From Scottish Bibliographies Online to National Bibliography of Scotland : Reinventing a National Bibliography for the 21st Century / Paul Cunnea, Alexandra De Pretto, Helen Vincent (National Library of Scotland)
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From Scottish Bibliographies Online to National Bibliography of Scotland : Reinventing a National Bibliography for the 21st Century / Paul Cunnea, Alexandra De Pretto, Helen Vincent (National Library of Scotland)
1. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
From Scottish Bibliographies Online to
National Bibliography of Scotland:
Reinventing a National Bibliography for the
21st Century
CIGS AGM 2019
National Library of Scotland
Paul Cunnea
Alexandra De Pretto
Helen Vincent
2. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
Summary
History and background
Review of existing bibliographies and drivers for change
Consultation and engagement with stakeholders
Implementation
Linked Open Data
Conclusion and takeaways
CIGS AGM 2019
3. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
History and Background
Historical bibliographies
1904 – “Aldis” published by Edinburgh Bibliographical
Society:
‘A list of books printed in Scotland before 1700…
1925 – responsibility transferred to National Library
1970 – reprint with additions published
1990s – transferred online
Contains over 6,000 titles
CIGS AGM 2019
4. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
History and Background
Historical bibliographies:
1926 – “STC” published by the Bibliographical Society
Short title catalogue of books printed in England,
Scotland and Ireland ... 1475-1640
Eighteenth Century short title catalogue, 1701-1800
English Short Title catalogue, 1475-1800
Available today online as ESTC
ESTC numbers recorded in Aldis
CIGS AGM 2019
5. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
History and Background
Contemporary bibliographies:
Bibliography of Scotland (BOS)
published in print 1976-1990
CIGS AGM 2019
6. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
History and Background
Contemporary bibliographies:
1988 – BOS goes online
Scottish Bibliographies Online (SBO), containing:
• BOS and its subsets:
• Bibliography of Scottish Gaelic (BOSG)
• Bibliography of the Scottish Book Trade (BSBT)
1994 - Bibliography of Scottish Literature in Translation
(BOSLIT) – separate database (NLS & UoE)
https://www.nls.uk/catalogues/catalogues-plus-databases
CIGS AGM 2019
7. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
History and Background
Scope of the Bibliography of Scotland
• About Scotland
• About Scottish people
• Written by a Scottish writer
• Published since 1988
• Includes chapters and articles
• Works in Gaelic, Scots, English
• Around 160,000 records
https://www.nls.uk/catalogues/catalogues-plus-databases
CIGS AGM 2019
8. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
The review: driver for change #1
Library Strategy objective
1 ‘We will be the guardian of the
published and recorded memory of
Scotland for current and future
generations’.
1.2 ‘We will record and maintain
… the national bibliography of
Scotland’
https://www.nls.uk/about-us/corporate-documents/strategy-2015-2020-text
CIGS AGM 2019
9. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
The review: driver for change #2
Open data
• Linked Open Data
• Open data publication plan
• National Library of Scotland
open data platform
• CC0
• SBO dataset published
https://www.data.nls.uk/
CIGS AGM 2019
10. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
The Review – key criteria
A
DC
B
A = Publications produced in Scotland: the
Scottish imprint.
B = Publications by Scottish authors
C = Publications in one of the indigenous
languages of Scotland
D = Publications about Scotland, Scottish people
and themes.
Not includedIncluded
The National Bibliography of Scotland
CIGS AGM 2019
11. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
The Review
What is meant by a ‘publication’?
What production methods are included?
NBS includes:
Texts – words, music, cartographic, numeric
Born-digital publications existing in a fixed state
Publications that are produced for distribution and sale
CIGS AGM 2019
12. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
Consultation and engagement
Stakeholder forum 30 November 2017
Attendees included:
• Academics
• Library and publishing communities
General invitation to wider public through Edinburgh
Bibliographical Society
CIGS AGM 2019
13. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
Consultation and engagement
Hot topics – what is Scottishness?
NBS criteria for Scottish author:
Born in Scotland
One or both parents born in Scotland
Educated in Scotland
Spent a minimum term of one’s adult life in Scotland
Has contributed to the cultural imprint of Scotland
Describes oneself as Scottish, or being so described in standard
reference works or interviews
CIGS AGM 2019
17. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
Consultation and engagement
Hot topics – value of a national bibliography
What is the point? Who would use it? How would they
use it?
