 and entered into force on 13 August 2010. The Regional Coordinating Unit (UNEP-CAR/RCU) was established in 1986 in Kingston, Jamaica and is the Secretariat to the Cartagena Convention and its Protocols.
- There is a lack of coordination both at the regional as well as global level as the issue is a transboundary one that also affect West Africa. (this is a basis/rationale for a possible UNEA resolution to foster global cooperation
- Africa Atmosphere Dust, the world’s largest dust source (Prospero et al., 2014), has been also proposed to be a potential cause for the recent Sargassum blooms in the tropical North Atlantic (Johnson et al., 2013; Franks et al., 2014; Oxenford et al., 2015). The African dust transport has been found to cause a significant degradation of soils while the re-sedimentation provides a supply of nutrients (iron, phosphate) to terrestrial ecosystems and an increase in fertility in the area of dust settlement, as observed for the Amazon forest (Swap et al., 1992; Scheuvens et al., 2013).
- Africa Atmosphere Dust, the world’s largest dust source (Prospero et al., 2014), has been also proposed to be a potential cause for the recent Sargassum blooms in the tropical North Atlantic (Johnson et al., 2013; Franks et al., 2014; Oxenford et al., 2015). The African dust transport has been found to cause a significant degradation of soils while the re-sedimentation provides a supply of nutrients (iron, phosphate) to terrestrial ecosystems and an increase in fertility in the area of dust settlement, as observed for the Amazon forest (Swap et al., 1992; Scheuvens et al., 2013).
- We need to understand the correlations between the drivers and the occurrence of bloom events
- This slide talks about understanding the drivers for the sargassum blooming via research. Need to: Take research coordination from the regional level to the global level, linking the Caribbean Regional Sea Programmed to the Abidjan Convention. Understanding the drivers will inform long-range strategic responses for management and will inform the business case for investment in sargassum use enterprises The GESAMP is establishing a working group on Sargassum to assist this process. The latest development is that the IOC-Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) GlobalHAB (www.globalhab.info ) is planning for an Open Science meeting on Sargassum to focus at identifying the main research questions to better understand what is driving the Sargassum mass occurences. It is expected to be done jointly with GESAMP (to be confirmed at GESAMP 46). Also, GlobalHAB is partnering with the EU project EuroSea in this initiative. So here we really need to link what has been discussed this week in Guadeloupe with all these initiatives Enhance overall collaboration, coordination, and research at global, regional and national levels. Currently there is not coordination and several countries, partners, agencies are duplicating efforts. Conducting an in-depth regional assessment of socio-economic and environmental impacts and challenges to better comprehend the effective and sustainable management of Sargassum. Continue to coordinate related initiatives at regional scale and using the integrated approach, continue to collaborate with regional organizations already involved with monitoring the seaweed. Determine the main sources of pollution and nutrients associated with the increase of Sargassum in pilot areas of the region in collaboration with Universities and Research Institutions. Development of an early warning system at regional scale with information at national/local levels. Cooperation is already ongoing among UNEP-CEP, SPAW RAC, South Florida University, Texas A & M University and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission from UNESCO. Development of a ship-based monitoring protocol (observation of Sargassum rafts in the open sea by the maritime fleet including commercial boats) in the Atlantic Ocean.