Prof David Fowler FRS presentation on environmental quality
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Professor David Fowler of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology gave a presentation to the Science for Defra conference at the Royal Society in March 2017. Prof Fowler spoke about the policy application of science.
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Prof David Fowler FRS presentation on environmental quality
- 1. Policy Application of science Environmental Quality David Fowler 29th March 2017
- 2. • The UK had major problems of Environmental Quality in the mid 20th century • Most industrial cities had exceptionally poor air quality, many of the major rivers were severely degraded • Substantial areas of lowland Britain were a lichen desert, many higher plant species failed to thrive in urban areas and common forest trees could be grown in the S. Pennine hills
- 3. UK in Dec 1952, London smog, 4000 died (+7000 in the following weeks) London Smog
- 4. UK Air Quality Priorities 1952-1970 • The Clean Air act 1956 focussed on protecting human health...cleaning the cities • Reducing coal burning in cities, especially domestic combustion • Smoke and SO2 • Moving industry, esp power stations to the countryside and using tall stacks to disperse pollutants
- 5. Power plant moved out of cities to the countryside, output and stack heights increased (50 m to 200 m)
- 6. 1960s Acid Rain in Scandinavia was clearly an issue issueto Regional Air Quality ACID DEPOSITION • Observations of changes in precipitation chemistry 1950-1970 (Oden).....Acid Rain • Stockholm UN conference 1972 • Establishment of A UN convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)
- 7. Do not believe all that you read in Nature Fake News in 1977 Acid Rain ‘ This diseconomy, on a scale of $10 million at most can be countered by corrective action on a European wide basis costing at least one thousand million Dollars’
- 8. Artic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Slovenia Hungary Slovakia Poland Lithuania Latvia Estonia Finland Armenia Sweden Georgia Norway Belarus Czech Rep. Ukraine Denmark Moldova Germany Yugoslavia Austria Bulgaria Liechtenstein Turkey Italy Monaco Cyprus Switzerland Malta Netherlands Greece Belgium F.Y.R.of Macedonia Luxembourg Albania France Bosnia and Herzegovina Spain Croatia Portugal Ireland United Kingdom Romania Russian Federation Iceland Kara SeaBarents Sea North Sea Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea Aral Sea Canada of America Kyrgyzstan Artic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Slovenia Hungary Slovakia Poland Lithuania Latvia Estonia Finland Armenia Sweden Georgia Norway Belarus Czech Rep. Ukraine Denmark Moldova Germany Yugoslavia Austria Bulgaria Liechtenstein Turkey Italy Monaco Cyprus Switzerland Malta Netherlands Greece Belgium F.Y.R.of Macedonia Luxembourg Albania France Bosnia and Herzegovina Spain Croatia Portugal Ireland United Kingdom Romania Russian Federation Iceland Kara SeaBarents Sea North Sea Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea Aral Sea Canada of America Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Azerbaijan The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution 49 Parties in Europe, North America and Central Asia
- 9. Air quality in London improved with time.. UN Stockholm conference 1972
- 12. • Observations of changes in precipitation chemistry 1950-1970 (Oden) • Stockholm conference 1972 • The LRTAP Convention 1979 • Sulphur protocol 1983 • The conversion of the UK government 1987 • 1999 Gothenburg protocol Timing the change in Policy
- 13. Air quality in London improved with time.. Black smoke and SO2 concentrations halved in 15 years ….and halved again in another 15 years
- 14. Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution • The Convention was adopted in 1979 • It is a framework on which has been built eight protocols now in force • The protocols have aimed to increase ambition in a stepwise manner
- 15. SO2 concentrations in 1970 and 1999 A reduction in SO2 concentration by two orders of magnitude 100 ugm-3in 1970 1-2 ugm-3in 1999
- 16. Measurements : UK Networks National Acid gas, and Aerosol Network (AGAnet) 30 sites Ammonia network (85 sites) Rain chemistry network (Precip-Net) NH3 SO2 NO2 N depositionHNO3 N Deposition
- 17. Forest 2000 and 2020 exceedances of acidity CL
- 18. European emissions of SO2, NO2 NH3 1880-2015 (UNECE) 2015 European SO2 emissions 7.3 Tg (4.3 EEC)
- 19. % of ecosystems area exceeding critical loads for N dep (year 2000) Critical load exceedance for N effects on ecosystems )
- 20. % of ecosystems area exceeding critical loads for N dep (year 2000) Critical load exceedance for N effects on ecosystems Loss in life expectancy attributable to PM2.5 Loss in average life expectancy in months due to identified anthropogenic PM2.5 (year2000)
- 21. EMEP4UK: PM2.5 Composition and Controls Vieno et. al., ACP 2015 Effectiveness of different emission control options to reduce UK PM2.5 concentrations Controlling ammonia sources would be the most cost effective strategy and would deliver the greatest reduction in PM2.5
- 22. • AQEG • International Nitrogen Initiative, European Nitrogen Assessment, Our Nutrient World, global overview of nutrient assessment for UNEP/GEF, SCOPE report - drawing down N2O to protect climate and O3 layer, Cabinet Report on Volcanic Emissions … National and International Policy Guidance
- 23. Policy development and science • Events have been a major driver (Clean Air Act) • Science played a major role in LRTAP and EU legislation • Sulphur was a great success • Nitrogen has been more difficult and we have not developed consistent strategies • PM, ozone • A need for more, and wider synthesis, continued monitoring, better inventories, models….
- 24. Do current policies fully utilise science ? • Sulphur, Nitrogen, PM, ozone • Biodiversity • Food security and productivity V NUE • Land use….is there a policy? • Soil • Water quality, flooding