Most aware the value:
Academic community
Least aware of the value:
Publishing community
Advisory Board to ensure long-term usefulness, review
and engagement
CIGS AGM 2019
18. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
Consultation and engagement
What we learned from the consultation exercise
Consult your stakeholders and they will engage
People have a strong and emotional response to a
national bibliography as a representation of a nation’s
‘cultural footprint’ and cultural identity through its
documentary heritage
Promote your national bibliography as the cultural
memory of a nation as represented in its published
record
CIGS AGM 2019
19. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
The National Bibliography of Scotland as an
extended subset of the Library catalogue
CIGS AGM 2019
Implementation
20. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
Implementation
What is the form of the bibliography and its relationship
with the Library’s main catalogue?
Solution driven by new Library Services Platform
implementation project
One primary data source containing NBS and Library
collection records
Different discovery ‘views’ for NBS and Library
collections
CIGS AGM 2019
22. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
Implementation
Creating the initial core dataset for the bibliography
Records in the Library catalogue that match the new
criteria for inclusion – initially language and place
Initial core dataset published on https://data.nls.uk in early
2019
Initial NBS dedicated ‘view’ to follow
CIGS AGM 2019
23. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
Implementation
Workflows for identifying Scottish authors
Initial identification recorded in name authority records,
e.g. LCNAF
Develop workflows for extracting related works for
inclusion in the Bibliography
CIGS AGM 2019
24. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
Implementation
Maintenance and development
• Imprint and language criteria good candidates for
automated identification and inclusion processes
• Use of identifiers for managing workflows for authorship
• Ongoing automated maintenance for new inclusions
• Some manual intervention will always be required
CIGS AGM 2019
25. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
Implementation
Legacy projects
Existing datasets requiring transformation, matching
and/or interrogation
Scottish Bibliographies Online
Pre-1800: (Aldis and ESTC)
The 1800-c.1950 gap: identify potential datasets for
matching, identification and inclusion
Make use of external datasets (OCLC, NBK …)
CIGS AGM 2019
26. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
Linked Open Data
Connect with other national bibliographies in Linked
Open Data
A driver for shaping future development of Linked Open
Data within the National Library of Scotland
A virtual ‘Scottish name authority file’
• Could incorporate name authority records e.g. from
our archival catalogues, as well as other online
authority files
CIGS AGM 2019
27. National Library of Scotland
Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
Conclusion
Review your national bibliography and consult your
stakeholders
• Prove it still has a function and value
• The exercise can improve other people’s
understanding of it and engagement with it
Review data management practices
Work within the collaborative bibliographical
landscape
Use case for good metadata
CIGS AGM 2019
Speaking to the paper – will cover all the headings though in some cases quite briefly
PC sections 1-3
ADP sections 4-6
Origins
History began in the C19th with the beginning of modern bibliographical principles & foundation of Edinburgh Bibliographical Society – first project was to create a list though first publication was in 1904
Today all of these bibliographies are online
As you can see, disparate bibliographies, all with different inclusion criteria
Historical bibliography was widely used but search statistics for SBO were low
Today all of these bibliographies are online
As you can see, disparate bibliographies, all with different inclusion criteria
Historical bibliography was widely used but search statistics for SBO were low
Today all of these bibliographies are online
As you can see, disparate bibliographies, all with different inclusion criteria
Historical bibliography was widely used but search statistics for SBO were low
LOD – used by national bibliographies elsewhere
Mention review processes and IFLA guidelines and how useful they are
Open data idea of bibliography as dataset
Report with recommendations, June 2017
A new name
National Bibliography of Scotland
A new scope
One unified national bibliography
Scottish imprint
Scottish authorship
Scottish languages
… but not Scottish subject matter
applied only to works that have been produced on a printing press, so that the final scope includes musical and cartographic notation and graphic novels, as well as born digital publications. There were debates as well around the question of what a ‘publication’ is in the born-digital age. For instance, in terms of the UK Legal Deposit Act 2003, and the supporting Non-Print Legal Deposit Regulations 2013, a publication includes everything from commercially published best sellers and free newspapers to online local history blog sites and Twitter accounts. However we decided on a narrower definition for the National Bibliography of Scotland, excluding for example dynamic web content such as social media and interactive narratives. The National Bibliography of Scotland will therefore include works that are commercially published and/or sold, which are either printed in any way or born-digital but existing in a fixed state.
Proposed Advisory Board: 6 members
3 representatives from
Scottish publishing
British National Bibliography
SCURL (Scottish Consortium of University and Research Libraries)
3 co-opted members
To include academics/experts in bibliography
To meet once a year
NBS also requires data for content that the Library has been or will be unable to collect (e.g. some Aldis titles etc.)
