Evidence Session 4 16 July, Royal Automobile Club The fourth evidence session covered both the context in which the shared mobility inquiry sits and the policy options which could be deployed to accelerate sharing and other wider initiatives which they might connect to.

1. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
Commission onTravel Demand
Shared Mobility Inquiry
Evidence Session 4 – Policy Options
Transport & Mobility
16TH JULY 2019

2. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
Many Different Forms of Sharing – Suite of Policies
Mode
Car
Private vehicle
single occupancy
trip
Ride share
Informal
Organisational
Non-
organisational,
formal
Car club
Station to
station
Free floating
Cycle
Shared / group
cycle trips
Cycle hire
Station to
station
Free floating
Taxi
Shared taxi
Uber-type
services
Bus
Mini-bus club
Crowdfunded
coach hire
Demand
responsive
buses
Walking
Walking buses
Public transport
Golightly et al. (Session 3)

3. Multi-modal with lots of
walking & cycling; motivated
by ‘rational’ factors; most
satisfied with their journeys;
difficult to change further
Aspire to
own/drive a
car and
believe it is a
status symbol.
Currently
dependent on PT
with some
reluctance but no
intention to drive
more.
High walking and
cycling; do not like
driving (think it is a
hassle); motivated
by health.
Like driving just for the sake of it; believe there
should be no restrictions on car use; dislike other
modes..
High car
dependency;
motivated by status
& image; cycling
can be attractive..
Dissatisfied with
current car use but
do not like any of
the other options;
partly motivated by
health..
Motivated by health and
the use of active modes
but high ‘attitude-
behaviour’ gap.
FINAL
SEGMENTS
N=10,969
Source:
Jillian
Anable

4. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
An ecosystem of mobility

5. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
Current Position
• There is no overarching or focussed set of policies
which look to:
– Increased shared access to vehicles
– Increased sharing in-use of vehicles
• There is a difficulty in reconciling cars as part of a
sustainable mobility eco-system
– ‘sustainable mode-share’

6. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
Beyond the urban core
• Services only profitable in central areas
• Need to recognise and integrate into a public
mobility model
– More than just integration via MaaS
• DRT services
– Benefit from strong user community
– Yet to show long-term financial sustainability
• Greater shared use or access to public sector
fleets
– TotalTransport
@GraphicMatt
CityBike Vienna

7. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
Ride Hailing
• Incentivise preferred outcomes
• São Paolo
– Per mile fees for Ride Hail Services
– Lower with more than one passenger
– Cheaper in evenings
– Cheaper in peripheral areas
• Airport pick-up, drop-off fees (translated…)
• Public safety/scrutiny concerns
New UberPool Offer

8. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
Lift Sharing
• No profit to driver
• Workplace parking policies
– Businesses over a certain size – Scope 2 emissions
– Priority bays
• Clean Air Zones
– London CC occupancy 1.27 (Bef)-> 1.52 (Aft)
• Infrastructure
– Interchange (Motorway network)
– Geofenced access to bus lanes [2+ or 3+…]
• Rebalance mileage rates for expenses

9. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
Car Clubs (B2C car sharing)
• Require all public sector organisations to adopt
car club vehicles for pool use
– Require vehicles, wherever possible, to be
made available for public use outside core
hours
• Rail franchises to include car club provision offer
• All local authorities to develop car club
deployment strategies
• Additional costs of management of EVs in fleet
should be subsidised

10. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
Car Sharing (P2P)
Evidence from Netherlands
Meelan et al. (2019)
• Turo – average age 5.5 years, 211 vehicles
• Fractional car ownership
• Scalable
– What environmental standards?
– What safety regulations?
– How to prevent B(P2P) (Air BnB effect)?
34000 P2P cars
~2000 B2C cars

11. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
Dockless shared mobility
12.5 months
01 02 03 04 02 03 04 05 06 0705 06 07 08 09 10 11 10 11 12
20182017
08 0912 01
oBike & ofo inVienna Local Police Regulation in effect
§b
X
oBike & ofo leave Vienna
Source:archinoa.at
Thanks to Guenter Emberger – WCTRS Paper 2019

12. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
Taxation
• Taxation system developed around ownership not
usership
• One, two, three or more cars makes no difference
• Vehicle rightsizing limited and ‘hidden’ in leasing
fees
• Rise in fuel efficiency will reduce incentives to
share
• Higher occupancy sharing benefits are confined
to operating costs to driver
• What opportunities should be pursued?

13. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
Building a user base
• Build a community of users
• Significant cultural barriers to be overcome
• Requires on-going maintenance
• Current trials approach – 3 years to viability
– Limited
– Launch product needs to be high quality
– Potentially damaging with failures
– How to create a better innovation adoption
environment?

14. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
Discussion
• What is missing from the list?
• What are the must dos?
• Which are contentious?
• Which are must not dos?

15. www.creds.ac.ukTRANSPORT & MOBILITY
The Commission onTravel
Demand
• Professor Greg Marsden
• Professor Jillian Anable
• Elaine Seagriff
• Jonathan Bray
• Dr Nicola Spurling
https://www.creds.ac.uk/commission-on-travel-demand/