In this respect, NBS = extended subset of the Library catalogue
Explain difference in terms of Legal Deposit/acquisitions etc. vs curated content based on specific criteria
Light blue = wish list, could shrink with time
What we’re looking for:
Sustainable bibliography
Methodology for efficiently populating and maintaining it
Solution in systems terms based on best use of LSP project – migration to Alma and Primo as Discovery service:
Data management in single DB for records of the Library catalogue including some that match the NBS criteria
That as primary data source => less maintenance problems
Apply different ‘views’ for discovery with customisable visual differences (e.g. title, colours, content e.g. LS feed diff. datasets, layout etc.)
Visual differences in the ‘views’ will clarify one of the main areas of confusion and will help to make the relationship clearer between the National Bibliography and the National Library collection
‘View’ = user interface but also way into a selected set of data (i.e. catalogue records) held in the National Library’s main library system
Initial dataset derived from records in the main catalogue, where we invest most heavily and have most control and confidence in the quality of the metadata
Place + language based on Marc encoding 008 (not 041/044 yet)
Initial dataset published on Open Data platform ~368,000 recs (i.e. ~200,000 more than SBO)
Automation still to put in place to update this initial dataset, don’t expect major complications with current system functionalities
Idea is to minimise additional work involved in terms of data management by streamlining processes, using available data, data to day activities
Colleagues in curatorial team will incorporate identifying Scottish Authors as part of collection development work
Name Authority Files - Main obvious file to start with is LCNAF to which we contribute as part of our NACO work within PCC
Update recs to ensure they have appropriate Scottishness info
Is part of what we do already but make better use of that data, opportunity to improve our workflows and release the value of this work, as well as understand to what extent this info is recorded
May start by using existing list of Scottish authors to help investigate how identification and updating of name authority records can be automated
Alma functionality to integrate authority identifier in our data
Once author identifies we can easily find associated bib records for inclusion in the bibliography (still to fully test how to achieve this)
Authorship is the most challenging criterion to automate, will always require human intervention to identify, record and maintain new authors etc.
Would be interested to hear if anyone is doing anything similar
Delivery of NBS will rely heavily on the availability of appropriate metadata, our confidence in its quality and consistency in describing resources past, present and future; crucially important for implementing automation as much as possible
Place is coded but current cataloguing practice limits the application to primary place of publication but will rely on the option to record multiple places of publication. Manual identification and upgrade of relevant records will complement automation
Language is similar issue – expand to multiple languages including translations
Name: start making use of identifiers
Criteria has potential to be comprehensive but NBS is constantly evolving dataset; main point is putting in place processes, improving workflows, and automation
Challenge is to turn these diverse existing legacy datasets into metadata which of of suitable structure and standard to be integrated in the NBS and where they don’t exist, to identify appropriate data sources:
SBO: matching, deduping (overlap), excluding those that no longer fall within NBS selection criteria (subject)
ALDIS: many ESTC numbers to match in our cata & ESTC database; upgrade remaining to appropriate standard
Also update of existing recs for additional place and language codes for example
Gap (no easily identifiable dataset/bibliography to work from): eligible content that is not in our catalogue; look at external data sources such as: OCLC Worldcat, NBK, Alma community zone, BNB, Heritage of the Printed Book dataset (beg printing to the mid 19th) maintained by CERL (Consortium of European Research Libraries for printed and manuscript cultural heritage material) etc.
Commitment to publish NBS as LOD (as other major European National Libraries: BL, BnF, DNB, Finland, Sweden, etc.)
Coherent choice, dataset well defined, potential to connect to other national libraries
NBS criteria lend themselves well to LOD entities especially Names, ‘Scottish name authority file’ is a concept but potential to create virtual Scottish name authority file deriving content from other authority files as well as tool to help in our processes (listing of identifiers of names already considered for inclusion)
Complies with commitment from UK + Scottish governments to open up public data for wider re-use
Through semantic linking of related resources can provide better user experience
Help to increase discoverability + usability of NBS, release its value and that of our collections
Help to integrate our different collecting databases
Is driver for future LOD developments at Library, embrace more modern data management practices
Review purpose of National Bibliography to ensure fit for purpose, useful, sustainable (consult stakeholders); helps to articulate value of a Nat. Bibl.
Review current data management practices; how to be more flexible and responsive on how we manage our data workflows, be more relevant and implement change
Increase collaboration with peers and associates from library sector and beyond (feedback, advice, support, metadata contrib etc.)
Use case to demonstrate value in creating and investing in good metadata => deliver better sesrvices whilst beneffitting wider info landscape; takes us on next step to engage in semantic web environment